求Nelson Mandela的名言英文版如果天空是黑暗的，那就摸黑生存；如果发出声音是危险的，那就保持沉默；
这段话在中文网页上流传甚广，甚至许多有名的人也引用，都说是曼德拉说的。
但是，到目前为止，似乎没有人能找到英文原文，网上流传的英文原文也明显是伪造的，因为网上流传的英语原文语法错误连篇、狗屁不通。
所以，这段话到底是不是曼德拉说的，出自哪里，很让人怀疑。
英文网页里所能查到的曼德拉的经典语录，也找不到与这段话对应的英文。
有人考证过这段话的出处，认为是凤凰卫视的编辑季业所言。
既然是中国人说的话，也就不存在什么英语原文了。
肯尼迪的名言：最大的危险是无所行动。
这句话的英文原话是什么
古巴导弹危机My fellow citizens: l..........................................................................................aware of our dangers. But [ the greatest danger of all would be to do nothing ].
英语至励名人名言带翻译短200句
It is ill jesting with edged tools. 手持利器，不可打闹。
Tragedy of life lies not in how much have you got, but what you miss many good things生活中的悲剧不在于你受过多少苦，而在于你错过了多少美好的东西Glasses and lasses are brittle ware. 玻璃易碎，姑娘易毁。
We all have the ability to tolerate others unhappy我们都具备忍受别人不幸的能力From words to deeds is a good space. 从言到行,相距甚远.Couch hard arguments in soft words. 理要硬而话要软。
You can take any of my things, but can not take away, this is my freedom你可以拿走我的任何东西，唯独一样不可以拿走，这就是我的自由A birbe will enter without knocking. 贿赂毋须敲门而入。
A bow long bent at last waxeth weak. 良弓张久必驰.A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情.Those who are very afraid of danger, his every day life in danger那些非常害怕危险的人，他每天都会生活在危险之中A faint heart never won a fair lady. 懦夫难得美人心.Command your man and do it yourself. 要求部下做到,自己也要做到.If you swear you will catch no fish. 咒骂解决不了问题。
In every beginning think of the end. 凡事一开始就要想到结果.Misfortunes tell us what fortune is. 不经灾难不知福.Kind hearts are more than coronets. 好心胜过高帽子.Kindness cannot be bought for gear. 钱财买不到好意.Haste and wisdom are things far odd. 轻率与智慧相距遥远。
Medicines are not meant to live on. 药物可治病，不能当饭吃。
Labour is light where love doth pay. 以爱情作报酬,劳苦也轻松.By his claw, you may know the lion. 要知狮子看脚爪。
Deliberate slowly, execute promptly. 思谋要慢,行动要快.Diligence is the mother of success. 勤勉是成功之母.Can man be free if woman is a slave? 妇女当牛做马,男子焉能自由?A cracked bell can never sound well. 破钟无好音。
Ignorance of the law excuses no man. 不知法不能使任何人免罪.It is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶已泼，哭也无用。
ur best thought comes form others. 我们最好的思想来源于他人.Wisdom is more precious than wealth. 智慧比财富更宝贵.Without respect, love cannot go far. 没有尊重的爱难以久存.It takes all sorts to make a world. 世界是由各式各样的人组成的. \\\/世界之大,什么样的人都有.Make yourself necessary to someone. 使自己成为别人需要的人.Home is home,be it never so homely. 金窝银窝,不如自家的草窝.Hide not your light under a bushel. 不要把你的烛光藏在笆斗下。
\\\/ 勿过分谦虚，隐藏才能。
First catch your hare,than cook him. 先得兔而后烹之. \\\/到手东西才算数.Faults are thick where love is thin. 一朝情义淡,样样不顺眼.Gossiping and lying go hand in hand. 流言蜚语和谎言总是连一起。
Every one is witty for his own goal. 为达到自己的目标，人人都很聪明。
Good is good, but better carries it. 精益求精,善益求善.Love asks faith, and faith firmness. 爱情要求信任,信任要求坚定.Don't put the cart before the horse. 不要把车套在马前头. \\\/不要本末倒置.Envy may dissatisfy us with our lot. 嫉妒可使我们对自己的命运不满意。
Better to do well than to say well. 说得好不如做得好.Custom reconciles us to everything. 习惯则不怨。
A black plum is as sweet as a white. 黑梅白梅一样甜。
He that gains time gains all things. 赢得时间就赢得了一切.Humility is the beginning of wisdom. 智慧源于谦逊.Conceit is the quicksand of success. 自负是成功的流沙。
Beware of the fury of a patient man. 要小心脾气好的人发火。
Birth is much, but breeding is more. 教养重于出身。
What is a workman without his tools? 巧妇难为无米之炊。
Knock, and the door shall be opened. 只要敲门，就会有人来开。
By doing nothing we learn to do ill. 游手好闲是万恶之源.How not to sow harvest, no sweat, how can have success, do not know how can have patience tenacious personality不去播种怎么会收获，没有汗水怎么会有成功，不懂得忍耐怎么会有坚韧不拔的个性A friend to all is a friend to none. 对一切人都是朋友,对哪一个也不是朋友.
求曼德拉的名言:如果天空是黑暗的，那就摸黑生存；如果发出声音是危险的，那就保持沉默；如果自觉无力
这句话本身就是中国人季业先生的原创。
。
。
何来英文原版
关于珍爱生命，远离危险的名言警句。
战胜挫折的 英汉2009-02-26 16:22Adversity reveals genius; fortune conceals it. (, ancient Roman poet) 苦难显才华，好运隐天资。
(古罗马诗人 ) Almost any situation---good or bad ---is affected by the attitude we bring to. ( Annaus Seneca, Ancient Roman philosopher) 差不多任何一种处境——无论是好是坏——都受到我们对待处境的态度的影响。
(古罗马哲学家 西尼加 L A) Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it. (Hellen Keller, American writer) 虽然世界多苦难，但是苦难总是能战胜的(作家 海伦·凯勒) As fruit needs t only sunshine but cold nights and chilling showers to ripen it, so character needs t only but trial and difficulty to mellow it. (Hugh Black, American writer) 水果不仅需要阳光，也需要凉夜。
寒冷的雨水能使其成熟。
人的性格陶冶不仅需要欢乐，也需要考验和困难。
(作家 布莱克 H) Everything can be taken from a man but one thing; the freedom to choose attitude in any given set of circumstances. (Leonhard Frand , German velist) 我可以拿走人的任何东西，但有一样东西不行，这就是在特定环境下选择自己的生活态度的自由。
(德国小说家 弗兰克 L) Every tragedy makes heroes of common people. (Normna Stephens, American writer) 每场悲剧都会在平凡的人中造就出英雄来。
(作家 斯蒂芬斯 N) He who allows himself to be insulted, deserves to be. (F.C.Comford, British writer) 自己甘愿受辱的人，受污辱也活该。
(英国作家 科福德 F C) I find life an exciting business and most exciting when it is lived for others. (Helen Keller,Ameican writer) 我发现生活是令人激动的事情，尤其是为别人活着时。
(美国作家 海伦·凯勒) I wept when I was born, and every day shows why.(Jack London, American novelist) 我一生下来就开始哭泣，而每一天都表明我哭泣的原因。
(美国小说家 ) If you want to live your whole life free from pain 如果你想一生摆脱苦难 You must become either a or else a coupes 你就得是神或者是死尸 Consider other men's troubles 想想他人的不幸 That will comfort yours 你就能坦然面对人生 Menander, Ancient Athenian playwriter 古雅典剧作家 米南德 In t world there is always danger for those who are afraid of it. (George Bernad Shaw, British dramastist) 对于害怕危险的人，这个世界上总是 危险的。
(英国剧作家 肖伯纳 G) It is not true suffering ennobles the character; happiness does that sometimes, but suffering, for the most part, makes men petty and vindictive. (William Somerset Maugham, British novelist) 说苦难能使人格得到升华，这是不确切的；幸福有时倒能做到这一点，而苦难常会使人心胸狭窄，产生复仇的心理。
(英国小说家 毛姆 W S) Let us suggest to the person in crisis that he cease concentrating so upon the dangers involved and the difficultie，and concentrate instead upon the opptunity---for there is always opportunity in crisis. (Seebohm Caroline, British physician) 让我们建议处在危机之中的人：不要把精力如此集中地放在所涉入的危险和困难上，相反而要集中在机会上——因为危机中总是存在着机会。
(英国医生 卡罗琳 S) Light troubles speak; great troubles keep silent. (Lucius Annaeus Seneneca, Ancient Roman Philosopher) 小困难，大声叫嚷；大困难，闷声不响。
(古罗马哲学家 尼加 L A) Mishaps are like knives that either serve us or cut us as we grasp them by the handle or blade.(James Russell Lowell, American poetess and critic) 灾难就像刀子，握住刀柄就可以为我们服务，拿住刀刃则会割破手。
(美国女诗人、批评家 洛威尔 J R) No one can degrade us except ourselves; that if we are worthy, no influence can defeat us. (B.T.Washington, American educator) 除了我们自己以外，没有人能贬低我们。
如果我们坚强，就没有什么不良影响能够打败我们。
(美国教育家 华盛顿 B T) No pain , no palm; no thorns , no throne ; no gall, no glory; no cross, no crown. (William Penn, British admiral) 没有播种，何来收获；没有辛劳，何来成功；没有磨难，何来荣耀；没有挫折，何来辉煌。
(英国海军上将 佩恩 W) Optimists always picture themselves accomplishing their goals. (Lucius Anaeus Seneca, Ancient Roman philosopher) 乐观主义者总是想象自己实现了目标的情景。
(古罗马哲学家 西尼加 L A) Perhaps you can't control your job, but you may be able to make other changes in your life. (Alan Loy Mcginnis ,British writer) 或许你不能支配自己的工作，但你能够使生活发生转变。
(英国作家 麦金尼斯 A L) Prosperity doth best discover vice, but adversity doth discover virtue. 顺境时显现恶习，逆境时凸现美德 Rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation. (John Kennedy, American president) 从希望中得到欢乐，在苦难中保持坚韧。
(美国总统 肯尼迪 J) Sweet are the uses of adversity.(William Shakspeare,British Playwriter) 苦尽甘来。
(英国剧作家 莎士比亚 W) The chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity. (Burejer, British writer) 中文的“危机”分为两个字，一个意味着危险，另外一个意味着机会。
(英国作家 布瑞杰) The misfortunes hardest to bear are those which never come.(James Russell Lowell, American Poetess and critic) 最难忍受的不幸是那些从未来临的不幸。
(美国女诗人、评论家 洛威尔 J R) The more you fight something, the more anxious you become ---the more you're involved in a bad pattern, the more difficult it is to escape. (Seebohm Caroline, British Physician) 你越是为了解决问题而拼斗，你就越变得急躁——在错误的思路中陷得越深，也越难摆脱痛苦。
(英国医生 卡罗琳 S) The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer, but what they miss. (Thomas Carlyle, British essayist and historian) 生活的悲剧不在于人们受到多少苦，而在于人们错过了什么。
(英国散文家、历史学家 卡莱尔 T) The very remembrance of my former misfortune proves a new one to me. (Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer) 对于过去不幸的记忆，构成了新不幸。
(西班牙作家 塞万提斯 M) Tough--minded optimists approach problems with a can-do philosophy and emerge stronger from tragedies. (Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Ancient Roman Philosopher) 意志坚强的乐观主义者用“世上无难事”人生观来思考问题，越是遭受悲剧打击，越是表现得坚强。
(古罗马哲学家 西尼加 L A) Trouble is only opportunity in work clothes.(H.J.Kaier, American businessman) 困难只是穿上工作服的机遇。
(美国实业家 凯泽 H J) We have all sufficient strength to endure the misfortunes of others. (La Rochefoucauld, French writer) 我们都有足够的力量来忍受别人的不幸。
(法国作家 拉罗什富科) We shall defend ourselves to the last breath of man and beast. (William II, King of England) 只要一息尚存，我们就要为保卫自己而战。
(英国皇帝 威廉二世)
求一些英语的名言，不要太复杂的，那种明显直译的不要，至少六句话
A light heart lives long .( William Shakespeare , British dramatist ) 豁达者长寿。
(英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.) Early to bed and early to rise , makes a man healthy , wealthy and wise .(Benjamin Franklin , American president ) 早睡早起会使人健康、富有和聪明。
(美国总统 富兰克林. B.) The first wealth is health .( Ralph Waldo Emerson , American thinker ) 健康是人生第一财富。
(美国思想家 爱默生. R. W.) All is but lip-wisdom that wants experience. (Philip Sideney, British satesman) 凡是没有实际经验的，都只是口头智慧。
(英国政治家 锡得尼 D .) Expericence is a hard teacher because she gives the test first, the lesson afterwards. (Law Vernon, British writer) 经验是一位先行测试然后才授课严厉的教师。
(英国作家 弗农. L.) Experience is not interesting till it begins to repeat itself, in fact, till it does that ,it hardly is experience. (Elizabeth Bowen, British novelist) 经验直到自我重复时才变得有意义，事实上，直到那时才算得上经验。
(英国小说家 鲍恩 E.) Expericence is not what happens to a man; it is what a man does with what happens to him. (Aldous Leonard Huxley, American writer) 经验不会从天而降；经验只有通过实践才能获得。
(美国作家 郝胥黎.A.L.) Experience is the child of thought , and thought is the child of action. We cannot learn men from books. (Benjamin Disraeli, British statesman) 经验是思想之子，思想是行动之子，了解他人不可以书本为据。
(英国政治家 迪斯雷利 B .) Experience is the na me give their mistakes. (Oscar Wilde, British playwriter and poet) 经验是每个人为其错误寻找的代名词。
(英国剧作家、诗人 王尔德 O.) Experience without learning is better than learning without excperi-ence. (Bertuand Russell, British philosopher and mathematician) 有经验而无学问胜于有学问而无经验。
(英国哲学家、数学家 罗素.B.) I have but one lamp wait which my feet are guided; and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. (Patrick Henry, Americna statesman) 我只拿一盏灯来指引我的脚步，而那盏灯就是经验，对于未来，我只是能以过去来判断。
(美国政治家 享利.P.) Mistakes are an essential part of education. (Bertrand Russell, Bdritish philosopher) 从错误中吸取教训是教育极为重要的一部分。
(英国哲学家 罗素 . B .) Neither beliver nor reject anything, because any other person has rejected of believed it. Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error, Use it. (Thomas Jefferson, American president) 不要因为别的人相信或否定了什么东西，你也就去相信它或否定它。
上帝赠予你一个用来判断真理和谬误的头脑。
那你就去运用它吧\\\/ (美国总统 杰斐逊 .T.) One thorn of experience is worth a whole wilderness of warning. (James Russell Lowell, British Poet and critic) 一次痛苦的经验抵得上千百次的告诫。
(英国诗人、批评家 洛威尔 .J. R .) Practical wisdom is only to be learned in the school of experience. (Samuel Smiles, British writer) 实用的知识只有通过亲身体验才能学到。
(英国作家 斯迈尔斯 . S .) Proverbs are short sentences drawn from long experience. (Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer) 谚语是从长期经验中获得的短句。
(班牙作家 塞万提斯.M.) The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience, and those who are experienced have feeble imaginations. (Alfred North Whitehead, British philosopher and nathematician) 世界的悲剧就在于有想象力又缺乏经验，而有经验的人又缺乏想象力。
(英国哲学家、数学家 怀特海 .A . N.) The great difficulty in education is to get experience out of ideas. (Grorge Santayana, Spain-born American philosopher and poet) 教育之艰苦在于从意念中获得经验。
(西班牙裔美国哲学家、诗人 桑塔亚那.G.) The greatest lesson in life is to know that even fools are right sometimes. (Winston Churchill. British statesman) 傻瓜有时候也是对的。
(英国政治家 丘吉尔 .W.) To make good use of life one should have in youth the experience of advanced years, and in old age the vigor of youth. (Stanislars I, Polish king) 青年而有老年之经验，老年而有青年之朝气，就能使人生发挥更大的作用。
(波兰国王 斯坦尼劳斯一世) To most men , experience is like the stern light of a ship which il-luminates only the track it has passed. (Samuel Tylor Coleridge, British poet) 对于大多数人，经验像是一艘船上的尾灯，只照亮船驶过的航道。
(英国诗人 柯勒津治. S .T .) Too much experience is a dangerous thing. (Oscar Wilde, British dramatist) 经验过多反而危险。
(英国剧作家 王尔德 . O.) We know nothing of what will happen in future , but by the analogy of past experience. (Abraham Lincoln , American president) 除了凭着对过去的经验加以类推之外，我们对今后的事一无所知。
(美国总统 林肯 . A .) Absence to love is what wind is to fire. It extinguishes the small; it inflames the great. (Roger de Bussy-Rabutin, French writer) 离别之于爱情好比风之于火，它能将小火熄灭，使大火熊熊燃烧。
(法国作家 比西-拉比旦.R.) Every man is a poet when he is in love. (Plato ancient Creek philosopher) 每个恋爱中的人都是诗人。
(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图) First love is only a little foolishness and a lot of curiosity. (George Bernard Shaw) 初恋就是一点点笨拙外加许许多多好奇。
(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G) Friendship is like earthenware: once broken, it can be mended; love is like a mirror: once broken, that ends it. (Josh Billings. American humorist) 友谊就像陶器，破了可以修补；爱情好比镜子，一旦打破就难重圆。
(美国幽默作家 比林斯 .J.) Friendship is love without his wings. (George Gordon Byron, Bdritish poet) 友谊是没有羽翼的爱。
(英国诗人 拜伦.G,G) Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love. (Albert Einstein, American scientist) 并非地球引力使人坠入爱河。
(美国科学家) The greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse. (Burke Edmund, British statesman) 权力越大，滥用职权的危险就越大。
(英国政治家 埃德蒙.B.) The greatest of evils and the worst of crims is poverty. (George Bernard Shaw, British dramatist) 最大的恶和最凶的罪是贫穷。
(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.) 1. I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul. 做自己命运的主人及灵魂的统率。
2. If Mohammed will not come to the mountain, then the mountain must go to Mohammed. 山不就我，我向山行。
3. Where there’s a will there’s a way. 有志者事竟成。
4. Slow and steady wins the race. 锲而不舍事竟成 5.Boy’s, be ambitious. 年轻人应胸怀大志。
6. The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. 人生最重要的是树立一个远大目标，并下定决心去实现。
7. It is not the place, nor the condition, but the mind alone that can make anyone happy or miserable. 决定人之苦乐的不是地点，也不是环境，而是思想。
8. Life would be to smooth if it had no rubs in it.生活若无波折险阻，就会过于平淡无奇。
9. All things in their being are good for something.天生我才必有用。
10. Difficult circumstances serve as a textbook of life for people.困难坎坷是人们的生活教科书。
11. Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
12. For man is man and master of his fate.人就是人，是自己命运的主人。
13. Have an aim in life, or your energies will all be wasted.人生应该树立目标，否则会白白浪费精力。
14. None is of freedom or of life deserving unless he daily conquers it anew.只有每天战胜生活的人，才配享受生活的自由。
15. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。
16. What makes life dreary is the want of motive.没有了原动力，生活便会沉郁无光。
17. Towering genius disdains a beaten path. It seeks regions hitherto unexplored.卓越的天才不屑走别人走过的路。
他寻找迄今尚未开拓的地区。
18. There is no such thing as a great talent without great willpower.没有伟大的意志力，便没有雄才大略。
19. The good seaman is known in bad weather.惊涛骇浪中，方显英雄本色。
20. Goals determine what you’re going to be .人生的奋斗目标决定你将来成为怎样的人。
21. An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding.生活的目标是唯一值得寻找的财富。
22. Where there is life there is hope.生命满希望，前路由我创。
23. Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value.与其做一个成功的人，还不如做一个有价值的人。
24. You have to believe in yourself. That’s the secret of success.人必须有自信，这是成功的秘密。
25. Pursue your object, be it what it will, steadily and indefatigably.不管追求什么目标，都应坚持不懈。
26. We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.我们必须接受失望，因为它是有限的；但千万不可失去希望，因为它是无穷的。
27. Energy and persistence conquer all things.能量加毅力可以征服一切。
28. Nothing seek, nothing find.无所求便无所获。
29. Cease to struggle and you cease to live.生命不止，奋斗不息。
30. Taking the first step stars thousand-mile journey.千里之行始于足下。
31. A strong man will struggle with storms of fate.强者能与命运的风暴抗争。
32. He who seizes the right moment, is the right man.谁能把握机运，谁就心想事成。
33. Victory won’t come to me unless I go to it.胜利不会向我走来，我必须自己走向胜利。
34. Do your work with your whole heart and you will succeed.全力以赴，你就会成功。
35. Man struggles upward, water flows downwards.人往高处走水往低处流。
1. Money doesn't grow on trees. 钱不是从天上掉下来的。
2. I know that my future is not just a dream. 我知道我的未来不是梦。
3. To convert defeat into victory. 反败为胜。
4. Youth means limitless possibilities. 年轻就是无限的可能。
5. Leave behind a clean world for future generations. 留给下一代一个清洁的地球。
6. You can do it too! 你也做得到
7. Get to another summit in your career. 开创职业生涯的另一个高峰。
8. Pursue breakthroughs in your life. 追求自我的突破。
9. Never say die. 永不放弃。
10. Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
11. Never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。
12. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
13. Go for it! = Just do it! 加油
向前冲
做了再说
14. No pain, no gain. 天下事没有不劳而获的东西。
15. Everyday and in every way I'm getting better. 每天每个方面我的生活都正在好转。
16. Time is money. 时间就是金钱。
17. Man can conquer nature. 人定胜天。
18. Better late than never. 只要开始，虽晚不迟。
A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。
A bad thing never dies. 遗臭万年。
A bad workman always blames his tools. 不会撑船怪河弯。
A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush. 一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。
A boaster and a liar are cousins-german. 吹牛与说谎本是同宗。
A bully is always a coward. 色厉内荏。
A burden of one‘s choice is not felt. 爱挑的担子不嫌重。
A candle lights others and consumes itself. 蜡烛照亮别人，却毁灭了自己。
A cat has 9 lives. 猫有九条命。
A cat may look at a king. 人人平等。
A close mouth catches no flies. 病从口入。
A constant guest is never welcome. 常客令人厌。
Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
Adversity leads to prosperity. 穷则思变。
Adversity makes a man wise, not rich. 逆境出人才。
A fair death honors the whole life. 死得其所，流芳百世。
A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。
A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。
A fox may grow gray, but never good. 江山易改，本性难移。
A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。
21A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。
A friend is never known till a man has need. 需要之时方知友。
A friend without faults will never be found. 没有十全十美的朋友。
“After you“ is good manners. “您先请”是礼貌。
A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。
A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。
A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。
A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书，相伴一生。
A good conscience is a soft pillow. 不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门。
A good fame is better than a good face. 美名胜过美貌。
31A good husband makes a good wife. 夫善则妻贤。
A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。
A good wife health is a man‘s best wealth. 妻贤身体好是男人最大的财富。
A great talker is a great liar. 说大话者多谎言。
A hedge between keeps friendship green. 君子之交淡如水。
A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend. 戏谑不能化敌为友，只能使人失去朋友。
A leopard cannot change its spots. 积习难改。
A liar is not believed when
