红火蚁是从哪来的
如题 谢谢了
原产阿，为美国著名外来入侵物种，现已入侵我国。
编辑本段一、认识蚁 入侵红火蚁 ( Red imported fire ant, RIFA; Solenopsis invicta ) 原分布于南美洲巴拉那河 ( Parana ) 流域 (包括：巴西、巴拉圭与阿根廷)，在二十世纪初因检防疫上的疏失而入侵了美国南方，这原本不起眼的外来火蚁，却造成美国在农业与环境卫生上非常重要的问题与经济上的损失。
目前在美国南方已有12个州超过 1 亿公亩的土地被入侵火蚁所占据，对于美国南部这些受侵害地区造成经济上的损失，每年估计约数十亿美元以上。
近来因商业活动与农业运输全球化的影响，而使火蚁的问题不再只是美国或是美洲国家需要重视的问题。
虽然入侵火蚁早已恶名昭彰，在美国其他未被入侵的州及全世界各国皆极力防范入侵火蚁的侵入，但因交通便利且世界贸易全球化的趋势快速发展，而使防堵火蚁向外扩散的策略终究百密一疏，波多黎各也在 1975 ~ 1984 年间遭入侵，1998年发现入侵南加州，更于2001年入侵红火蚁成功的跨越太平洋，于新西兰与澳洲建立了新的族群，且已造成部份区域农业与环境上的危害。
编辑本段二、生物学 全名：入侵红火蚁 Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972 其它名称：Solenopsis saevissima var. wagneri (Santschi) Solenopsis wagneri (Santschi) 俗名：red imported fire ant (RIFA) (English) Rote importierte Feuerameise (German) 中文：红火蚁、外引红火蚁、泊来红火蚁（台湾） 分布于中国台湾（2004.7）、香港、广东、澳门。
入侵红火蚁是最近进入中国的入侵，也是世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）收录的最具有破坏力的入侵生物之一。
红火蚁工蚁多型，体长2.4-6mm(Hedges 1998)，上颚4齿，触角10节，身体红色到棕色，柄后腹黑色。
蚁巢向外突起呈丘状，直径一般小于46厘米。
当蚁丘受到破坏时，入侵红火蚁将异常愤怒。
其可用后腹部的尾刺进攻入侵者，一般被蛰刺后次日会有水疱出现。
红火蚁的寿命与体型有关，一般小型工蚁寿命在30-60天，中型工蚁寿命在60-90天，大工蚁在90-180天。
后蚁寿命在2-6年左右。
由卵到羽化为成虫大约需要22-38天。
红火蚁为单或多后制群体，后蚁每天可最高产卵800枚（IUCN数据，另有论文称为1500枚），一个几只蚁后的巢穴每天共可以产生2000-3000枚卵。
当食物充足时产卵量即可达到最大，一个成熟的蚁巢可以达到24万头工蚁，典型蚁巢为8万头(Vinson and Sorenson 1986)。
成虫食性广泛，其捕杀昆虫、蚯蚓、青蛙、蜥蜴、鸟类和小哺乳动物也采集植物种子。
其进攻体型相对大的鸟类等的眼等要害器官。
入侵红火蚁给被入侵地往往带来严重的生态灾难，是生物多样性保护和农业生产的大敌。
红火侵住房、学校、草坪等地，与人接触的机会较大，叮咬现象时有发生。
其尾刺排放的毒液可引起过敏反应，甚至导致人类死亡。
入侵红火蚁同时也啃咬电线，经常造成电线短路甚至引发小型火灾。
红火蚁是应当加以消灭的，但在消灭其的过程中一定要注意保护本地的蚂蚁和其它生态系统。
一旦破坏了土生蚂蚁的栖息地就有可能造成生态位的空缺，反而有助于入侵红火蚁的传播和发生，因此必须予以认真区分，尤其是区分土著火蚁和入侵红火蚁。
亚洲地区一直未有发现入侵火蚁的报告发表，台湾旧纪录中有3种火蚁属(Solenopsis )种类被纪录，但未曾发现有入侵火蚁。
但2003年9~10月于桃园与嘉义地区发现疑似火蚁入侵农地案例，经采样鉴定后确定是危害美国、澳洲与新西兰的入侵红火蚁已于台湾地区发现，且陆续获知有农民与民众被蚂蚁叮咬而送医的案例。
*真社会性的生活结构，蚁巢中除专负责生殖的蚁后与生殖时期才会出现负责交配的雄蚁外，绝大多数的个体都是无生殖能力的雌性个体(职蚁)。
*无生殖能力的职蚁可分为工蚁与兵蚁亚阶级，阶级结构变化为连续性多态型。
*成熟蚁巢中的蚁后每天约产1500~5000个卵，卵发育至成虫约需 20~45 天 ( 工蚁 )、30~60天 ( 大型工蚁 )、180天 ( 兵蚁、蚁后与雄蚁 )。
*完全地栖型蚁巢的蚂蚁种类，成熟蚁巢会以土壤堆出高约 10~30 公分直径约 30~50 公分的蚁丘，但新形成蚁巢约在4-9个月後才会成熟而出现明显小土丘状的蚁丘。
*蚁后寿命约 6~7 年，职蚁 ( 工蚁和兵蚁 ) 寿命约1~6个月。
*入侵红火蚁并没有特定的婚飞时期 ( 交配期 )，只要蚁巢成熟全年都可以有新的生殖个体形成。
雌雄蚁会飞到约 90~300 公尺的空中进行婚飞配对与交配，完成交尾的雌蚁约可以飞行 3~5 公里降落寻觅筑新巢的地点。
*入侵红火蚁成熟蚁巢，平均每年约可以产生 4500 只生殖雌入侵红火蚁成熟蚁巢，平均每年约可以产生 4500 只生殖雌蚁。
族群分为单蚁后与多蚁后型。
成熟的单蚁后蚁巢中约有 5 ~ 24 万只个体，每英亩可以形成 80~120 个蚁丘，成熟的多蚁后蚁巢中约有10 ~ 50万只个体，每英亩可形成超过400个蚁丘。
蚁巢特徵入侵红火蚁成熟蚁巢明显拢起的蚁丘，则是极容易快速认定红入侵火蚁的方法之一，因为目前台湾约 270 种蚂蚁中没有会筑出拢起地面高于 10 公分以上蚁丘的种类，因此由小山丘的蚁丘是可为判定是否为入侵红火蚁的依据之一。
但仍要注意，入侵红火蚁族群在未成熟前的蚁丘并不明显，容易与其他种蚂蚁的蚁巢造成判断上的错误。
编辑本段三、未来火蚁的入侵与传播 入侵红火蚁进入台湾可能的途径 *受蚁巢污染的种苗、植栽等含有土壤的走私园艺产品。
*受蚁巢污染进口培养土 (如蛭石、泥炭土、珍珠石)。
*货柜夹层或货柜底层夹带含有蚁后的蚁巢。
入侵红火蚁进入台湾后的扩散途径 *主动扩散 (自然扩散)：自然迁飞、洪水扩散。
*被动扩散 (人为扩散)：园艺植栽污染、草皮污染、土壤废土移动、堆肥、园艺农耕机具设备、空货柜污染、车辆污染等。
编辑本段四、火蚁的威胁 火蚁(Fire ant) 的名称便是在描述被其叮咬后如火灼伤般疼痛感，其后会出现如灼伤般的水泡。
被火蚁咬伤的人 入侵红火蚁蚁巢在受到外力干扰骚动时极具攻击性，成熟蚁巢的个体数约可达到20万至50万只个体，因此入侵者往往会遭受大量的火蚁以螫针叮咬，大量酸性毒液的注入，除立即产生破坏性的伤害与剧痛外，毒液中的毒蛋白往往会造成被攻击者产生过敏而有休克死亡的危险，若脓泡破掉，则常常容易引起细菌的二次性感染。
在1998年所做的调查，在南卡罗来纳州约有33000人因被蚁叮咬而需要就医，其中有15%会产生局部严重的过敏反应，2%会产生有严重系统性反应而造成过敏性休克，而当年便有2件受火蚁直接叮咬而死亡。
五、红火蚁传播扩散途径与规律 入侵红火蚁的扩散、传播包括自然扩散和人为传播。
自然扩散主要是生殖蚁飞行(图23)或随洪水流动扩散，也可随搬巢而短距离移动；人为传播主要因园艺植物污染、草皮污染、土壤废土移动、堆肥、园艺(图24)农耕机具设备污染、空货柜污染、车辆等运输工具污染等而作长距离传播。
入侵红火蚁自然扩散中以生殖蚁的婚飞扩散较为持续和有规律。
这种红火蚁没有特定的婚飞时期(交配期)，成熟蚁巢全年都可以有新的生殖蚁形成。
雌、雄蚁飞到约90~ 300 m高的空中进行婚飞配对与交配，雌蚁交尾后约飞行3~5 km降落寻觅筑新巢的地点，如有风力助飞则可扩散更远。
带土植物调运频繁，有利于红火蚁传播、扩散。
在进口种苗、花卉等植物性产品时，为避免病虫害的传入，一般要求不带土。
国内在种苗、花卉、草坪、观赏植物等贸易调运中，植物基本上带有土壤或栽培基质。
有些地方甚至还长途运输废土、堆肥、垃圾废品等、这些活动显著地增强了红火蚁传播地可能性，也可能大大加快其扩散速度。
在美国，甚至有红火蚁侵入养蜂箱而随放蜂活动作长距离传播的例子(图25)。
全面掌握红火蚁的认为传播途径对实施检疫、预防红火蚁扩散传播有着十分重要意义。
六、红火蚁取食习性 红火蚁食性杂，觅食能力强，喜食昆虫和其他节肢动物，也猎食无脊椎动物、脊椎动物、植物，还可取食腐肉。
据报道，该蚁可取食149种野生花草的种子，57种农作物(图40)。
红火蚁群体生存、发展需要大量的糖分，因此工蚁常取食植物汁液、花蜜或在植物上“放牧”蚜虫、介壳虫。
通常在凉爽季节的白天或炎热时期的傍晚和夜间工蚁觅食活动最积极。
觅食蚁通过地表下的水平蚁道离巢去觅食，一个大型蚁巢的觅食蚁道可从蚁丘负外延伸几十米远，沿路有通向地面的开口。
在蚁丘四围有一明确的觅食范围，在此区域内不容许其他种群的红火蚁进入。
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谁帮我搞到关于咖啡的英文资料
咖啡的起源咖啡树和咖啡食用的起源地公认在非洲，其具体地区说法不一，但多数人认为在东非的文明古国埃塞俄比亚。
关于咖啡起源的时间则莫衷一是。
在咖啡的发现、起源和利用史上，有一个神奇的故事非常流行，我以为也较为符合实情。
很久很久以前，埃塞俄比亚西南部咖法(Keffa)地区的牧羊少年卡尔迪(Kaldi)一次赶羊经过一片树林时，他的山羊群啃食路边大型灌木丛上的红果子。
①卡尔迪无意中发现，山羊吃了红果子后异常兴奋，即使是老山羊也像小山羊一样奔跑跳跃。
牧羊少年觉得奇怪，便也摘下一些果实品尝。
结果自己也变得非常兴奋、精神，不由得手舞足蹈起来。
咖啡(果可食用并能提神)就这样被人发现了。
②人们把这种果子就叫成当地的地名“咖法”(keffa)，以后经过长期地传递和演变就成了今天的“咖啡”(coffee)。
咖啡被发现后人们最初只是采摘野生的果子食用，③后来才慢慢开始人工栽培。
在食用方式上，最初是连肉带核(即咖啡种子—咖啡豆)一起嚼食，后来进步为把咖啡果泡水或煮水喝。
④在用途上，最初主要用于宗教界的宗教活动和医生治病及病人恢复。
埃塞俄比亚—红海一带基督教、犹太教都有，后来还有伊斯兰教。
各种宗教的教士、修士、教徒嚼了咖啡果或喝了咖啡水后，在彻夜进行的宗教法事活动时便很有精神不打瞌睡。
病人们嚼了它或喝了它也能恢复一些精神。
咖啡的食用、采摘渐渐跨过非常狭窄的红海传入阿拉伯半岛。
《中国大百科全书·农业卷·咖啡条》和《中国农业百科全书·农作物卷·咖啡条》说公元前6世纪阿拉伯人已开始栽种咀嚼食用咖啡，但它们没有例证和文献出处，不大可信。
而且，从社会发展史角度审视，公元前6世纪阿拉伯半岛上的阿拉伯人(假如当时已有“阿拉伯人”的话)还处于原始社会的野蛮时代。
如果那时他们已有了农耕种植，那也只可能种植椰枣、麦子、瓜菜等粮食、蔬菜、多用途作物，而不可能栽培药用类、嗜好类、消闲类作物咖啡。
因为当时的生产力水平只允许他们种植那些作物，以保证自己少挨饿，生存下去。
新版《美国百科全书·咖啡条》认为，公元后6世纪阿拉伯人开始栽种食用(咀嚼)咖啡。
⑤有的学者还把栽培利用咖啡的时代地点精确到公元575年在也门开始栽种。
⑥我认为公元后6世纪开始栽培咖啡相对较为可信。
由此推断，埃塞俄比亚人发现利用咖啡当在此前好长一段时期，或者在此前两三个世纪，即约公元3世纪。
公元9—10世纪的阿拉伯医学家拉吉斯(Rhazes，865—932)在文献中首次明确提到了咖啡，即记载下有人将干咖啡果研碎后用水煎服当药喝First, coffee origin Coffee-tree and coffee edible origin recognition in Africa, itsconcrete local view not one, but the most people think in EastAfrica's ancient nation Ethiopia. Time origins which about the coffeethen unable to agree. In in the coffee discovery, the origin and the use history, somemysterious story is extremely popular, I thought also conforms to thetruth. Before very long very long time, the Ethiopian north west 咖law (Keffa) the area tends sheep young Cull to enlighten (Kaldi) timeto catch up with when the sheep passes through woods, his mountainflock of sheep gnaws on the food roadside large-scale shrubbery thered fruit. (1) Cull enlightens accidentally discovered that, after thegoat ate the red fruit exceptionally to be excited, even if were theold goat also likes the small goat equally to run jumps. Tends sheepthe youth to think strangely, then also takes off some fruits totaste. Result also change extremely excitedly, the spirit, cannot helpbut dances with joy. The coffee (fruit might edible and can stimulate)on is discovered like this by the person. (2) The people are calledthe locality the geographic name this kind of fruit 咖 the law(keffa), later passes through for a long time the transmission and theevolution has become today the coffee (coffee). The coffee wasdiscovered the posterity only are at first pick the wild fruit edible,(3) afterwards only then slowly started artificially to cultivate. Inthe edible way, is at first Lian Roudai the nucleus (namely coffeeseed - coffee bean) chews the food together, afterwards progressed forsoaks in water the coffee fruit or 煮水 drinks. (4) In the use,mainly uses in at first religious circles' religious activities anddoctor treats an illness and the patient restores. Area the Ethiopian- red sea Christianity, the Judaism all have, afterwards also had theIslamism. After each kind of religious priest, the member of areligious order, the believer has chewed the coffee fruit or has drunkthe coffee water, in carries on all night when religious Buddhistceremony activity then very much has the spirit not to hit sleepily.The patients have chewed it or drink it also to be able to restoresome spirits. The coffee edible, picks gradually bridged over extremely narrow redsea to spread to the Arabian Peninsula. Chinese Big EncyclopediaAgriculture Volume Coffee Strip and Chinese Agriculture EncyclopediaCrops Volume Coffee Strip said the B.C.E. 6 centuries Arabs startedto plant chew the edible coffee, but they do not have the illustrationand the literature source, is not greatly credible. Moreover,carefully examined from the social development history angle, B.C.E.in 6 centuries Arabian Peninsula Arabs (at that time if had Arabspeech) also is in primitive society the barbarism. If at that timethey had the agriculture to plough the planter, that also onlypossibly plants 椰枣, grain, the vegetables, the multipurpose cropsand so on wheat, melon vegetable, but is impossible to cultivate kind,the hobby class for medicinal purposes, whiles away the time the kindof crops coffee. Because then productive forces level only allowedthem to plant these crops, guaranteed oneself little starved, thesurvival got down. New edition American Encyclopedia Coffee Stripbelieved that, A.D. the latter 6 centuries Arab starts to plant edible(chews) the coffee. (5) Some scholars also precisely start thecultivation using the coffee time place until the A.D. 575 years inYemen to plant. (6) I thought the A.D. latter 6 centuries startrelatively to cultivate the coffee to be credible. From this theinference, the Ethiopian discovered using the coffee works as inbefore this good long section of times, or in before this 23centuries, namely approximately A.D. 3 centuries. A.D. 9 - 10centuries Arabic medical scientists pull lucky Si (Rhazes, 865 - 932)explicitly mentioned for the first time in the literature the coffee,after namely under the record some people will do the coffee fruit togrind the water used to fry the clothing when the medicine will drink 三、咖啡在全世界的传播和咖啡馆文化欧洲人和其他国家的人接触到咖啡饮料后，有的人便很快喜欢上了。
商人和资产者更垂涎于咖啡带来的效益和利润。
但是在地理大发现时代(15世纪末—17世纪末)，欧洲或其他任何帝国对奥斯曼土耳其还不具有军事优势(须知土耳其甚至在1529年和1683年两次大举围攻维也纳)。
还无法采取军事暴力手段来获取咖啡苗(诸如击败土军，占领某地，抢走当地的咖啡树和咖啡果)。
面对土耳其的严厉控制政策，既不能合法进口，又无力武装抢夺；于是人们只好设法去“偷”，从而演绎出咖啡外传的诸多有趣故事。
1616年，荷兰人从也门摩卡港躲过土耳其严格检查，偷运出一株咖啡树苗。
②他们驾船走葡萄牙人开辟的新航路经阿拉伯海、印度洋、大西洋、英吉利海峡绕道回国。
但欧洲的气候水土不适合热带亚热带植物咖啡树的生长，荷兰人只好把它作为实验树栽培在暖房里。
1656年荷兰人侵入锡兰(斯里兰卡)。
1658年荷兰人就在锡兰岛上进行咖啡树苗的大田种植并获成功。
③1603年荷兰人在印尼爪哇岛上建立起第一个商站一殖民据点，1619年荷兰人侵占雅加达，并把它改名为巴达维亚。
1696年荷兰人从印度西南部沿海的马拉巴尔(Malabar)地区运进咖啡树苗和种子把它们栽种在印尼爪哇巴达维亚的种植园。
经过一点波折后终获成功，并很快获益赢利。
④ 不过印度西南部的咖啡林却不是荷兰人或其他西欧人传去的，而是由当地的一位叫巴巴·布丹(Baba Budan)的人于17世纪30年代传入的。
作为一个虔诚的穆斯林，巴巴·布丹去过伊教的圣城麦加朝圣。
返回时他把七粒能发芽的咖啡豆(种子)紧贴在肚皮上，躲过了土耳其人的检查，成功地“偷”回了他在印度西南部的家乡。
从此，咖啡开始在南亚生根栽培了。
⑤ 综上可知，东非埃塞俄比亚人民发现了咖啡，阿拉伯人民栽培了咖啡，中国人民促进了咖啡从神饮药饮转变为大众饮料，土耳其人民发明了咖啡最正宗最科学的饮用法，南亚人民也参与了传播咖啡。
可见，咖啡能成为世界三大饮料之一，非、亚、欧洲人民都为之做出了贡献。
不过，对咖啡最钟爱，把咖啡馆(文化)发展得最繁荣，把咖啡传播得最远的是欧洲人民。
1615年威尼斯商人把进口的咖啡豆运回威尼斯开设咖啡馆经营。
[3](P11)这大概是欧洲的第一家咖啡馆。
不过，咖啡馆老板使用的是进口的土耳其咖啡而非在意大利种出来的咖啡。
1650年，英国牛津出现英国的首家咖啡馆，1652年，伦敦出现咖啡馆。
[4](n78-179)1643年，巴黎开设了首家咖啡馆，1650年，马赛也开设了咖啡馆……。
[4](P161)1684年，维也纳出现首家咖啡馆。
[4](P52)到17世纪末18世纪初，咖啡馆在欧洲特别是西欧各大中小城市已雨后春笋般出现，迅速普及。
从此欧洲(包括后来的北美)的社会生活和风俗习惯中多了喝咖啡这项内容，街头多了咖啡馆这道风景线。
人们在咖啡馆里休闲，聊天，看简易的文艺表演，谈生意，议论国是，吃零食，谈情说爱，咖啡馆成了与中国茶馆媲美的一种西式休闲场所。
一些文人、作家、艺术家在泡咖啡馆时构思了自己的作品；一些政客在咖啡馆里活动，一些罪犯在咖啡馆里策划犯罪，一些青楼女子也在咖啡馆里拉客……咖啡馆成了欧美人民的重要社交场所。
Third, coffee in world dissemination and cafe culture After the European and other national people contact the coffeedrink, some people then very quickly liked. The merchant and theproperty drool the benefit and the profit which brings to the coffee.But in the geography big discovery time (15 century's ends - 17century's ends), Europe or other any empires did not have the militarysuperiority to the Osman Turkey (notice Turkey even and in 1683 two ona large scale besieges Vienna in 1529). Also is unable to adopt themilitary violence method to gain the coffee seedling (such as todefeat 土军, seizes some place, snatches locality coffee-tree andcoffee fruit). Facing Turkey's severe control policy, both cannotlegitimately import, and incapably arms robs; Thereupon the peoplehave to try to steal, thus deducts the coffee unauthorized biographymany interesting stories. In 1616, the Dutch hid Turkey from theYemenese 摩卡port strictly to inspect, smuggle a coffee seedling.(2) They harness the ship to walk the Portugese opening new routeafter the Arabic sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic, the English Channeldetour to return to homeland. But Europe's climate water and soil doesnot suit the tropics subtropics plant coffee-tree the growth, theDutch has to take it the experimental tree cultivation in thegreenhouse. In 1656 the Dutch invaded Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka). In 1658the Dutch on carried on the coffee seedling on the Sri Lankan islandthe big field planter and attains successfully. (3) In 1603 the Dutchestablished the first business on the Indonesian Java island to standas soon as colonizes the foothold, in 1619 the Dutch invaded Jakarta,and changed name it as 巴达维亚. In 1696 the Dutch (Malabar) thearea transported the coffee seedling and the seed from Indian northwest coast Malabar plants them in the Indonesian Java 巴达维亚plantation. The end attains successfully after twists and turns, andvery quickly obtains benefits the profit. (4) But the Indian north west coffee forest actually is not the Dutch orother westerners passes on, but is calls anxiously the bhutan (BabaBudan) by local the person spreads to the 17th century 30's. As areverent Muslim religion, anxiously the bhutan goes to holy city Meccawhich Iraq teaches to go on a pilgrimage. Returns when he the coffeebean which can germinate seven grains (seed) tightly pastes on thebelly, has hidden Turk's inspection, the successful place stole hasreturned to him in the Indian north west hometown. From this time on,the coffee started in the South Asia to take root to cultivate. (5) In the synthesis may know, the East Africa Ethiopia people haddiscovered the coffee, the Arabic people cultivated the coffee, theChinese people promoted the coffee to drink the medicine from the godto drink transform into the populace drink, the Turkish peoplescientifically invent the coffee most orthodox school to drink theusage, the South Asia people also participated in the disseminationcoffee. Obviously, the coffee can become world one of three big drink,non-, Asian, the European people have all made the contribution forit. But, to the coffee most cherish, (culture) develops the cafeprosperously, disseminates far the coffee is the European people. In 1615 the Venetian merchant shipped back the import coffee beanVenice to open the cafe management. [ 3 ] (P11) this probably isEurope's first cafe. But, cafe boss uses is the import Turkish coffeebut non- the coffee which plants in Italy comes out. In 1650, theEnglish Oxford appeared English the first cafe, in 1652, Londonappeared the cafe. [ 4 ] (n78-179) in 1643, Paris has opened the firstcafe, in 1650, Marseilles has also opened the cafe... ... . [ 4 ](P161) in 1684, Vienna appeared the first cafe. [ 4 ] (P52) to 17century's ends the beginning of 18th century, the cafe in Europespecially was the Western Europe each major and medium small cityalready mushroom growth appearance, rapid popularization. From this time on Europe (including afterwards North America) in thesocial life and the manners and customs were many has drunk coffeethis content, the street corner many cafes this scenery line. Thepeople in the cafe the leisure, chat, looked the simple theatricalperformance, discusses business, discussed the country is, eats thebetween-meal snack, talks love, the cafe has become one kind ofwestern-style leisure place which compares favorably with with theChinese teahouse. Some writers, the writer, the artist when soaked thecafe has formed in one's mind own work; Some politicians move in thecafe, some criminals plan the crime in the cafe, some brothel femalesalso draw in customers in the cafe... ... The cafe has become theEuropean and American people's important public relations place. According to 16th century Arabic literature Coffee Origin records,in 13 centuries the leaf has a Muslim 阿訇 Austria Masurium you(Sheikh Omar) to convict, 摩卡(Mocha) exiles from Yemen to Ou Saba.On the way, he saw is eating on the roadside tree's red fruit to abird in merrily the calligraphy stroke, then also tried to pick some煮水 has drunk. The small fruit has one kind of marvelous flavor,after drank has been sleepy wearily, eliminates immediately. AustriaMasurium you thereupon drink the coffee fruit the usage instruction togive some big at the beginning of sickness the person. After AustriaMasurium will send into exile the expiration to return in future摩卡then and drinks the coffee fruit the usage to disseminate. (1)Austria Masurium you discovered the coffee the fable is extremelypopular in the Arabic area, I think this fable Yu Shizhuo severalpoints: First, Austria Masurium you are possibly the public figurewhich independent rediscovers the edible wild coffee. He possiblydiscovered the different wild species as soon as to plant 培种.Already verified, the coffee had the different wild species anddevelops in this foundation plants 培种, if 小果 - the Arabiccoffee (Coffea arabica), center the fruit - went against the basketgirl coffee (C. canephora), big fruit - Liberia coffee (C. 1iberica);[ 1 ] (P258-259) two, Austria Masurium you possibly are the Arabicarea most early attempt one of planter coffee public figures; Third,Austria Masurium you are promote the coffee edible and one ofcultivation public figures. We knew, when Arabic area middle ages the agriculture quite is alsodeveloped, massively plants the multipurpose crops 椰枣 and othercrops. The Arab in knows the coffee to be possible edible to drinkafter and has the marvelous effect not to carry on the manualcultivation then with difficulty to persuade by reasoning. Therefore Iextrapolated, 6 since the probably centuries have been thenfragmentary in the Yemenese area, occasionally watch, the researchcultivation coffee, you the time namely develop from Austria Masuriumfrom the l3 century for the big field cultivate. In 1454, Yemen'sMuslim dynasty officially proclaimed the command allows to drink withand plants the coffee. (2) This indicated the coffee the planteredible before this had the quite long section of times, and hasachieved the certain scale. From this time on, the coffee and drank inthe length and breadth Arabic area widely planter with 古代非洲埃塞俄比亚人发现了咖啡，中世纪阿拉伯人栽培了咖啡。
中世纪晚期，中国人促进了咖啡从神饮药饮转变为大众休闲饮料，土耳其人发明了咖啡正宗科学的饮用法，印度人参与了传播咖啡。
在地理大发现时代(15世纪末至17世纪末)，欧洲人把咖啡传遍全世界；此后又将咖啡馆文化发展得最繁荣。
所以非、亚、欧人民都为咖啡发展为今日世界的三大饮料之一做出了贡献。
晚清咖啡传入我国，民国在华已站稳脚跟。
改革开放以来咖啡饮用开始在中国流行，并在逐步形成自己的咖啡文化。
Ancient times the African Ethiopians had discovered the coffee, themiddle ages Arab has cultivated the coffee. The middle ages laterperiod, the Chinese promoted the coffee to drink the medicine from thegod to drink transforms into the populace leisure drink, the Turkinvents the coffee orthodox school science to drink the usage, theIndian participated in the dissemination coffee. In the geography bigdiscovery time (15 century's ends to 17 century's ends), the Europeanspread over the coffee the world; Hereafter develops the cafe cultureprosperously. Therefore non-, Asian, the European people all have madethe contribution for the coffee development for today world one ofthree big drink. The late clear coffee spreads to our country,Republic of China stands firm in Hua Yi. Since the reform and openpolicy the coffee has drunk with starts to be popular in China, andgradually is forming own coffee culture.
以e开头的英语单词有哪些
eacha.\\\/pron.各,各自的,每eagera.(for)渴望的,热切的eaglen.鹰earn.耳，耳朵；听力，听觉；穗earlya.早的,早期的,及早的ad.早,在初期earnv.赚得,挣得,获得earnesta.热心的,诚挚的n.热心;真挚;定金;认真earthn.地球；陆地；泥土，土壤；尘世，人间earthquaken.地震easev.减轻;使舒适,使安心n.容易;舒适,悠闲eastn.东,东方,东部a.东方的,东部的Eastern.复活节easterna.东方的,东部的easya.容易的，不费力的，安逸的，宽裕的eatvt.吃，喝vi.吃饭，吃东西ebbvi.衰退，减退n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态eccentrica.古怪的，怪癖的，异乎寻常的n.古怪的人echov.\\\/n.回声,反响,共鸣eclipsen.日食,月食ecologyn.生态学economica.经济(上)的,经济学的economicala.节约的,经济的economicsn.经济学,经济情况economyn.节约;经济edgen.边,棱;刀口,刃v.侧身移动,挤进ediblea.可食用的editv.编辑,校订editionn.版,版本,版次editorn.编辑,编者editorialn.社论a.社论的；编辑上的educatev.教育,培养,训练educationn.教育,培养,训练effectn.结果;效果;影响;印象v
关于《春》
1.春草图，春花图 4.衬托出小草的嫩、绿，还有在春天到来时人们的喜悦之情。
5.花下成千成百的蜜蜂嗡嗡的闹着，大小的蝴蝶飞来飞去。
6.王安石 春风又绿江南岸，明月何时照我还 7.生机盎然、争奇斗艳、色彩鲜艳、香甜、五彩缤纷、闪闪发光、随风摆动。
