英文专业论文（答案满意我拿分砸死你
）（此问题圣诞节前有效）
On the Cultural Translation of Chinese Poetry From the Perspective of Peter Newmark’s Theory【Abstract】As a type of classical Chinese literature with a long history, the ancient Chinese poetry has long attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad and been translated by them. This paper attempts to make a tentative study on Peter Newmark’s theory in the culture translation of Chinese poetry. It proves that the theory plays a key role in the culture translation of Chinese poems.【Key Words】Peter Newmark;communicative translation;semantic translation; poem translationAs a type of classical Chinese literature with a long history, the ancient Chinese poetry has long attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad and been translated by them. For different translators, the translated versions and methods are quite different. Based on his own past research and some other transdisciplinary knowledge, Peter Newmark, the famous English translation theorist, has put forward the principles of “semantic translation” and “communicative translation”.1. The Characteristics of Poem TranslationPoem translation is quite different from the translations of novels, dramas, proses and film scripts. This is determined by its own characteristics. Then what are its characteristics? Generally speaking, there are three prime aspects.Firstly, poem emphasizes on the beauty of tempo and metre. A beautiful poem must have much attractiveness between the lines. When you hear some reading the charming poem, it seems that you are listening to a beautiful song.Secondly, from a lingual perspective, the languages of poem is quite succinct and the information in one unit structure. Its structure is rather different from some common lingual structures, due to the requirement of its metre, rhythm and form.Finally, a poem is the most senior form of literature, its metre, form and idea becoming integration. The lack of anyone of them will lead to the destruction of the whole poem. What’s more,the significance should be read between the lines, because the lines consist of many constituents of imagination when the author produces the poem. That is to say, we can always see the beauty of obscurity from poems. The understanding and feeling towards a poem depends on the appreciator, time and space.2. About Peter Newmark’s Translation TheoryAccording to Peter Newmark, communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. In theory, there are wide differences between the two methods.Communicative translation must emphasize the effect rather than the content of the message, and semantic translation would be more informative but less effective. Semantic translation attempts to recreate the precise flavor and tone of the original and it relates to the “expressive” function of language, whereas communicative translation responds to the representational and vocative functions. Thus for “Wet Paint!”, the communicative translation “Don’t touch the wet paint” is mandatory; the semantic translation(‘paint is wet’) would be more informative but less effective.3. A Study on the Cultural Transference of Chinese Poetry3.1 Appellation CultureAppellation culture is a dual-property semiotic system which concerns with appellation and involves both linguistics and culture. It is a semiotic system because it is marked by words or phrases in languages. The evolution of Chinese history and the continuous blending among nationalities in ancient China has given rise to a complex Han culture. Appellation culture is a good case in point. Appellation can be divided into relative appellation and association. A relative appellation is a cultural symbol produced by marriage system. After long-term cultural sediment, it has become well established. In ancient China, the complex marriage system finally led to a complicated relative appellation system, which inevitably causes troubles in translation.E.g.2 未谙姑食性，先遣小姑尝。
Verginial: I decide that not my mother-in-law.But my husband’s young sister shall have the first taste.Xu Yuanchng: To meet my mother-in-law’s taste,I send her daughter the first share.Fletcher: But what kind of taste auntie likes, I don’t know,So send to my sister-in-law the first share.In ancient China, there was a traditional custom, which meant to turn cousinship into marriageship. In other words, a girl was supposed to marry the son of her mother’s brother, thus she would call her husband’s parents, i.e. her father-in-law and mother-in-law uncle and aunt or auntie. Fletcher, obviously, has been confused by the surface meaning of “姑”, hence, he translates this word semantically as “auntie”. Although the girl calls her husband’s mother aunt, she has to present as a daughter-in-law and look at the “aunt” as mother-in-law and serve her everyday after the marriage. This is determined by the feudal marriage system. Thus, Fletcher has made a semantic translation.But here the “auntie” only acts as a “signifier”. A good way to deal with it is to uncover its veil and make the readers see clearly its face, to reveal the word in its true colours. After analyzing and consulting reference books, this is not a difficult task. The best way is to take a communicative translation. Both the first two translators have done in this way. “姑”is translated communicatively as “mother in law”. Under this condition, the TL readers will understand the poem in a full; otherwise, they must be confused about the relationship.Now let’s take another example:E.g.3 嫦娥应悔偷灵药，碧海青天夜夜心。
Zhang Tingchen & Wei Bosi: Chang E must regret having stolen the magic elixir——In that blue ocean of a sky: endless thoughts, night after night.Sun Dayu: Chang’e should now sorely regretFor stealing the herb of fay,So she hath to face all alone the blue skyAnd the sea immense night and day.Bynner: Are you sorry for having stolenThe potion that has set you.Over purple seas and blue skies,To brood through the long nights?Chang’e is a fairy lady in a Chinese legend who swallowed elixir stolen from her husband and flew to the moon. Here, in order to let the TL readers get to know the legendary figure in Chinese culture, both Chinese translators have taken the semantic translation and transcribed it into “Chang’e”, the alphabetic correspondence of “嫦娥”. Since the original verse is a narrative, in which “Chang’e” functions only as a sign of a person, it is hard for readers to fully understand the figure in the poem. So, this kind of transcription is quite all right.Meanwhile, Bynner, starting from the western thinking mode, has communicatively translated the verse by using the second as if in a dialogue with God or someone else. This kind of tone may bring the TL readers kindness and make them feel as if they are participating. But this can’t yet explain who “嫦娥”is. This shows that sometimes when the differences between the two languages can’t be understood by TL readers, they should be eliminated by sensible translators.3.2 Culture about Weights and MeasuresWeights and measures were very complicated before the unity by the Qin Dynasty. Each country followed its own system of weights and measures. After the unity of the country, Qin also standardized them. Such a system is handed down from generation to generation. Nevertheless, they are unknown or unfamiliar to foreigners. Although the Tang Dynasty reached in a peak in cultural influence abroad, some of the cultural concepts are unknown to foreigners. Now let’s see the following instances:E.g.4 桃花潭水深千尺，不及汪伦送我情。
Obata: The Peach Flower Lake is a thousand fathoms deep,But it cannot compare, O Wang Lun,With the depth of your love for me.E.g.5 一片孤城万仞山。
Wen Shu: On a steep high mountain the lone garrison town standsZhang Tingchen & Wei Bosi: Amid the massive mountains lies the solitary sliver of a townSun Dayu: And a lone pile lies by a mount a hundred furlongs highXu Yuanchong: The lone Great Wall lost amid the mountains proudFletcher: ‘Mid peaks so high our tiny town to sight is almost lostSuch units as “尺” (in its ancient meaning), “仞”have no equivalence in Anglo-American culture or modern Chinese culture. According to A Dictionary for Ancient Chinese Words, both of them are measures of length, height or depth. In ancient Chinese, 1尺≈0.26m; 1仞≈6.4chi(current)≈2.4~2.5meter. So “万仞”≈24000meter~25000m. Even people in China today may not know these. We may translate them semantically as 260m and 24000m, but which may make the translated versions lost their original charming and become more complicated. Therefore, Obata chooses another way, he adapts and makes the thought and cultural content of original more accessible to reader. In his version, “尺”is replaced by “fathom”, a word familiar to foreigners. 1尺≈0.26m, then 1000尺≈260m; 1fathom≈1.8m, then 1000fathoms≈1800m. Thus it seems the two figures differ largely from each other, but after all, the “千尺” here is in its exaggerated meaning. In this way, the readers can get the rough meaning of a great depth conveyed by the original poem.While in the second version, Sun Dayu has semantically translated “仞”into “a hundred furlongs”. He used a similar unit in Anglo-American culture for replacement. 1furlong≈201m, then 100furlong≈20100m. This is almost equal to the height of “万仞”. The domesticating method here has not merely made the TL readers understand the grandeur of the mountains the author wanted to convey, but also given them a perceptual knowledge of this point. Thus we can see that Mr. Sun has really given much thought to the matter.As for the other versions, they should be categorized under communicative translation. Although the key cultural word has been sacrificed, all the versions have become clear enough to be accepted by TL readers.From the above examples, we see that semantic translation is not always the only valid method. Sometimes communicative translation may also help to translate those words that are heavily culture-loaded. However, when it is imperative to retain the culture, semantic translation should be considered, that is, we can translate the words literally and then add a note. In versions that aim to introduce Chinese culture, it is necessary to use this method.3.3 Time CultureTime culture refers to some culture that is related to time or the techniques to express time. During the development of Chinese history, ancient Chinese invent their own special methods to express time. Using lunar calendar to calculate months is a good case in point. That is to divide a year according to the twenty-four solar terms. In this way, people can easily depict what the climate or scenery is like during a period of time.E.g.6 烟花三月下扬州Yang Xianyi &Gladys Yang: In the mist and flowers of spring,He goes down to Yangzhou.Sun Dayu: In this flowery April clime,For thickly peopled Yangzhou.Xu Yuanchong: For Yangzhou in spring green with willows and red with flowers.According to Best-Known Tang and Song Four-Line Poems,“烟花” is a phrase to depict the spring that is filled with the mist-like willow catkin and the brocade-like flowers, that is to describe a splendid spring. Here in the verse, it is used to modify “三月”. “三月”in the lunar calendar refers to the third month, the period almost from the pure Brightness till soon after Grain Rain. This period of time is nearly equal to the fourth month of the year,April. During this time, flowers blossom and the trees begin to put forth new leaves.”Against such a background, starting from the TL culture, Mr. Sun Dayu communicatively translates it into “flowery April”. Thus, the TL readers can easily imagine the flowery scenery. The same strategy has been adopted in the others. From the readers’ angle, the other two translators have succeeded in avoiding confusion to the TL readers by omitting “三月”. Otherwise the TL readers will wonder why it says it is spring and flowery since it is obviously cold in March? By omission of “三月”, the two versions appear clearer in meaning and easier to understand.From the above several examples, we may draw a conclusion that communicative translation is mainly adopted to transfer the culture, especially in appellation culture and culture about weights and measures, while semantic translation is added to render some culture in Chinese poetry. But no matter which method a translator adopts, he must render the original accurately and accurately convey the true information to the TL readers.All in all, Peter Newmark’s translation theory applies successfully to the English versions of ancient Chinese poems. It proves that all translations must be in some degree both communicative and semantic. Both semantic translation and communicative translation are necessary in translation. The theory plays a key role in the English translation of Chinese poems.
如何提高小学生的阅读能力
（尤其是六年级）
一、拼音词语对对碰。
（8分） qÍ qū en cì zī xún liú lǎn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) mào shèng kāng kǎi wèi jiè huī xié] （ ） （ ） （ ） （ ） 小小变色龙。
（多音字组词）（3分） fèng( ) jìn( ) qiáng( ) 缝 劲 强 féng( ) jìng( ) jiàng( ) 火眼金睛，辨子组词。
（5分） 晖( ) 誊( ) 折( ) 橱( ) 拂( ) 挥( ) 誉( ) 拆( ) 厨( ) 佛( ) 词语集锦。
（4分+7分+4分=15分） 1、 上适当的词。
增进( ) 保护( ) 宣读( ) 整理( ) 增添( ) 爱护( ) 宣传( ) 管理( ) 2、 把下列成语补充完整，3、 再按要求分类。
①守株（ ）兔 ②舍（ ）为人 ③千山一（ ） ④亡羊（ ）牢 ⑤（ ）死如归 ⑥波涛汹（ ） ⑦奋不（ ）身 ⑧粉（ ）玉砌 ⑴说明某种道理的： 。
⑵描写自然景物的： 。
⑶表示人物品格的： 。
4、 选词填空。
亲切 亲密 亲热 亲爱 ⑴恩格斯是马克斯的（ ）战友。
⑵老师的（ ）教导使我永远难忘。
严肃 严厉 严峻 严格 ⑴为了社会的安定，必须（ ）打击刑事犯罪份子。
⑵两个小红军战士，经历了（ ）的考验，终于走出了草地。
句子列车。
（8分+3分+3分+3分=17分） 1、修改病句。
⑴、我国人口是世界上最多的国家。
⑵、全校师生和老师都参加了元旦游园活动。
⑶、同学们讨论并听取了刘校长的报告。
⑷、前天早上下了一上午的雨。
2、按要求写句子。
⑴置身于美丽的校园，我感到心旷神怡。
改成反问句： 。
⑵孙膑对田忌说：“我有办法让你获胜”。
改为转述句： 。
⑶雪花飘落下来。
改为拟人句： 。
3、把下列歇后语补充完整。
⑴周瑜打黄盖——— ⑵哑巴吃黄连——— ⑶高射炮打蚊子——— 4、用关联词语把下面两句话和为一句话。
⑴凡卡在城里受罪。
凡卡回带乡下爷爷那里去。
。
⑵信用卡可以给现代生活带来许多便利。
信用卡很快就被人们广泛使用。
。
⑶我们现在不努力学好本领。
我们将来就不更好地为人民服务。
。
根据课文内容填空。
（10分） 1、“五岭逶迤腾浪， ”这句诗选自《 》，作者是 。
这个句子用“细浪”来比喻 ，用“泥丸”比喻 。
全诗歌颂了 。
2、凡卡在写信过程中，插叙两件事，一是 ;二是 。
爷爷的生活是十分艰苦的，但在凡卡的眼里，这一切又是多么 ，这反衬出凡卡在莫斯科的生活是多么 。
阅读短文，回答问题。
（12分） 我的爷爷 我爷爷是个医生，他以身作则，严格要求自己，给我们小辈树立了好榜样。
爷爷工作的医院风景可美了：郁郁葱葱的树木，四季不谢的花朵，还有一个小小的人工洞，在我眼里成了不收“门票”的公园。
可偏偏医院规定：本院职工家属及小孩不准进去玩。
我试着去了几次，都被门卫挡住了。
我从一次次“失败”中想出了一个好办法：以找爷爷为借口混进去玩。
门卫过真被我瞒过了。
我像个获得自由的小鸟，在“公园”里尽情地玩着，还为自己的“小聪明”暗暗得意。
谁知，我却被爷爷瞧见了。
他喊住我说：“你怎么进来的，快回去。
”我的高兴被一盆冷水浇灭了，只得悻悻离去，我担心会挨爷爷的批评。
果真，爷爷一到家，便叫我到身边。
我知道爷爷的脾气，什么事都非要弄个水落石出不可，只好照实说了。
爷爷见我认错了，便语重心长地说：“爷爷是个干部，一定要以身作则，医院的环境虽美，但这不是一般的公园，你不应该随便进去。
如果别人看见干部的孙女进去玩，也让自己的子女进去玩，那还像个医院吗
你在班级里也是个干部，要严格要求自己才好。
”听了爷爷的话我羞愧极了，后来听说爷爷为这件事，还在医院的一次会上作了检讨呢。
这件事以后，我下决心改正自己的缺点，做任何事都要以身作则，说到做到，在同学中渐渐有了威信。
我能够这样，不正是爷爷给我树立了好榜样吗
给短文分段用“║”标出段落起上并写出段意。
。
下面那句话是文章的主要内容
在括号里打“√” ⑴爷爷工作的医院很美，简直像个公园 （ ） ⑵“我”在“公园”里尽情地玩着。
（ ） ⑶“我”设法混进了“公园”。
（ ） ⑷爷爷教育“我”要做个以身作则的好干部。
（ ） ⑸“我”改正了自己的缺点。
（ ） 爷爷见“我”混进医院后，是怎样帮助、教育“我”的
。
写出短文的中心思想。
。
作文。
（30分） 题目：我忘不了那件事。
要求：1、请你回忆一下小学生活，选择一件事，写一篇500字左右的记叙文。
2、内容具体，条理清楚。
3、围绕中心，表达出真情实感。
小学六年级语文总复习试题 一、读拼音，写句子。
（8分）1 ．měi sh ì r én z ài láo dò ng zhò ng chuà ng z ào ch ú 1á i de. 2 ．shū shān yǒu 1ù qín wé i jìng， xué hǎi wú yá kǔ zuò :zhōu。
二、判断下列说法的对错，对的画“ √ ”，错的画“ × ”。
（5分） 1.用部首查字法，“阀”应查“门”部，五画。
（）2.‘哀”用音序查字法，应查字母 A，音节 i 。
（ ） 3、“差别”的“差”应读“ch ”。
（ ）。
4、“自给自足”的“给”应读“j ” （ ） 5．“好似”的“似”跟“似的”的“似”都读s （ ） 三、改正下列词语中的错别字。
(3分）“ 歪风斜气（ ），短小精干（ ） 搬门弄斧（ ）英雄倍出（ ）挑拔是非（ ）振耳欲聋（ ） 四、根据意思写出成语。
(6分）， 1．喜爱得舍不得放手。
（ ） 2..形容计谋十分高明。
（ ） 3、指全国各地，有时也指世界各地。
（ ） 4、称赞声不断。
（ ） 5.比喻事业蓬勃发展，兴旺发达。
（ ）6.说话滔滔不绝，像河水一样倾泻下来。
（ ） 五、解释带点词在各句中的意思。
(6分） 1．端 (1)他仔细地端详着这位老人。
（ ）(3)我端起碗就吃起来。
（ ） （2）。
我只是无端地觉得状如小狗而很凶猛。
（ ） 2．发 (1）我的文章发表了。
（ ） （2）这里正进行文物发掘工作。
（ ） （3）我们隐蔽得很好，不容易被敌人发觉。
（ ） 六、填诗句。
(4分） 1．春蚕到死丝方尽，（ ） 2．人生自古谁无死，（ ）。
3．海内存知己，（ ） 4（ ），更上一层楼。
七、．把下面错乱的句子按一定顺序排列成一段短文，在括号里用I、2、3、……表示顺序。
（7分） （）我如获至宝，拿了剪力就想剪。
（）忽然，一个念头掠过我心头：趁没人看见，将信封开个天窗再说，反正就这么一回。
（）中午放学回家．我看到信箱里有一封露出半截的信，一抽出一看，信封上贴着一张（石林·秋）的纪念邮票。
（）再一想，别人的信怎么能动呢
顿时，我像泄了气的皮球似的。
（）此时，我又看了看那张邮票，只觉得脸上一阵火辣辣的，仿佛周围的一切都在责备我。
（）我毫不犹豫地把信塞进了信箱．心里顿觉轻松一些。
1、 （）我正想动手，2、 耳边仿佛响起了老师的话语：“.集娜要讲邮德，3、 私揭邮票，4、 有损心灵美、行为美…”按要求把成语补充完整，5、 再归类。
4 1） 简 政 （填意思相近的词） 2） 惊 怪 （填意思相反的词） 3） 心 意（填上不同的数字） 4） 向荣（填相同的字）、 4在括号时填上合适关联词语。
①（ ）“非典”疫情再大，我们（ ）战胜困难。
②（ ）大家都同心协力，这场无声的战斗，我们（ ）会取得胜利。
③花（ ）多，（ ）没有奇花异草。
④（ ）对犯错误的同学，我们（ ）不应该轻视他们。
5、修改病句。
①主席台上插着鲜红的彩旗。
②不管你信不信，事实才是事实。
③战斗在抗击“非典”一线的医护人员无悔奉献的精神。
四：句子。
2、朗读、说话都要注意语句的语气，请选择语气最重的一句。
（ ） A、明天的会，你一定要参加。
B、明天的会，你不去不好。
C、明天的人，你非去不可。
D、明天的会，你能不参加吗
3、按要求写句子。
9 （1） （2）赖宁是我们学习的好榜样。
（调整词序，不改变原意。
） （3）他不但改正了错误，而且还接受了批评。
（修改病句，不得增减词语。
） （4）看到美国轰炸我驻南大使馆的暴行，我不能无动于衷。
（改成反问句） （5）诸葛亮对鲁肃说：“你借给我二十条船，我自有妙用。
”（改为第三人称转述） （6）这是一条完全由我国的工程技术人员设计施工的铁路干线。
（缩句） 六、综合阅读理解19 （一）她赶紧擦着了一大把火柴，要把奶奶留住。
一大把火柴发出强烈的光，照得跟白天一样明亮。
奶奶从来没有像现在这样高大，这样美丽。
奶奶把小女孩抱起来，搂在怀里。
她们俩在光明和快乐中飞走了，越飞越高，飞到那没有寒冷，没有饥饿，也没有痛苦的地方去了。
第二天清晨，这个小女孩坐在墙角里，两腮通红，嘴上带着微笑。
她死了，在旧年的大年夜冻死了。
新年的太阳升起来了，照在她小小的尸体上。
小女孩坐在那儿，手里还捏着一把烧过了的火柴梗。
“她想给自己暖和一下……”人们说。
谁也不知道她曾经看到过多么美丽的东西，她曾经多么幸福，跟着奶奶一起走向新年的幸福中去。
1、“她赶紧擦着了一大把火柴”的原因是 。
2、“飞到那没有寒冷，没有饥饿，也没有痛苦的地方去了。
”的含义是： 3、“她曾经多么幸福，跟着奶奶一起走向新年的幸福中去。
”这两个“幸福”的含义是： 。
4、这段话选自课文《 》、作者是（国家）（ ）的（ ） （二）、 七、作文。
35 给知心姐姐的一封回信 要求：1、按下面知心姐姐的来信内容，以王欣的名义写一封回信。
2\\\/按书信格式写，字数在450字左右。
附：知心姐姐给王欣的信 王欣同学： 你好
你在来信中说，有一件事使你落泪了。
我真想知道你为什么流泪。
是幸福的泪水，是高兴的，感激的，难过的，伤心的，还是后悔的泪水呢
请你详细的把这件事告诉我好吗
我好与你分享快乐或为你解忧。
祝你进步 知心姐姐 一、 拼音，写词语（8分） chōng jǐng xū yú kuí wú zhú lǒu ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) yùn wèi shū cài hé xū liào wàng ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 三、按要求默写：（9分） 1、那雪白的蓑毛，那______________________，那____________________， 那_________________，增_______________，减___________________， 素______________________，深_____________________。
（《白鹭》） 2、水奔流不息，是哺育一切生灵的乳汁，它好像_________________________。
水________________ 或 _____________, ______________, _______________,它好像__________________________。
（《孔子游春》） 3、不知天上宫阙，_______________。
我欲乘风归去，___________，___________。
人有悲欢离合，______________________，_____________________________。
六、选择合适的词填在括号里。
（7分） 夜以继日 日夜兼程 济济一堂 万人空巷 滔滔不绝 1、国庆之夜，人民大会堂宴会厅里，各界人士代表2000多人（ ），共同庆祝人民共和国的生日。
2、张老师时刻把教育孩子的事放在心上，经常（ ）地工作。
3、在我国申办2008年奥运会成功的那个夜晚，全国各地几乎（ ），一片欢腾。
七、阅读（27分） （二）阅读短文，完成练习（19分） 八．作文（30分） 你读了《晶莹的雨》这篇短文，感触一定很深吧，请认真体会文章的思想感情，写一篇读后感。
