独立主格结构练习题
1.Her money ___ stolen,she could not buy a ticket for her home. 本句的独立主格是：Her money having been stolen2.the speech___,a lively discussion started. 本句的独立主格是：a lively discussion started而 the speech have been delivered 是一个完整的句子。
所以，就本句来说问题不在于 是have 还是 having .如果说它们的区别： have作谓语， having 非谓语。
suffered from作独立主格结构的用法，以及与suffering from 怎样区分
suffered from引导的独立主格，前面没有having是错的，因为这时候的suffer是不及物动词。
不及物动词没有被动语态。
比如说：1 Having suffered from a bad leg for years, he can't walk properly,这是分词结构， 不能说成：Suffered from a bad leg for years, he can't walk properly, 2 Mary having sufffered from a bad leg for years, her mother has to take her to school in her car every day -------这是独立主格结构，不能写成： Mary sufffered from a bad leg for years, her mother has to take her to school in her car every day.
英语独立主格结构的详解
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。
若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。
这种结构称为“独立结构”。
其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。
“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。
编辑本段功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如：表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work being done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)编辑本段用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
用作原因状语 An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
用作伴随状语 He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
表示补充说明 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
编辑本段形式1>一般独立主格形式:与主句逻辑关系松散 形式为: n. + -ed\\\/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词. ;名词\\\/主格代词+现在分词 名词\\\/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。
如： The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
名词\\\/主格代词+过去分词 名词\\\/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。
如： The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
名词\\\/主格代词+不定式 名词\\\/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
名词\\\/主格代词+形容词 如： An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
名词\\\/主格代词+副词 如： He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
名词\\\/主格代词+介词短语 如： The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
2>with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密 形式为: with + n. + -ed\\\/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介词短语 3>each引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复数名词 形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾 , each + 介词短语\\\/形容词短语\\\/名词短语\\\/-ing形式\\\/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.（题源:《GMAT语法全解》白勇著，Page38） 4>其他形式There being +名词（代词） 如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
It being +名词（代词） 如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
编辑本段特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如： Don’t sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出门了。
特殊 当独立主格与主句主语不同时可有：eg:We walking through the garden,the flowers are beautiful. 1.独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。
如：After class was over (=Class being over \\\/ Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。
如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being+名词的结构中。
如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构。
如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
(比较动名词复合结构。
)编辑本段示例 请看下面一道题： Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。
此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。
尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。
也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择A）。
所以此题最佳答案选A。
请再看一个类似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，该句是典型的非限制性定语从句，因为该句修饰的是前面的novels，即指物，所以只能用which做of的宾语，故本题选C。
再请看下面一例： (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B)： (1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.（独立主格结构） A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners. （非限制性定语从句） A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.（两个句子） A. which B. them C. whom D. that
英语问题
“独立主格结构”属于“复合结构”独立主格结构 (主格名词或代词+补足成分) The work finished, we stopped for a drink. (分词) She looked angrily at the pretty girl, her face white and her eyes green. （形容词） 英语的复合结构还有动词不定式、动名词的复合结构等：His being late again made the teacher angry.
什么叫独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。
若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。
这种结构称为“独立结构”。
其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。
“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work being done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
独立主格结构是怎么回事，如何理解
英语独立主格结构一、概念：“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二、功能：“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。
众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。
而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。
其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。
如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
三、形式：独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。
按其结构形式分为：—ing分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。
四、举例： 1、Therebeingnothingelsetodo,theygoneaway.由于无事可做，他们离开了。
（代词＋－ing;表原因）2、MissWangcomeintotheclassroom,booksinhand.王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。
（无动词结构；表伴随）3、Theoldmansatinhischair,hiseyesclosed.老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。
（名词＋－ed;表状态）4、Classover,webegantoplaybasketball.放学了，我们开始玩篮球。
（名词＋副词；表时间）5、Without
高中英语的独立主格结构是什么，如何辨别和运用
求老师指导下，自己的资料书说的很模糊
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）一、 独立主格结构的相关概念构成：逻辑主语+逻辑谓语特点：1. 用逗号与主句分开； 2. 逻辑主语与主句主语不同，单独存在。
句中位置：句前、句末或句中，位置相当灵活。
注意事项：独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词。
说到此处可能我们仍然是一头雾水，对独立主格结构没有任何概念，别着急，我们举例来说明。
例：Weather permitting, we will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，我们将在明天组织一次海滨旅游。
析：weather permitting为独立主格结构，该结构与主句之间用逗号隔开，weather为逻辑主语；permit为逻辑谓语，独立主格结构与主句之间没有任何连接词。
初步总结：1. 独立主格结构的主语和主句主语肯定不同（例句中的是weather和we）；2. 两者之间没有连词连接。
（肯定的
只有两个完整的句子之间用逗号时，才有连词的存在空间。
Weather permitting本身不是完整的句子，所以不可能用连词。
） 二、 独立主格结构的两种类型：1． 逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）2． 逻辑主语+（being）+表语（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语） 1. 逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）①逻辑主语+不定式由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态，在句中常作原因状语，偶尔作条件状语。
例：His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来，他正在忙着准备晚饭。
析：“来”的动作还没有发生，表示将来。
②逻辑主语+现在分词现在分词在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语；如果现在分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在现在分词前加上逻辑主语，这便构成了现在分词的独立主格结构，该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和方式状语等例：The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。
析：lead动作的发出者是the guide，两者构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
③逻辑主语+过去分词例：The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行回学校。
析：the key肯定是被人给Lost的，所以两者之间构成动宾关系。
进一步总结：逻辑主语+不定式：表示尚未发生或即将发生的动作。
逻辑主语+现在分词：表示动作正在进行。
逻辑主语+过去分词：表示被动或者完成意义。
2. 逻辑主语+（being）+表语（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。
这种结构往往看做是“名词\\\/代词+being+表语”结构中省略了being，主要有如下几种情况：④逻辑主语+名词例：I received many gifts, many of them books..我收到很多礼物，其中很多是书籍。
⑤逻辑主语+形容词\\\/副词例：Music over, all the audience stood up with fits of applause..音乐以结束，所有的观众都站了起来报以热烈的掌声。
⑥逻辑主语+介词短语例：Many people were lined along the streets, flags in hands.很多人排队站在街道旁，手里拿着旗子。
.. 三．使用独立主格结构的注意事项：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词或者在there be结构中，独立主格结构中的being\\\/having been 不能省略。
例：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是周日，我们去做礼拜了。
2. 在“逻辑主语+介词短语”的独立主格结构中，如果逻辑主语和介词短语之间的名词都是单数，习惯上不用任何冠词。
3． “逻辑主语+现在分词”与“逻辑主语+having+done”的区别是前者表示正在进行的动作，后者表示发生在主句谓语动词之前的动作。
例： All the students having sat down, the lecture began. 独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
独立主格结构的功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如： 1) 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2） 表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3） 表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4） 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 常见的独立主格结构有如下几种： 1. 名词\\\/主格代词+现在分词。
名词\\\/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。
如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词\\\/主格代词+过去分词。
名词\\\/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。
如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词\\\/主格代词+不定式。
名词\\\/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词\\\/主格代词+形容词。
如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词\\\/主格代词+副词。
如： He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词\\\/主格代词+介词短语。
如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
7. There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
8. It being +名词（代词）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
使用独立主格五点注意： 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。
如：After class was over (=Class being over \\\/ Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。
如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being＋名词的结构中。
如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构。
如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来主编来了，我们开始开会。
(比较动名词复合结构。
) 独立主格结构的用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
独立主格结构妙题赏析 请看下面一道题： Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。
此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。
尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。
也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择B）。
所以此题最佳答案选A。
请再看一个类似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. this D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。
再请看下面一例： (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B)： (1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners. A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that
关于英语定语从句的翻译
1、This is the singer about whom they always talk.2、I still remember the days during which i lived in the countryside.3、There are a lot of books in my study,some of which are written in English. 4、定语从句的翻译英语中，定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。
他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。
而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。
英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。
所以，在翻译定语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。
从结构上分析，常见的定语从句翻译方法：一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。
既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时候，通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。
He who has nevertasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
Space and oceans are thenew world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, whichwas infectious, broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
Harmonious interpersonalrelationship is the primary reason why I enjoy working here.同事之间关系融洽是我喜欢在这工作的主要原因。
二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。
英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。
这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。
翻译时可以用两种方法来处理：（一）重复先行词由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。
China and Japan reachedagreement on the issue of agriculture which was a major barrier for theirbilateral relation since 1996.中日两国最终就农业问题达成了协议，而农业问题自一九九六年起就是两国关系发展的主要障碍。
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the SpecialCommittee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
You, whosepredecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquireda greater accomplishment in this respect.你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。
Although he is a green hand,he has enterprise and creativity which are decisive in winning success inthe field.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
（二）省略先行词如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，在“通顺、完整”的前提下，有时候可以不用重复先行词。
It is he who receivedthe letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。
They worked out anew method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
After dinner, the fourkey negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
They worked out a new method bywhich efficiency has now been dramatically improved.他们制订出一种新方案，采用之后工作效率大大提高。
三、融合法：把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。
融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成单句中的谓语部分。
由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句。
A．定语从句的主句里有“there be”、“to be”等动词时，可以把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起，译成简单句。
例如：There is a mandownstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。
（原句中的主句部分there is a man翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。
）There are some students in the class whodislike studying.在班上总有一些学生不爱学习。
This is the very knife whichhe used to murder the victim.他就是用这把刀谋杀了受害人。
This was the period whenNewton began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory ofGravity.就在这期间，牛顿开始了一项研究。
经过这项研究，他创立了著名的重力理论。
B．定语从句的动词在整个复合句中分量较重，可将其主句压缩成词组译作主语，而把定语从句的动词译作其谓语。
例如：He had great success infootball which made him an idol in the eyes of every football player.他在足球领域取得的成就使他成为每一个足球运动员的偶像。
四、分译法：分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译的一种方法，主要用于较长的非限制性定语从句里。
采用这种方法可避免句子的冗长和累赘。
有些定语从句在修饰关系上与先行词之间关系显得较为疏远，这时，我们通常会将定语从句译成独立的句子。
One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst Ihad ever seen, which obscured my objective.有一次暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实在是我平生所鲜见的。
这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。
Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that thecomputations were accurate.不过问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算是很精确的。
从定语从句的性质和功能分析，翻译方法：A．表原因The manager was giving adinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.经理只宴请了几个人，因为他特别想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。
No one in the company likestheir boss, who is stingy and bad-tempered.公司里没人喜欢他们的老板，因为他脾气暴躁、人又小气。
B．表结果The two countries established formal diplomatic relation, which paved the wayfor the further communication.两国正式建立了外交关系，从而为双方进一步的交流铺平了道路。
They quarreled with each othereveryday, which led to their divorce.他们夫妻二人天天吵架，最终导致离婚。
C．表让步He insisted on buying anothercar, which he actually didn’t need..他坚持要再买一辆车，尽管他并不需要。
My father, who thought itmight not work, supported me.尽管父亲认为这个办法可能不会起作用，但还是支持我。
D．表目的This company, which wants to gettheir new product sold well in the market, is trying hard to perfect itspacking and workmanship.为了使新产品在市场热销，这个公司正在全力改进工艺和外包装。
E．表转折She is quite considerate andkind, which her younger sister never is.她非常善良，体贴，而她妹妹却从不这样。
To succeed in this area, oneneeds profound knowledge and experience, which few has.要想在这一领域取得成功，需要渊博的知识及丰富的经验，而很少有人能具备这两点。
F．表条件或假设A new product which hasbeautiful packing, good quality and advertising may very likely be a hit inmarket一种新产品，只要包装精美，质量过硬，宣传得力，就能在市场中热销。
Any one who works hard andnever gives up will succeed.任何人，只要努力工作永不放弃，就能够成功。
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如：表示时间The meeting being over, all of uswent home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件The condition being favourable, he maysucceed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
表示原因There being no taxis, we had towalk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrappedher up with great care,the night beingdark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况Almost allmetals are good conductors,silver beingthe best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
(=Almostall metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we wenthome. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
用作条件状语Weather permitting(=Ifweather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=Asan important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up lateinto the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
用作伴随状语He waslying on the grass,his hands crossedunder his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
用作补充说明Weredoubled our efforts,each man workinglike two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
一般独立主格形式与主句逻辑关系松散形式为: n. + -ed\\\/-ing形式; n. +不定式;n. +介词短语; n. +形容词;n. +副词;名词\\\/主格代词+现在分词名词\\\/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。
如：The girl staring at him(= As thegirl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for anouting tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
名词\\\/主格代词+过去分词名词\\\/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。
如：The problems solved(= As theproblems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Becauseher glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
名词\\\/主格代词+不定式名词\\\/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如：He is goingto make a model plane,some old parts tohelp. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They saidgood-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
名词\\\/主格代词+形容词如：An airaccident happened to the plane,nobodyalive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, themeeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
名词\\\/主格代词+副词如：He put onhis sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
名词\\\/主格代词+介词短语如：The boygoes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary wassitting near the fire,her back towardsthe door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
名词\\\/主格代词+名词His first shot failure，he fired again．他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of themchildren.两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
-with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密形式为: with + n. + -ed\\\/-ing形式;with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介词短语with ( without)+宾语（名词\\\/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。
上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
（without +名词\\\/代词+动词的-ing形式）Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。
（without+名词\\\/代词+动词的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest tovisit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
（with+名词\\\/代词+动词不定式）The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
（with+名词\\\/代词+副词）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或Hestood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
（with+名词\\\/代词+介词短语）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。
（with+名词\\\/代词+形容词）在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without 不能省略。
-each引导的强调型独立主格:形式为:句子 +复数名词结尾 , each +介词短语\\\/形容词短语\\\/名词短语\\\/-ing形式\\\/-ed形式这种独立主格结构为了强调句尾的复数名词如:Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operatesthe company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive.（题源:《GMAT语法全解》白勇著，Page38）-Therebeing +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
-It being +名词（代词)It being Christmas, thegovernment offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all theshops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
