初中生英语演讲稿 简单些的 两天后将关闭
关于什么方面的
我这儿有一篇寓言的英语故事，词汇很简单，希望能帮到你~名字叫《The Origin of the Rainbow(彩虹的起源)》Once upon a time the colors of the world started to quarrel. All claimed that they were the best. 有一天，世界上的五颜六色彼此争吵了起来，每一个颜色都声称自己是最好的。
Green said: Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for grass, trees and leaves. Look over the countryside and you will see that I am in the majority. 绿色说：“很明显嘛
我就是最重要的。
我是生命和希望的象征。
青草、大树和叶子都选择我，只要往乡野望去，我就是主色。
” Blue interrupted: You only think about the earth, but consider the sky and the sea. It is the water that is the basis of life. The sky gives space and peace and serenity. Without my peace, you would all be nothing. 蓝色打断他的话说：“你只想到地面，想想天空和海洋吧
水是生命之源，而天空包容大地、宁静和祥和。
一旦失去我的宁静祥和，你们就什么也不是了。
” Yellow chuckled: The sun is yellow, the moon is yellow, the stars are yellow. Every time you look at a sunflower, the whole world starts to smile. Without me there would be no fun. 黄色暗自好笑：“太阳是黄色的，月亮是黄色的，星星也是黄色的。
每当你看着向日葵，整个世界也跟着笑逐言开起来。
没有了我，也就没有了乐趣。
” Orange started next: I carry the most important vitamins. Think of carrots, oranges and mangoes. When I fill the sky at sunrise or sunset, my beauty is so striking that no one gives another thought to any of you. 橙色接着说：“我是最重要的维他命，想想胡萝卜、橘子和芒果。
每当日出日落时，我就满布在天空，我的美丽如此令人惊艳，根本不会有人想到你们。
” Red could stand it no longer so he shouted out: I am the ruler of all of you. I am blood一 life's blood! I bring fire into the blood. I am the color of passion and love. 红色再也按捺不住，他大声的说：“我是你们的主宰，我是血
生命之血
我将热情注入血液，我是热情和爱情的颜色。
” Purple was very tall and spoke with great pomp: I am the color of royalty and power. Kings, chiefs and bishops have always chosen me for I am the sign of authority and wisdom. People do not question me! They listen and obey. 紫色自视甚高，而且盛气凌人的说：“我是皇室和权威的颜色，国王、领袖和大主教都选择我，因为我是权威和智慧的象征。
人们不敢对我有所存疑，只有乖乖听命的份。
” Finally Indigo spoke, much more quietly than all the others, but with just as much determination: Think of me. I am the color of silence. I represent thought and reflection, twilight and deep water. You need me for balance and contrast, for prayer and inner peace. 靛色终于说话了，比起其它颜色，他的声音平和多了，但是，也是同样的斩钉截铁：“我是宁静之声，我代表思想、深思熟虑、曙光以及深水。
你们需要我来平衡对比、祈祷并获得内在的平静。
” And so the colors went on quarreling, each convinced of his or her own superiority. Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright lightening, and thunder rolled. Rain started to pour down. 五言六色就这样一直吵下去，每个颜色都认为自己最优秀。
突然间闪电雷鸣大作，大雨倾盆而下。
Rain began to speak: You foolish colors. Don't you know that you were each made for a special purpose? Join hands with one another and come to me. 雨开口说话：“你们这些蠢颜色，你们不晓得自己各有所司吗
大家手牵手一起过来。
” Doing as they were told, the colors joined hands and united. 那些颜色都乖乖的手牵手，站在一起。
Rain continued: From now on, when it rains, each of you will stretch across the sky in a great bow of color as a reminder that you can all live in peace. The rainbow is a sign of hope for tomorrow. 雨接着说：“从今以后，只要一下雨，你们每个都得伸展成大弓形横跨在天际，藉以提醒大家和平共处。
因为彩虹是明日希望的象征。
”
有关英语的
dwyane：do wing（拼音，把它连一块儿）
我爱我的祖国演讲稿 3——5分钟
祖国在我心中演讲稿 掀开摞摞发黄的历史，在白骨累累的上我们看到一个个举着明晃晃钢刀的刽子手，一只只满口 鲜血的吸血蝙蝠，一头啮着血淋淋心肺的豺狼，一群群叼着头颅的鹰犬和一淌淌鲜艳刺目的血
这是民族的耻辱。
让受苦受难，受辱受虐的中国人的血不再白流，是老一辈仁人志士的不懈追求，他们奇迹般地走过了二万五千里长征，经历了八年抗战，迎来新中国的建立…… 历史又翻到今日。
新的仇恨，新的血泪又涌现在我们眼前：1999年5月8日一对新婚不久的中国青年夫妇倒在的血泊中；2001年4月一位优秀的中国飞行员为了祖国尊严血洒南海上空…… 同学们，我们能无动于衷吗?我们能让鲜血再洒在中国历史的十字架上吗?我们能让闪着寒光的刺刀再刺向中国人吗? 不!决不!血、泪、仇。
我们记住了，永远地记住了。
让我们化作冬雨，将的血场刷清。
让我们化作精卫，将汹涌的大海填平…… 雪耻复仇，为中华民族伟大复兴，我们这一代中国青少年责无旁贷
然而，我们许多少年人将自已民族的新仇旧恨忘掉了，将“五四”青年匍匐喋血，在血泪中仍高喊祖国万岁的那一刻忘记，将日本刽子手在南京城中狞笑着举起钢刀的那一刻忘记了……同学们如果我们沉溺在享乐之中将学习荒毁了，将前程荒毁了，将民族兴衰抛置脑后……这是一种毁灭，一种自我毁灭。
鲁迅先生穷其一生智慧，“”唤醒了刀俎上的中国人，我们的前辈树立“为中华之崛起而读书”的理想，以天下安危为已任，前仆后继，建立了新中国。
作为新时代的青年人，我们怎能放任自流，荒毁一生置民族大业于不顾?否则，枉为炎黄子孙
梁启超曾高瞻远瞩地指出：少年强，则国强；少年富，则国富；少年屹立于世界，则国屹立于世界
自古英雄出少年。
在当今世界的残酷竞争中，中国青少年能否肩负起民族振兴和洗刷国耻的任务，直接关系到中国将来的命运。
我们的老师学识渊博、温文尔雅、谦和真诚、勤奋敬业、任劳任怨。
我们青春焕发、热血沸腾。
摆脱幼稚走向了成熟，不再藏到父母宽大的羽翼下避风躲雨，而是如那高傲的海燕，渴望暴风雨，敢于战斗。
我们虽然无需面对国土的沦丧，无需承受战火硝烟，但是我们可能要阻挡不期而来的洪水，抗击非典，预防禽流感，我们的飞船要上天，我们的足球要获胜，我们要研究转基因，我们要征服沙尘暴，我们要保护环境、维护世界和平……毋容置疑，我们这些祖国未来的建设者和接班人，肩负重担、义不容辞、任重道远。
为了祖国的繁荣、民族的兴旺，今天的我们用激情点燃希望之火，用青春汗水浇灌成功之花。
勤奋学习、奋力拼搏，是我们初中生活不变的主题。
“三分天注定，七分靠打拼。
”也许会受挫，也许会失败，但是，“不经历风雨怎么见彩虹”远航的水手告诉我们“风雨中，这点痛算什么，擦干泪，不要问，至少我们还有梦。
” 努力吧
奋斗吧
中国青少年。
为我们开辟民族复兴的新蓝天……! 祖国在我心中 在爬满甲骨文的钟鼎之上，读祖国童年的灵性；在布满烽火的长城之上，读祖国青春的豪放；在缀满诗歌与科学的大地之上，读祖国壮年的成熟…… 我想说又不愿说，我也曾看到祖国的孱弱，在圆明园烧焦的废墟之上，我看祖国是一滩血；在邓世昌勇猛的“致远舰”上，我看祖国是一团火。
但我的祖国没有沉没，在亚细亚的东部，用宽厚的臂膀，挽起高山大海，将炎黄子孙揽于怀中，用茅草和土砖修复残缺的岁月，用野菜和稀粥喂养饥饿的生活。
中山先生，在黑夜里开始规划治国方略，，在贫瘠的土地上，支撑民族的血肉与骨骼；，把饱经沧桑的瞳仁放大，指引多灾多难的祖国，从世纪的风雨中神奇地走过
沿着黄河与长江的源头，漂流而下，过壶口，闯关东，走三峡，奔大海。
在河西走廊，华北平原，我看祖国的富饶与辽阔，看祖国千里马般日夜兼程的超越；在、，看祖国崇高与巍峨，看祖国繁荣的霓虹灯日夜闪烁，灿若银河…… 给我肤色的祖国，给我智慧与胆略的祖国。
尽管在乡村，还有辍学孩子渴望的目光；尽管在城镇，还有下岗女工无奈地诉说，但我知道，更有改革的浪潮迭起，冲破旧的观念，旧体制的束缚，迎来新世纪磅礴的日出
这是一个除旧立新的祖国。
这是一个沸腾上升的祖国；这是一个如日中天的祖国。
我的话语多得成一部历史，我的话语多得可组成一片星河，但是说得最多最动情的一句，便是——腾飞吧祖国、祖国吉祥，吉祥祖国。
爱国演讲-我的祖国 中华民族是一个历史悠久的民族，创造了璀璨的文化。
在汉唐等时期，我们祖国曾经是世界上最文明、最强大的国家。
但是，由于近代国家政治腐败，闭关自守，导致了国家国力衰微。
1949年，带领中国人民获得了民族的解放，为中华民族的振兴绘制了宏伟的蓝图，在中国共产党的领导下，经过改革开放的二十多年建设，我国经济高速发展，国家实力日益增强，人民生活水平迅速提高，祖国变得更美好! 香港、澳门本是我国神圣不可侵犯的领土，但是由于清政府的软弱无能，他们离开了祖国妈妈；在1997、1999年，他们相继回到祖国母亲的怀抱；是我们先辈们几千年前的伟大梦想，这个梦想在“神州5号”载人飞船载着杨利伟进入太空以后，已经在逐步实现。
同时，我们成功的战胜了1998年的特大洪水；成功的加入WTO；成功申奥；成功的抗击了“非典”和“禽流感”等。
这一系列成功，证明了今天我国的强大实力。
中华民族像一个巨人，屹立世界在东方。
从清末的被蹂躏到现在的发展蒸蒸日上，是无数的中华儿女抛头颅、洒热血、前仆后继、不懈努力换来的，来之不易啊。
他们开创了祖国的今天，我们要造就祖国的明天。
为了实现我们的，我们必须努力学习，用最先进的科学技术和人类的灿烂文化武装自己，学好建设祖国的本领；明天在自己的工作岗位上为祖国建设贡献聪明才智，让祖国明天更美好。
长江后浪推前浪，一代更比一代强。
我坚信，在我们的不懈努力下，祖国的明天，天更蓝、山更绿、水更清、经济更繁荣、人民更幸福、国力更强盛，祖国的明天更美好。
演讲稿 亲爱的同学们： 自从党带领着人民打败了外国侵略者之后，我们的祖国正在飞速发展之中，然而有些外国人还是瞧不起我们，于是，许多爱国志士便都投入了祖国的建设事业中。
邓稼先这个名字大家一定都很熟悉吧
它就是原子弹和氢弹的研究者。
1958年8月，在外国留学的邓稼先谢绝了导师的挽留，怀着一颗滚烫的赤子之心踏上了归途，回到了新中国。
但是，外国已研究出了非常先进的核武器，而在这方面，中国仍旧就是一个空白。
1958年党中央决定研制中国自己的核武器——原子弹。
这时，邓稼先站了出来，他毅然接受了研究原子弹的任务，当时，研究核弹的工作是非常危险的，但邓稼先决定要为国捐躯。
1964年10月16日，随着一声巨大的轰鸣，一朵无比壮美的蘑菇云升上了天空，中国的第一颗原子弹在罗布泊的山空爆炸成功。
1967年6月17日，在罗布泊的上空，中国的第一颗氢弹又成功地爆炸了。
全世界震惊了
喜讯迅速传遍了长城内外，大江南北，这不朽的功绩使中国人扬眉吐气。
看着冉冉上升的国旗，你是否感到从未有过的激动呢
这是我们国家的象征，有多少人为这国旗做出了贡献，在观看升旗仪式的同时，你是否尊重那些在国旗里活着的烈士
那些为国旗做出贡献的人呢
我敢说有些人不是的。
当我们对国旗行注目礼时，有的人在做小动作；当庄严的国歌奏响时，我们嘴里发出的声音却像蚊子似的无病呻吟。
这一切难道是爱国的表现吗
别忘了，亲爱的同学们，那红旗里的眼睛在看着你呢
谁在做小动作
谁在低着头
高高飘扬的红旗全都知道得一清二楚。
别人为升旗仪式是一件小事，它的意义大于一切
我郑重地发出倡议：请你们尊重国旗，尊重那些在国旗里活着的爱国志士吧
打开地图，请为我指出，你最喜欢哪个国度
有人会指着美国，因为他们向往美国式的自由，有人会指着法国，因为他们向往香水般的浪漫情怀，有人还会指着新加坡，因为他们向往花园般的美丽国度．可是，别忘了我们的祖国－－． 她有着几千年的灿烂文化，是世界上一颗罕见的明珠，虽然她不及美国那样先进，甚至贫穷、落后，但我不会嫌弃，因为我是在她无私的爱之下长大的． 高耸的珠峰告诉我们，这里的人们已挺起了胸膛；清新的空气告诉我们，这里没有战火硝烟；爽朗的笑声告诉我们，这里的人们安居乐业．这个”桃源国度”就是我的祖国－－
她地大物博，却因为人口众多而微不足道；她面积广大，却因土地荒漠而大半无用；她虽有诸多大江，却多是泥沙沉积．但是我们后人，可以从风化的泥土中，读出她的历史，读出她的沧海桑田，读出她的兴衰，读出她为后人留下的一切． 我们爱祖国，正如岳飞精忠报国一样，她是我们炎黄子孙的根，枝繁叶茂是因为她的功劳．有国就有家，我爱家乡如爱祖国一般． 故乡是梦中永远的景致；故土，是离乡后最珍惜的物品；故人，是最纯洁的乡情．当年玄藏法师出行，唐太宗将一撮故土置于杯中，让他喝下，告诫他莫忘故乡．是啊
祖国大地有许多壮美山河．但惟独只爱家乡，因为那儿是我成长的摇篮，那儿的一草一木都深入我心，我为家乡的落后而焦急；为家乡的进步而自豪；为家乡的前途而担忧．纵使我走到了生命的尽头，我依然想捧起一撮故乡土，一汪故乡水，一片故乡叶；它们将随我长埋于地下，直到风化也紧紧相连． 虽然家乡很美，但出外求学总是不可避免的．于是，校园成了每天都要接触的地方． 校园不像清华般久远；不像牛津般闻名；不像般豪华．但我依然爱着她，因为她给予我知识，给予我最纯洁的友谊．她告诉我什么是美丽，什么是善良，什么是邪恶． 在她的熏陶下我茁壮成长，如同鲜花受到甘露的滋润，在她的关爱下我如同幼苗受到阳光的呵护．可总有一天，我们会离开校园，离开这方圣土，去到社会当中，而我心灵深处，依然深深挂念我的母校． 爱我祖国，爱我家乡，爱我校园
这是心灵的赞美，这是心灵的歌声，这是心灵的呼唤 啊，祖国
你给予我们生命，让我们在这片广阔的土地上茁壮成长，我爱我你——我的祖国
你曾哺育过多少英雄儿女，为了我们更灿烂的明天，你付出了多少艰辛和汗水，我爱你——我的祖国
你是指南针、火药、造纸术、印刷术四大发明的发源地，孔子言行、儒家思想、唐诗宋词等各代文化各具特色，中国有着五千年的悠久的历史和文化，中国的文化被后人永远传颂。
二十一世纪中国经济的腾飞使世人惊叹
中国国民消费指数和国民产值有着明显的提高，居民的生活水平有了很大的提升，居住环境有了很大的改善，交通更加便捷，一栋栋高楼拔地而起，各个城市的立交桥汇成错综复杂的交通图，因为中国的经济改革深入人心，使得我们的经济取得了飞速的发展，人人安居乐业，政府鼓励人人创业，更使得人民的生活更加美满幸福。
因为政府采取了有强有力的改革措施，国民的危机意识提升，创业激情飞速提高,所以中国有着翻天覆地的变化. 我们的祖国是永远坚强的。
在二00八年五月十二日下午二点二十八分，四川发生了8.0以上的地震，在无情的地震中使无数人失去了亲人和生命，一栋栋房屋变成了废墟，一条条道路塌陷，地震造成的损失我们无法计算，但我们的祖国不怕灾难带来的恐惧，面对灾难我们万众一心、众志成城，挽救了一个个生命，在最紧要的关头展示了“谁是最可爱的人”是我们的中国军人，他们不怕流血流汗还冒着生命危险拯救压在已破裂墙壁奄奄一息的生命，一方有难,八方支援，中国人有强大的凝聚力的，我感动了，中国人感动了，世界所有的人感动了
二00八年八月八日世人瞩目的北京奥运会开幕了，中国健儿在运动赛场展示了中国人敢于拼搏的精神风采，同时也展现了中国强大的经济实力，让全世界了解了中国，中国发生了日新月异变化。
我了解中国的历史，尤其是中国的近代史，鸦片战争爆发还是卖国条约签定到八国联军的入侵，甚至南京大屠杀那都是中国人耻辱和国人难以忘记的一幕，中国人化悲痛为力量，强大了自己才不会给别人欺凌的机会，为了中国的民主和解放，中国出现了孙中山、等伟大的人物，到现在中国取得了改革开放的伟大的胜利，我们大家大声呼喊“中国，加油
” 就在祖国生日的前几天九月二十五日，中国就“神舟五号”发射成功后，“神舟七号”载人飞船又要起飞了，中国的航天技术又迈入新的里程碑，航天载人技术在世界的前列，我们的祖国是多么的神奇，多么的有智慧
10月1日是祖国的生日，祝它生日快乐
在鸿杰我要加倍努力学习
做个父母的好孩子，做祖国的好男儿
为祖国的明天贡献我的一份力量把自己国家建设的更加美好和富强
祖国，我爱你
丰富多彩的校园生活演讲稿
我的校园生活多姿多 当你迈着轻盈步跨学校时，你是否感到了一股力量强大的力量正推动着你，前进再前进呢
这就是我第一次来到某某中学的感觉。
这种感觉使我不由地爱上了这个学校，慢慢地融进了这个校园，融进了校园的生活。
我爱校园的朝霞，我爱校园的夕阳。
当东方映着鱼肚白，那一片红遮掩着出来了。
当教工宿舍这条面纱再也遮不住她红彤彤的脸的时候，她索性不再遮掩，不再害羞，整个展现在我们的面前。
朝霞下的教学楼，一幢接一幢，鳞次栉比，给美丽的校园的早晨增添了一抹霞光。
夕阳西下时的校园，有着不可抗拒的美丽。
那是一种详和安静，那是一种蓬勃生机。
绯红的夕阳照在一颗颗芒果树上，静得没有声息，绿色的芒果叶子点缀着、摆动着，偶有微风，就激起了阵阵涟漪。
小芒果在风中尽情畅游，这是否也在为咱们可爱而美丽的校园喝彩
从教学楼里传来阵阵朗朗书声，那是贝多芬钢琴上和谐的乐曲。
，偶尔随微风传来阵阵甜美的笑声，那是在整天埋头苦读时的一段插曲，那是欢乐愉悦的见证。
当同学们迎着朝霞，大步走在校园美丽的小径上的时候，那是何种的生机
当同学们踏着夕阳互相挽着谈笑风生的时候，那又是何种的惬意
还有我们可爱可敬的老师，当你遇到困难无法解决时，老师就成了你的引路人；当你心里有话却无处诉说时，老师就成了你的倾听者；当你拥有喜悦与快乐时，老师就成了你的分享者。
我们的校长更是不辞劳苦，整天不顾烈日当头在校园里辛勤的劳作，时而监督大门建设工作，时而督促我们学校偷摘芒果的学生，作为学生的我们看了都觉得感动，这样的老师，难道不能让你由衷地喜爱吗
谁说校园生活百般枯燥，谁说校园的一切充满无奈。
看我们的校园——某某中学，时时处处充满色彩，时时处处充满欢笑。
因此，我要说：“我的校园生活多姿多彩
”
求一篇关于诚信的短篇演讲稿
The term fruit has many different meanings depending on context. In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary—together with seeds— of a flowering plant. In many species, the fruit incorporates the ripened ovary and the surrounding tissues. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds.[1]In cuisine, when discussing fruit as food, the term usually refers to those plant fruits that are sweet and fleshy, examples of which include plums, apples and oranges. However, a great many common vegetables, as well as nuts and grains, are the fruit of that plant species.[2] No single terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits.[3] The cuisine terminology for fruits is inexact and will remain so.The term false fruit (pseudocarp, accessory fruit) is sometimes applied to a fruit like the fig (a multiple-accessory fruit; see below) or to a plant structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. Some gymnosperms, such as yew, have fleshy arils that resemble fruits and some junipers have berry-like, fleshy cones. The term fruit has also been inaccurately applied to the seed-containing female cones of many conifers.[4]With most fruits pollination is a vital part of fruit culture, and the lack of knowledge of pollinators and pollenizers can contribute to poor crops or poor quality crops. In a few species, the fruit may develop in the absence of pollination\\\/fertilization, a process known as parthenocarpy.[5] Such fruits are seedless. A plant that does not produce fruit is known as acarpous, meaning without fruit.Many foods are botanically fruit but are treated as vegetables in cooking. These include cucurbits (e.g., squash, pumpkin, and cucumber), tomato, peas, beans, corn, eggplant, and sweet pepper, spices, such as allspice and chillies.[2] Occasionally, though rarely, a culinary fruit will not be a true fruit in the botanical sense. For example, rhubarb may be considered a fruit, though only the petiole is edible.[7] In the culinary sense, a fruit is usually any sweet tasting plant product associated with seed(s), a vegetable is any savoury or less sweet plant product, and a nut any hard, oily, and shelled plant product.[8]Although a nut is a type of fruit, it is also a popular term for edible seeds, such as peanuts (which are actually a legume) and pistachios.[9] Technically, a cereal grain is a fruit termed a caryopsis. However, the fruit wall is very thin and fused to the seed coat so almost all of the edible grain is actually a seed. Therefore, cereal grains, such as corn, wheat and rice are better considered edible seeds, although some references list them as fruits.[10] Edible gymnosperms seeds are often misleadingly given fruit names, e.g. pine nuts, ginkgo nuts, and juniper berries.A fruit is a ripened ovary. After the ovule in an ovary is fertilized in a process known as pollination, the ovary begins to ripen. The ovule develops into a seed and the ovary wall pericarp may become fleshy (as in berries or drupes), or form a hard outer covering (as in nuts). In some cases, the sepals, petals and\\\/or stamens and style of the flower fall off. Fruit development continues until the seeds have matured. With some multiseeded fruits the extent to which the flesh develops is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules.[11]The wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is called the pericarp. The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp (outer layer - also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer). In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. The plant hormone ethylene causes ripening. When such other floral parts are a significant part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. Since other parts of the flower may contribute to the structure of the fruit, it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms.[4]Fruits are so diverse that it is difficult to devise a classification scheme that includes all known fruits. Many common terms for seeds and fruit are incorrectly applied, a fact that complicates understanding of the terminology. Seeds are ripened ovules; fruits are the ripened ovaries or carpels that contain the seeds. To these two basic definitions can be added the clarification that in botanical terminology, a nut is not a type of fruit and not another term for seed, on the contrary to common terminology.[2]There are three basic types of fruits:Simple fruit Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit Simple fruitSimple fruits can be either dry or fleshy and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary with only one pistil. Dry fruits may be either dehiscent (opening to discharge seeds), or indehiscent (not opening to discharge seeds).[12] Types of dry, simple fruits (with examples) are:achene - (buttercup) capsule - (Brazil nut) caryopsis - (wheat) fibrous drupe - (coconut, walnut) follicle - (milkweed) legume - (pea, bean, peanut) loment nut - (hazelnut, beech, oak acorn) samara - (elm, ash, maple key) schizocarp - (carrot) silique - (radish) silicle - (shepherd's purse) utricle - (beet) Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity are simple fleshy fruits. Types of fleshy, simple fruits (with examples) are:berry - (redcurrant, gooseberry, tomato, avocado) stone fruit or drupe (plum, cherry, peach, apricot, olive) false berry - Epigynous accessory fruits (banana, cranberry) pome - accessory fruits (apple, pear, rosehip) Aggregate fruitAn aggregate fruit, or etaerio, develops from a flower with numerous simple pistils.[13] An example is the raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits (such as blackberry) the receptacle is elongated and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit.[14] The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are contained in achenes.[15] In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower with numerous pistils.Some kinds of aggregate fruits are called berries, yet in the botanical sense they are not.[edit] Multiple fruitMain article: Multiple fruitA multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers (called an inflorescence). Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass.[16] Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit.In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be observed on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they become connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarpet.[17]There are also many dry multiple fruits, e.g.Tuliptree, multiple of samaras. Sweet gum, multiple of capsules. Sycamore and teasel, multiple of achenes. Magnolia, multiple of follicles. [edit] Fruit chartTo summarize common types of fruit:Berry -- simple fruit and seeds created from a single ovary Pepo -- Berries where the skin is hardened, like cucurbits Hesperidium -- Berries with a rind, like most citrus fruit False berries -- Epigynous fruit made from a part of the plant other than a single ovary Compound fruit, which includes: Aggregate fruit -- multiple fruits with seeds from different ovaries of a single flower Multiple fruit -- fruits of separate flowers, packed closely together Other accessory fruit -- where the edible part is not generated by the ovary Seedless fruitsSeedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits. Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially navel oranges and mandarin oranges), table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination. Most seedless citrus fruits require a pollination stimulus; bananas and pineapples do not. Seedlessness in table grapes results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization.[5][edit] Seed disseminationVariations in fruit structures largely depend on the mode of dispersal of the seeds they contain. This dispersal can be achieved by animals, wind, water, or explosive dehiscence.[18]Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs, feathers or legs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. Examples include cocklebur and unicorn plant.[19][20]The sweet flesh of many fruits is deliberately appealing to animals, so that the seeds held within are eaten and unwittingly carried away and deposited at a distance from the parent. Likewise, the nutritious, oily kernels of nuts are appealing to rodents (such as squirrels) who hoard them in the soil in order to avoid starving during the winter, thus giving those seeds that remain uneaten the chance to germinate and grow into a new plant away from their parent.[2]Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades, e.g. maple, tuliptree and elm. This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent via wind. Other wind-dispersed fruit have tiny parachutes, e.g. dandelion and salsify.[18]Coconut fruits can float thousands of miles in the ocean to spread seeds. Some other fruits that can disperse via water are nipa palm and screw pine.[18]Some fruits fling seeds substantial distances (up to 100 m in sandbox tree) via explosive dehiscence or other mechanisms, e.g. impatiens and squirting cucumberUsesMany hundreds of fruits, including fleshy fruits like apple, peach, pear, kiwifruit, watermelon and mango are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other preserves. Fruits are also in manufactured foods like cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, and many more. Many fruits are used to make beverages, such as fruit juices (orange juice, apple juice, grape juice, etc) or alcoholic beverages, such as wine or brandy.[22] Apples are often used to make vinegar.Many vegetables are botanical fruits, including tomato, bell pepper, eggplant, okra, squash, pumpkin, green bean, cucumber and zucchini.[23] Olive fruit is pressed for olive oil. Spices like vanilla, paprika, allspice and black pepper are derived from berries.[24][edit] Nutritional valueFruits are generally high in fiber, water and vitamin C. Fruits also contain various phytochemicals that do not yet have an RDA\\\/RDI listing under most nutritional factsheets, and which research indicates are required for proper long-term cellular health and disease prevention.[1] Regular consumption of fruit is associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, Alzheimer disease, cataracts, and some of the functional declines associated with aging.[2][edit] Nonfood usesBecause fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, different cultures have developed many different uses for various fruits that they do not depend on as being edible. Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements, such as unicorn plant, lotus, wheat, annual honesty and milkweed. Ornamental trees and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits, including holly, pyracantha, viburnum, skimmia, beautyberry and cotoneaster.[25]Fruits of opium poppy are the source of the drugs opium and morphine.[26] Osage orange fruits are used to repel cockroaches.[27] Bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to make candles.[28] Many fruits provide natural dyes, e.g. walnut, sumac, cherry and mulberry.[29] Dried gourds are used as decorations, water jugs, bird houses, musical instruments, cups and dishes. Pumpkins are carved into Jack-o'-lanterns for Halloween. The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the inspiration for the invention of Velcro.[30]Coir is a fibre from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes, mattresses, floortiles, sacking, insulation and as a growing medium for container plants. The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make souvenir heads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses.[31]
