英语和汉语在句子结构上有哪些差异
一、英语重结构,汉语重语义我国著名语言家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的.”(《中国语法理论》,《王力文集》第一卷,第35页,山东教育出版社,1984年) 我们看一看下面的例子： Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt （成为固定装置的,嵌入墙内的；内在的,固有的）personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived. 译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视前休闲,到这时数字时代就来到了. 这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句,前三个句子都用简单将来时,最后一个句子用的是将来完成时,句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚.而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述,至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系,最后一个句子则表示结果. 二、英语多长句,汉语多短句 由于英语是法治的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反,由于是人治,语义通过字词直接表达,不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来.正是由于这个原因,考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子,而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子. 例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline （身心的锻炼,训练；纪律,风纪,命令服从；惩戒,惩罚；学科,科目）and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战,还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵. 英文原句是个典型的长句,由27个词组成,中间没有使用任何标点符号,完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen.在中文翻译中,产生兴趣这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达,两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达,整个句子被化整为零. 三、英语多从句,汉语多分句 英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长,同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂,而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接,整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体.汉语本来就喜欢用短句,加上表达结构相对松散,英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句. 例如：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 译文：总的来说,得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分. 原文中两个only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂,可是由于有并列连词but和and,整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚：…能够得出结论…但是只要…而且只要….从上面的译文我们可以看出,为了使中文表达更加清楚,but only if...and only if...首先提纲挈领：但是必须具备两个条件……,这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句,有的只是一些不同的分句. 四、主语,宾语等名词成分“英语多代词,汉语多名词” 在句子中,英语多用名词和介词,汉语多用动词. 英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词,而且还有that、which之类的关系代词,在长而复杂的句子,为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚,同时避免表达上的重复,英语往往使用很多代词.汉语虽然也有代词,但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短,汉语里不能使用太多的代词,使用名词往往使语义更加清楚.请看下面的例句： There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 译文：届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车,一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规),监测器就会使其停驶. 五、英语多被动,汉语多主动 英语比较喜欢用被动语态,科技英语尤其如此.汉语虽然也有被、由之类的词表示动作是被动的,但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见,因此,英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动.下面我们先看一组常用被动句型的汉译： It must be pointed out that...必须指出…… It must be admitted that...必须承认…… It is imagined that...人们认为…… It can not be denied that...不可否认…… It will be seen from this that...由此可知…… It should be realized that...必须认识到…… It is (always) stressed that...人们(总是)强调…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that...可以毫不夸张地说…… 这些常用被动句型属于习惯表达法,在科技英语中出现频率很高,考生不仅要熟悉这些句型的固定翻译,同时要认识到许多英语中的被动从习惯上来讲要译成汉语的主动.我们再看一个典型的例子： And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training. 译文：许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握. 原文中有三个被动语态is imagined, be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达：认为、相比和掌握. 有些英语被动需要把主语译成汉语的宾语,这样才能更加符合中文的表达习惯. 例如：New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore （归还；恢复,复兴；恢复健康,复原）that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time. 译文：必须找到新的能源,这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了. 六、英语多变化,汉语多重复 熟悉英语的人都知道,英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式.第一次说我认为可以用I think,第二次再用I think显然就很乏味,应该换成I believe或I imagine之类的表达.相比之下,汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高,很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了.请看下面的例子： The monkey's most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle. 译文：这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机.到九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机.tractor和vehicle在句中显然都表示拖拉机,英语表达上有变化,而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法. 七、英语多抽象,汉语多具体 做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会：英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上.通过分析句子的结构,把长句变短句、从句变分句,结构上的难题往往迎刃而解.表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达,这对考生往往具有更大的挑战性. 下面我们先看一组例子： disintegration 土崩瓦解ardent （热心的；热情的）loyalty 赤胆忠心 total exhaustion 筋疲力尽 far-sightedness 远见卓识 careful consideration 深思熟虑 perfect harmony （和声；和睦）水乳交融 feed on fancies 画饼充饥 with great eagerness 如饥似渴 lack of perseverance 三天打鱼,两天晒网make a little contribution （捐款；捐助）添砖加瓦 on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕 从上面的例子不难看出,英语表达往往比较抽象,汉语则喜欢比较具体.我们再看一个翻译： Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points whereas the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more unnatural food. 译文：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”. 原文中有三个抽象的名词：sense, point和support和两个抽象的形容词comfortable和unnatural.根据大纲中词汇表提供的解释,sense可指“感觉”、“判断力”,point的意思是“点”,support的意思是“支撑(物)”、“支持(物)”,comfortable是“舒适的”,unnatural是“非自然的”,都是意思十分抽象的词,如果不进行具体化处理,译文就可能是这样：除非人类有这样的感觉,把人口减少到这样的,使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持,否则人们将不得不接受更多的非自然的食物. 八、英语多引申,汉语多推理 英语有两句俗话：一是You know a word by the company it keeps.(要知义如何,关键看词伙),二是Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(词本无义,义随人生).这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的,而实际运用中的语言是活的.从原文角度来说,这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申,译者就需要进行推理. 例如：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 译文：尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多,现代实践最符合这样一种定义,即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释. recreate根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“重新创造”,而考研英语大纲词汇表中只有名词recreation,所给词义为娱乐、消遣,在这种情况下,考生很容易把recreate译成“重新创造”或者“娱乐”.仔细观察recreate不难发现它带有宾语the significant events of the part,从逻辑上来讲,过去的重大历史事件是不能重新创造的,作者显然对recreate一词的词义进行了引申.做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受：某个词明明认识,可就是不知道该怎样表达.这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用. 九、英语多省略,汉语多补充 英语一方面十分注重句子结构,另一方面又喜欢使用省略.英语省略的类型很多,有名词的省略,动词的省略,有句法方面的省略,也有情景方面的省略.在并列结构中,英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语,而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词. 例如：①Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. 野心不仅是罪恶的根源,同时也是毁灭的根源. ②Reading exercises one's eyes; Speaking, one's tongue; while writing, one's mind. 阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿,写作训练人的思维. ④One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 在考研英译汉中,省略是一种很常见现象.例如： Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 译文：因此,究竟是使用测试,其它种类的信息,还是在特定的情况下两者都使用,取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据,同时还取决于成本和可获得性这样的因素. whether...or...是并列连词,or前面省略了不定式to use, and upon中间省了动词depends. 十、英语多前重心,汉语多后重心 在表达多逻辑思维时,英语往往是判断或结论等在前,事实或描写等在后,即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论,即重心在后. 比较：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 译文：由于贵国政府的提议,才得以这样快地重新实现访问.这使我感到特别高兴. The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely （不足地,不充分地；一定不,绝不）contested （斗争；比赛）. 译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位,不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展,要享受其基本权利,即使不是不可能,也是不容易的.这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了.
这几个英语句子的汉语怎么写
I have a so cool uncle. And he is a driver. My uncle is so well. My mother told me he is good at English.He drives so good. But I think he is not very good . Because it is dangerous.我有一个很帅的叔叔，他是一位司机。
我的叔叔技术非常好。
我妈妈曾经告诉我他在英语方面非常好，在别人眼里他开车很好。
但是我觉得他开车不好，因为我觉得他开车非常危险。
用英语翻译汉语句子 谢谢
一篇关于英语学习的文章：有点多，摘一点就行啦
＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝第1部分 整体建议 1. We'd better develop our interest in English at the beginning of our study. To develop interest in English study is not very hard. We may have the feeling of satisfaction and achievement from our English study when we are able to say something simple in English, talk with others or foreigners in English and act as others' interpreters. 在英语学习之初,我们应该注重培养对英语学习的兴趣.培养对英语的兴趣并不难.当我们可以说点儿简单的英语,用英语与别人或与老外交谈,或作别人的翻译时,我们就可以从英语学习中得到满足感和成就感,这样,兴趣就培养起来了.请注意,这种满足感和成就感很重要! 2. Plans are always very essential, so we must make some elaborate and workable plans before study. And we should certainly carry out these plans to the letter. 制定英语学习计划太重要了,所以我们必须在学习前制定精细的和可操作的计划. 并且我们一定要严格执行这些计划.请注意:千万不要干没有计划的傻事,那等于在浪费生命. 3. Notes should be made whenever we study any book. We may follow this advice: Don't read book without making notes. As we know that notes are the summarization, the core content, our understanding and the abbreviations of the books. Our notes are much thinner than the books so that we can learn them by heart easier and can often review and read them. We may also record our notes on tapes so as to often listen to them easier, to deepen our impression and to lighten our burden of memory. Sometimes it is needful to draw some tables and illustrations that are very impressive, visual and concise. 无论学习什么,我们都要作笔记.我们可以参照下面的忠告:不作笔记就不要读书.如您所知,笔记是我们对所学课本的总结,中心内容,我们的理解和课本的缩略.笔记要比课本薄的多,我们可以较容易的记忆和经常复习他们.更胜一畴的做法是把笔记录成音,这样我们可以经常听一听来加深印象和减轻记忆负担. 4. Watching English movies, English TV programs, listening to English songs and learn English on some special occasions are also excellent and vivid English learning ways as we may combine English with some certain scenes to deepen our memory. 看英文电影,收看英语电视节目,听英文歌曲和在某些特定场景学习英语也是很棒和很生动的英语学习方式,因为这样我们可以把所学英语与某些特定的场景联系起来以加深记忆. 5. Never just memorize single English words. Learn by heart the whole sentences and the phrases that contain the new words so we may know how to use the words. 请不要孤立地背英语单词.请背记包含生词的句子或词组,这样我们才真正能运用这些词汇,而且印象更深. 6. If time permits, we may read Mini Chinese-English dictionary carefully from cover to cover, which may help us widen our sight and master knowledge in all aspects. 如果时间允许,通读小小汉英字典对于英语学习也帮助很大.他能帮助我们扩大视野并全方位地掌握所学知识. 7. Excellent personality is one of the decisive factors in English study. Persistence, patience, self-confidence and determination are badly needed. 优秀的性格也是英语学习的关键因素之一,坚持,忍耐,自信和坚定都是很重要的.当然如果兴趣培养得好, 可适当削弱这方面的要求. Part 2 Detailed methods(第2部分 具体方法) 1. Oral English:(口语学习) A. We study spoken English so as to make oral communications, so this order of importance of oral English study should be followed: Fluency, Accuracy, and Appropriateness. That is to say, we have to pay more attention to practical communicating ability instead of only laying emphasis on the grammatical correctness. 我们学习口语目的是为了与别人进行交流,所以英语口语中的几个要素的重要次序应为:流利-准确-恰当. B. Try to find some partners practicing oral English together and English corner is a good place as where we may exchange English study experience, widen our sight and improve interest in English. 努力寻找学伴一起练习口语.英语角是个不错的地方,在那我们不但可以练习口语,还可以交流英语学习经验,开拓视野,提高英语学习兴趣. C. If English partners are not easy to get, then we have to create an English environment ourselves by speaking English to ourselves. 如果找不到学伴或参加英语角的机会很少,那么就需要通过自己对自己将英语来创造英语环境.比如对自己描述所看到的景物,英语口述自己正在作的事情. D. This method is very effective and easy to insist on--interpreting Chinese-English novels or books. First we read the Chinese parts and then try to interpret them into English and then compare our interpretation with the original versions in the novels or books so that we can find out the mistakes, shortcomings and progresses in our interpretation. 这种方法非常有效且很容易坚持---口译汉英对照(或英汉对照)的小说或其它读物.首先我们先读汉语部分,然后逐句直接口译成英文,完成一小段后,去看书上的对应英文部分并与我们的口译进行比较,我们马上可以发现我们口译的错误,缺点和进步. 请注意:开始要选择较简单的读物. 这样作的好处: 1. 自己就可以练习口语, 想练多久,就练多久. 2. 始终有一位高级教师指出您的不足和错误---英文原文. 3. 题材范围极广, 可以突破我们自己的思维禁锢, 比如我们总是喜欢谈论我们自己熟悉的话题, 所以我们总是在练习相同的语言, 进步当然就缓慢了. 4. 选择小说, 幽默故事或好的短文阅读, 使我们有足够的兴趣坚持下去. 5. 有一些我们在直接学习英语课文时被我们熟视无睹的地道的英语用法会被此法发掘出来. 6. 对所学知识和所犯错误印象深刻.这等于我们一直在作汉译英练习, 很多英文译文是我们费尽心思憋出来的,所以印象相当深刻.比直接学习英文课文印象要深的多. E. Interpreting what you hear---Changing Roles: Three people make a group: one speaks Chinese, one speaks English acting as the foreigner, one acts as interpreter. Then change roles. This is a good interpreting training method and is good for studying from one another. In addition, it may improve the responding ability and speed of students. The advanced stage of this method is simultaneous interpretation. 听译法-角色互换:三人一组,模拟翻译实战.一人将汉语,一人将英语,扮演老外,一人作翻译.练习一段时间后互换角色.这是一种非常好的翻译训练方法,也是很好的相互学习,取长补短的方法.而且可大大提高反应速度和能力.此法的高级阶段为同声传译,我们可以在听广播或看电视或开会时,把所听内容口译英文. F. Oral composition and 3-minute training method: This method is suitable for intense training. Making an oral composition about a certain topic for one minute the first time and record the composition on tape at the same time. Then listen to the composition and find out the room for improvement. Then make the same composition for two minutes for the second time and also record it. And at last repeat the above-mentioned for three minutes. 口语作文和3分钟训练法:此法适用于强化训练.找好一个题目作一分钟的口语作文,同时将其录音.听录音,找出不足和错误,就此题目再作两分钟的口语作文,同样录音,再听并找出不足与进步,继续作三分钟口语作文.这是高级口语训练,效果不俗. G. Retelling exercise: Retell some articles or English stories in our own words. 复述练习:用自己的话口语复述我们所听的英语故事或文章. H. If possible, we may read some English tongue twisters loudly and quickly with one or two cakes of candy in our mouth (just as the Chinese cross-talk actors do.) to train our oral cavity muscle and tongues suitable for English pronunciation. 如果可能我们也可以大声且快速朗读英文绕口令(就象相声演员练嘴),还可以同时口中含块糖以加大强化训练的力度.这样来强我们的口腔肌肉迅速适应英文发音,使我们的口语相当流利,清晰,而且还有自信.例如: A big black bug bit the back of a big black bear. The big black bear bit back the big black bug. This fish has a thin fin; that fish has a fat fin; This fish is a fish that has a thinner fin than that fish. Paying more attention to phrases and small words as one major shortcoming of Chinese English (especially Chinese oral English) is that Chinese students tend to use big words in their oral language, but the idiomatic oral English is abundant with short, active and vivid phrases. And most of such phrases are made of small words. 特别注意短语(词组)和小词的运用,中国式的英语尤其是口语一个很大的缺点就是中国学生喜欢用大词,而真正地道的英语口语确是充满着短小,活泼,生动的短语,富有生气.而这些短语大部分有小词构成. J. Oral English has its own features, but it is closely combined with other aspects of English, for example, writing may make oral English precise and accurate. 口语随自有特色,但与英语的其它方面紧密相连.比如,经常练习写作,可是口语精密,准确. 2. Listening comprehension:(听力) A. We may improve our aural ability by speaking English in the native and idiomatic way. The pronunciation, intonation and sentence structure should not be in Chinese style. 可以通过讲地道的口语来提高听力.发音,语调和句子结构请不要中国化.既然能说出来,当然能听懂.当然这样作有点难. B. Keeping a relaxed, natural and steady mood when listening to some materials. Namely, to establish self-confidence and to develop excellent psychological quality are essential in the improvement of aural ability. 在作听力练习时,力求保持放松,自然和稳定的心态.即建立自信心和培养良好的心理素质在听力提高中致关重要. C. We may make some simple notes while listening, for examples, the names of people and places, time, age, distance, occupation, figures and so on to get a better understanding of the content. 在作听力练习时,我们可以作些简单的笔记,例如人名,地名,时间,年龄,职业,数字等以便更好地理解材料.当然还要以听为主. D. Catching the drift of the content instead of understanding every word and never waste too much time on single words. 作听力练习要重材料大意, 而不要力求听懂每个词,不要在单个词上浪费太多时间. E. Pay close attention to CONCESSION and TRANSITION so as to correctly understand the attitudes of the speakers. The following words are most important: even though, even so, in spite of, unless, although, no matter, however, whatever, no, nor, neither…nor, but…. 密切注意听力材料中的让步与转折以便正确把握说话人的态度.特别关注这些词: even though, even so, in spite of, unless, although, no matter, however, whatever, no, nor, neither…nor, but…. F. If we may learn by heart new words by listening some word tapes, the results must be satisfactory. 在背记生词时,如果能听词汇磁带,那么对听力提高也很有好处. 3.Reading skills:(阅读) a. Intensive Reading: When we read the intensive articles, we should make notes of the new words and phrases and good sentences. After reading them, we may ask ourselves some questions about them by using such words: Who, What, Why, When and Where. Then try to answer them in our own words. 精读:在精读课文时,我们要把生词,词组,句型做成笔记.读后要试着用这些疑问词提问自己:谁,什么,何时,何地且努力用自己的话来回答. b. Extensive reading: We must train our ability to scan, skip and read fast. Namely, the ability to catch the key words, the topic sentences and the drift of the articles. 泛读:要培养浏览,跳读和快读的能力.即抓住关键词,主题句和中心大意的能力. c. Reading speed: Three ways to improve our reading speed: 1) Reading the articles from the beginning to the end without intervals so to catch the rough idea of the articles on the whole. Never waste too much time on some new words and single sentences. 2）We may keep time when reading articles.3) When reading articles, we can point at the words with our finger or pen point and our eyes move with the finger quickly so that we are able to read very fast. 阅读速度:三种方法提高我们的阅读速度:1.先从头至尾不间断地通读课文以抓住课文大意.不要在单个词或单句上浪费太多时间.2. 阅读时计时.3.阅读时用手指或笔尖指向文章字句并快速移动来迫使我们的眼睛快速随手指或笔尖移动来强化我们的阅读速度. d. Newspaper as good reading materials can widen our sight and richen our knowledge. 多读报,多受益:开阔视野,丰富知识,学习流行词语和英语最新发展. 4.Writing skills. ( 写作) a. We have to accumulate abundant materials before we write something, say, learning by heart crowds of articles. 写作需要有很多素材,积累素材很重要.要多背课文. b. Try to express one meaning in various ways. 努力用多种方式表达一种意思. c. Keeping English diary if possible. 写英语日记. a) Prepare some new words, expressions and good sentences to be used before writing something. 在写作前准备一些要用的好词汇,好句子. b) We may also make some English pen pals to establish English communication relationship through some media like newspaper and magazines. 结交英语笔友,写英文信.这种方法容易坚持,还很有意思.不仿一试,好处多多
