奥林匹克公园的导游词怎么写,没导游带过,写不
开场白+结束语,中间就是景区介绍就好
我是英文盲~要高考了求各位大侠们给我高考英语作文上写几句高考必用句帮我混点分~小弟感激不尽
09年高语作文题目预测 预测1: 刘翔 在2008年北京奥运会上,中国著名运刘翔因腿出比赛,引起人们的广泛争议,下面是腾讯网站的一项调查:运动员受伤后,应该坚持还是应该退出?选项名称 投票数 百分比 趋势应该退出,健康比金钱重要 222292 34.77% 上升运动场就是战场,刘翔应该坚持 123752 19.36% 上升 请你结合上表,写一篇英语短文,谈谈自己的看法. In the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Chinese athlete Liu Xiang dropped out of the race due to his foot injury, which led to a heated discussion among people across the country. According to a survey conducted by Tencent Website, about 34% of the people think an athlete should quit the race when injured since health is much more important than a gold medal; While nearly 20% of the netizens believe that an injured athlete should hold on to the end instead of giving up halfway. They regard the sport field as a battlefield in which every athlete should fight for the honor of his or her country in spite of any difficulty. In my opinion, it’s a right choice for Liu Xiang to choose to quit the race. For one thing, nothing is more important than health and sports doesn’t mean sacrificing one’s health for a gold medal; for another, after Liu Xiang recovers fully, he still has many chances to realize his dream.预测2:北京奥运 经过运动员们16天的激烈拼搏,第29 届奥运会于2008年8月24日在北京落下帷幕.中国运动员发挥出色,获得了51枚金牌,为中国赢得了巨大的荣誉.奥运会期间,有很多值得我们回味的地方.你作为一名中学生—李华,围绕奥运会对人类的影响,谈一下自己的看法,题目自拟. 注意:词数120左右. What a Great Olympic Games! The 29th Olympic Games has been over in Beijing, China on August 24,2008, which has left a great impression on the whole world. About 204 countries and regions attended the Olympic Games. In the Games, our Chinese athletes have won 51 gold medals, while America,36; Russia,23. This is the first time that we, Chinese athletes have won so many gold medals in one Olympic Games, which means our sports games belong to the first class in the world! It is our athletes’ intelligence and other qualities that have won the great honor for us Chinese all! Days when we were looked down upon have gone forever! From the very Games, we have proved that our government has the ability to hold the Olympic Games successfully! Not only can we hold the Olympic Games well, but also we can perform well. The fact has showed everything to the world! It is the successful 29th Olympic Games that destroys the saying of those who doubted about it days ago! What a great, successful and impressive Olympic Games! 预测3: 翟志刚首次太空行走 2008年9月25日,中国成功地将三人小组送入太空,其中航天员翟志刚在太空首次行走,这是我国自2003年以来最具有挑战性的太空任务.请简单介绍此次 “神舟七号”的有关情况.内容包括: 1.这是一次具有历史使命的飞行,而且技术上的成果基本都是我国自主研发的. 2.这次的任务主要是太空行走,它将有助于中国在未来几年内建立中国的第一个空间站. 注意:载人飞船manned spaceship\\\/spacecraft; 出舱活动an extra-vehicular activity;空间站space station Shenzhou-Ⅶ, which was shot up into space on September 25,returned to Earth three days later, having completed its historic mission. It is the country’s most challenging space mission since 2003.The main mission is to carry out the space walk, known as an extra-vehicular activity, or EVA, which is expected to help China master the technology to create it’s first space station in the next few years. During the traveling, Zhai Zhigang, one of the three astronauts on board Shenzhou-Ⅶ,stepped out of the capsule and conducted the historic space walk. Most importantly, all along China has relied heavily on homegrown technology. The Shenzhou-7 mission marks a historic breakthrough in China’s manned space program. It represents the comprehensive strength of our nation. 预测4:高三备考复习效率 在紧张的高三备考阶段,英语老师为了提高复习效率,广泛征求学生意见。
假如你叫张华,请根据以下提示,给英语老师写封信,表达你们的需求和建议。
●适当放慢进度,留出思考时间 ●反复训练重要、易错知识点 ●指导方法 ●减少作业量以保证质量 ●给予更多鼓励 注意:1.根据以上内容写一篇短文,不要逐句翻译,可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。
2.要准确使用语法和词汇;使用一定的句型、词汇,清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思; 3. 词数:100个左右。
开头已给出,不计词数。
Dear Mr. Wang, We’re so pleased that you are willing to share our views. In the course of the general revision, what we need is solid foundation. As you know, we didn’t learn well enough in the first two years, so please slow down and make sure we have really mastered something. Besides, we need a little more time to think for ourselves. As for those important points which also make us confused, would you please give us more practice in case we forget? Meanwhile, we need your instruction, for example, in how to write in natural English. I still have another request: assign us less homework in order that we can do it more efficiently. By the way, we often feel frustrated, which has a very bad effect on our study. We would appreciate it if you would give us some encouragement from time to time. 预测5:奥运会获奖运动员的高薪问题 近几年,奥运会获奖运动员的高薪问题引起了广泛的社会关注。
有些人支持这种做法,认为运动员们付出了很多努力,应该得到回报;有些人则持反对意见。
请你就此写一篇100词左右的英语短文并发表自己的看法。
In recent years, the topic whether it is fair for athletes to pocket large sums of money has aroused more and more discussion. Those who support giving sportsmen high salaries think that athletes have won a great reputation for our country in the Olympic Games. What’s more, athletes must undergo painstaking physical and psychological training. Besides, they offer a lot of encouragement to young people to take part in physical activities. However, some people have different ideas. They consider that athletes do little to boost the national economy directly. Thus they should not receive so much money. I believe that they should get high salaries, considering all the efforts they have made. 预测6:高考状元与广告 高考过后,总有一些学习用品商家千方百计在高考状元身上下工夫,让状元们说是使用过他们的产品后才取得了优异成绩。
请你用英语写一篇100词左右的短文,谈谈自己的看法。
内容应包括以下要点: 1. 简要描述这种现象; 2. 给状元们提一点建议。
注意: 1. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
2. 参考词汇:状元 Number One Scholar;产品 product;适合suitable After the college entrance exams, some companies that sell learning products are always trying to do anything they can to make full use of Number One Scholars in order to sell their products. In fact, it’s not easy for students to become Number One Scholars. Most of them succeed not because of the products, but their proper way of learning and hard work. Every student has his own way of studying, so the Number One Scholars’ experience may not be suitable for all the students. Most important of all, not all of these products are good enough to help us study. I do hope that Number One Scholars can think of the poor students instead of themselves only.预测6 假设你是李红,你的一位美国笔友Robert写E-mail问及你高考后暑假的安排,请根据以下要点,写一封100词左右的email回复他, 可以适当增加细节。
1. 学开车 2. 参加英语培训课程 3. 去北京看奥运会 4. 游览北京的名胜 注意:1.根据以上内容写一篇短文,不要逐句翻译,可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。
2.要准确使用语法和词汇;使用一定的句型、词汇,清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思;3. 词数:100个左右。
开头已给出,不计词数。
Dear Robert, How time flies! 【命题方向与写作提示】 高考英语书面表达写作素材都是与中学生的日常生活相关的话题,会避免出现考生不熟悉的话题,也不会出现农村或城市学生不熟悉的话题,注重考查考生的语言表达能力。
本篇素材考查书信体裁的作文,是应用文的写作,话题涉及社会热点:北京奥运会,内容与中学生的实际生活相关:高考后暑假的安排,体裁是书信体的电子邮件。
写作要点包括:1)问候;2)引入话题:高考临近,高考后的安排;3)学开车;4)参加英语培训课程;5)去北京看奥运会;6)游览北京的名胜;7)结束语。
【写作提示】 书面表达一定要注意要点齐全,写作中要注意适当增加细节以使上下文连贯,并使用一定数量的句式结构。
范文 (One possible version) Dear Robert: How time flies! The happy days we shared often shines in my memory. What about you? As you know, my college entrance exam is approaching, which also announces the end of this sort of pressing study life. However,I intend to have a meaningful summer vacation. First, I will learn to drive to get a driving license, which is a new activity for a high school graduate in China. I will have a good rest, enjoying my hobbies. Then I will take some English courses to improve my English communication ability, With the 2008 Olympics beginning, I will be a participant of it, watching the basketball match between China and the US. I have been dreaming of Kobe’s performance long. After that, I will pay a visit to some tourist attractions to widen my horizon. That is the plan for my vacation. I am looking forward to being told about your arrangements of vacation. Give me your quick reply soon, OK? Best wishes!预测7 如今世界粮食短缺,价格飞涨,给部分地区造成社会动荡。
假设在你校开展的研究性学习中,你们小组以“World Food Crisis”为题进行研究,现在请你代表你们小组向全体同学简要介绍你们的研究成果。
主要内容如下: 造成的原因: 1. 气候变化,造成粮食减产 2. 工业发展,城市化加速,耕地减少 3. 世界能源价格上涨,使用粮食生产生物燃料 应对的措施: 1. 注重环保,改善生态 2. 严格保护耕地 3. 富国支持穷国,促进世界和谐 你如何做出自己的贡献 1.…… 2.…… 注意:1. 内容包括以上要点,但不要逐句翻译 2. 字数150左右,文章开头已提供,不计入总词数 3. 参考词汇:城市化 urbanization 生物燃料 biofuels Hello, everyone, Now I’ll tell you something about our research project The World Food Crisis on behalf of our group. As you know, food shortages have hit many countries in the world and even caused social unrest in some areas。
【命题方向与写作提示】 这是一篇提纲式的议论文写作素材,探讨国计民生的社会热点话题:粮食价格上涨。
写作时要注意避免逐句翻译,并适当增加细节以使行文连贯。
范文 (One possible version) Hello, everyone, Now I’ll tell you something about our research project The World Food Crisis on behalf of our group. As you know, food shortages have hit many countries in the world and even caused social unrest in some areas. But who is responsible for the current world food crisis? First, annual world grains output has declined because of climate change. Then lots of farmland has been lost due to the rapid development of industry and urbanization. Besides, faced with the rising energy prices, people have turned to the production of biofuels, which has worsened the severe situation. Then what should we do to deal with the problem? On one hand, we should focus on the environmental protection and improve the ecology. On the other hand, strict measures should be taken to protect farmland. Of course, to build a harmonious world the developed countries should take their responsibilities to help the poor ones experiencing food shortage. As for me, I will call on the people around me to live thriftily. And for the moment, I think, we should study hard to develop science and help solve the food shortage in the future.预测8 下表是某校关于中学生双休日活动现状的一份调查,请结合表格内容,用英语写一篇120—150单词的短文,就中学生应如何过双休日发表你的看法。
学习情况 几乎都在学习 半天学习半天活动 几乎都在做其他事情 16% 24% 60% 娱乐休闲 体育活动 游玩和购物 上网看电视 20% 40% 40% 去图书馆 经常 偶尔 几乎没有 5% 23% 72% 课外兴趣小组 经常 偶尔 不参加 10% 20% 70% 范文 (One possible version) This form displays the result of a survey on how to spend students’ weekend. It says that few students are glued to their schoolwork any more. Instead, they prefer to surf on the internet, watch TV, go shopping rather than involve in sports games. Library and interest groups are available but not favourable. Personally I think, students are now freed from heavy burden but their spare time is not well arranged. They are expected to spend some time on what they learn instead of hanging out. More time should be spent not only on green field but also in the libraries to build up themselves physically and mentally. Besides, more interest groups should be established for students to widen their horizon and sharpen their brains so that they can become more creative eventually. All these will contributes a lot to a well-informed and highly qualified teenager. In conclusion, students should be more scheduled with colorful and fruitful activities.预测9假如你是李明,你发现部分同学每次遇到重要考试,都会出现一些焦虑症状。
请你用英语写一封信,向某学生英文报编辑反映该问题。
信的内容应包括下列要点: 焦虑症状 建 议 头晕、乏力、睡眠不好、食欲不振等 1.考前制定好合适的复习计划 2.考试期间正常作息 3.睡前洗热水澡、喝热牛奶等有助于睡眠 其他建议(内容由考生自己拟定) 注意:1.根据以上内容写一篇短文,不要逐句翻译,可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。
2.要准确使用语法和词汇;使用一定的句型、词汇,清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思; 3. 词数:100个左右。
开头已给出,不计词数。
参考词汇:头晕—dizzy(adj.) Dear editor, I’m Li Ming of Senior Three, Guangming Middle School. I’m writing to tell you about some symptoms of anxiety among us students before exams. 范文 (One possible version) I am Li Ming of Senior Three, Guangming Middle School. I am writing to tell you about some symptoms of anxiety among us students before exams. Most of us feel nervous whenever we’re taking an important exam. Some will feel dizzy or tired, some will suffer from lack of sleep, and some will lose their appetite. In fact, all these symptoms have terrible effects on our exams and we are all eager to get rid of them. First of all, in my opinion, it’s important for us to have a fight attitude towards exams. They are only a means of checking how we are getting along with our studies, so there is no need to worry too much about the results. Study hard every day and make careful plans for every exam. In this way we can avoid suffering from the pressure of exams. Besides, enough sleep can make us energetic and enable us to perform well in an exam. Therefore, during the period of exams, we should not stay up too late. We can also try a warm bath or a cup of warm milk before going to bed. They might help us to have a sound sleep. (We’d better go out for a walk or do some outdoor exercises before and during an exam so that we can keep ourselves relaxed and then concentrate ourselves on exams.)预测10 在紧张的高三备考阶段,英语老师为了提高复习效率,广泛征求学生意见。
假如你叫张华,请根据以下提示,给英语老师写封信,表达你们的需求和建议。
●适当放慢进度,留出思考时间 ●反复训练重要、易错知识点 ●指导方法 ●减少作业量以保证质量 ●给予更多鼓励 注意:1.根据以上内容写一篇短文,不要逐句翻译,可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。
2.要准确使用语法和词汇;使用一定的句型、词汇,清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思; 3. 词数:100个左右。
开头已给出,不计词数。
Dear Mr. Wang, We’re so pleased that you are willing to share our views. In the course of the general revision, what we need is solid foundation. 范文 (One possible version) Dear Mr. Wang, We’re so pleased that you are willing to share our views. In the course of the general revision, what we need is solid foundation. As you know, we didn’t learn well enough in the first two years, so please slow down and make sure we have really mastered something. Besides, we need a little more time to think for ourselves. As for those important points which also make us confused, would you please give us more practice in case we forget? Meanwhile, we need your instruction, for example, in how to write in natural English. I still have another request: assign us less homework in order that we can do it more efficiently. By the way, we often feel frustrated, which has a very bad effect on our study. We would appreciate it if you would give us some encouragement from time to time.预测11 如今,在我们身边,父母均在外打工的留守儿童比比皆是。
关注留守儿童,事构建和谐社会的重要内容。
关注留守儿童,要靠全社会的共同努力。
你认为留守儿童面临的主要问题有那些
为了解决留守儿童的问题,请你向当地政府提建议 提示:1.缺乏父母的关爱,性格孤僻,学习压力大、自卑。
2.缺乏安全保障(家庭关心不够,容易犯错误甚至犯罪)。
建议:1.学校建立留守儿童心里咨询室,老师应该把爱播撒到每一个留守儿童的心田。
2.政府利用节假日建立留守儿童家长学校。
3.社会各界开展与留守儿童一帮一结对子的活动。
4.父母尽可能回到孩子身边,给孩子生活上和学习上的帮助和关爱。
Dear Mayor,I'm a middle school student. I'm writing to tell you something around us. Nowadays, there are many left-behind children whose parents work away from their hometowns. Most of them are from the countryside, you know, they have many problem. They are always lonely and stressed out because they are short of their parents' love. At the same time, they are easy to make mistakes even do some thing against the laws, because they're short of their families' care.How to solve their problems? In my eyes, the government can set up a parents school for these children on holidays; you can organize hand-in-hand activity to call on more people to help them. You can also raise money to donate to these children. As the song says:If everyone gives their love, the world will be better. It's very important for us to pay more attention to these children if we want to build a harmonious society.Best wishes to you! Sincerely, LiuHua预测12 “鸟巢”介绍 假如你是一名导游,请你根据所给的提示,向来北京观光的外国游客介绍2008年北京奥运会主体育场——“鸟巢”。
场馆名称:国家体育场(鸟巢) 建设地点:奥林匹克公园 建筑面积:258,000平方米;长330m;宽220m;高69.2m 座席数:91,000 赛时功能:奥运会开幕式和闭幕布式;田径、足球 赛后功能:体育比赛和文化、娱乐活动中心 开工时间:2003年12月24日 完工时间:2007年底 评价:中国十大新建筑奇迹之一 注意: 1. 不要逐条翻译; 2.字数:100左右。
开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:开幕式和闭幕式 Opening and Closing ceremonies 娱乐活动 entertainment 平方米 square metres Welcome to Beijing! That’s all! Thank you! 参考范文 Welcome to Beijing! I’d like to introduce you to the Beijing National Stadium, also known as Bird’s Nest. The stadium is located in Beijing Olympic Park , covering 258,000 square metres. It is 330 metres long, 220 metres wide, and 69.2 metres tall. The construction began on December 24,2003, and was completed at the end of 2007. The splendid Opening and Closing ceremonies are to take place in Bird’s Nest, which will hold the main track and field events as well as football matches during the games. Afterwards the 91,000-seat stadium will serve as the center of sports events, cultural activities and entertainment. It has been honored as one of the latest wonders buildings in China. That’s all! Thank you!
初三英语书面表达
The location of water cube is at Olympic Graden . The area of the water cube is 79532 cm square and there are totally 17000 seats inside . The activities it helds are swimming and diving ...The starting time of buliding the water cube is end of 200- and finished at the start of 2008.
求助:需山海关沿途导游词,万分感谢
2009年高考英语作文猜想一、作文猜想 关于奥运方面的作文。
二、猜想理由 近几年来,高考英语书面表达试题出现了一些变化:1.写作内容的多元化。
从外事活动到青少年多姿多彩的课余活动;从单一说事到发表个人看法与评价;从介绍国外文化到介绍国内文化、名胜与人文传统等;选题的特点表现在文化性、地方性和多元性三个方面。
2.命题形式的多样化。
目前命题形式有汉语提纲、图表提纲、直方图配汉语提示、图画与汉语提示、汉语提示、标题配汉语提示、标题配画、标题、英文提示等。
3.写作形式的去叙事化。
近三年的主流写作形式有三种:议论性质,陈述性质+混合性质(陈述+议论或叙事+议论),但本质而论只有两种,即议论性质和陈述性质的文体。
且标题性作文与命题性作文已露端倪。
鉴于这几种变化,同时随着奥运的临近,写有关奥运的作文是很有可能的。
三、内容举例 “鸟巢”介绍 假如你是一名导游,请你根据所给的提示,向来北京观光的外国游客介绍2008年北京奥运会主体育场——“鸟巢”。
场馆名称:国家体育场(鸟巢) 建设地点:奥林匹克公园 建筑面积:258,000平方米;长330m;宽220m;高69.2m 座席数:91,000 赛时功能:奥运会开幕式和闭幕布式;田径、足球 赛后功能:体育比赛和文化、娱乐活动中心 开工时间:2003年12月24日 完工时间:2007年底 评价:中国十大新建筑奇迹之一 注意: 1. 不要逐条翻译; 2.字数:100左右。
开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:开幕式和闭幕式 Opening and Closing ceremonies 娱乐活动 entertainment 平方米 square metres Welcome to Beijing! That’s all! Thank you! 四、写作指导 1、引导学生认真审题,读懂题目要求,所给的表格及文字说明材料,理解解题要求并按要求答题。
2、重视文章篇章结构的指导训练,如没给开头、结尾,要求学生精心写好文章的开头和结尾,段与段之间、句与句之间恰当使用连接词、过渡词(句)提高书面表达的档次。
3、努力杜绝文中出现低级错误(如时态、主谓关系、基本搭配、常用词的拼写等)。
4、重视书写训练。
由于高考作文批阅速度很快,所以整洁的卷面、美观工整的笔迹是给阅卷老师留下的积极信号。
重视书写是英语拿高分的关键之一。
5、基本达到词数要求(100左右)。
但也不要过长.,越长的作文越可能呈现错误。
6.所给的提示性的词汇要都用上,但可以不按顺序使用。
五、参考范文 Welcome to Beijing! I’d like to introduce you to the Beijing National Stadium, also known as Bird’s Nest. The stadium is located in Beijing Olympic Park , covering 258,000 square metres. It is 330 metres long, 220 metres wide, and 69.2 metres tall. The construction began on December 24,2003, and was completed at the end of 2007. The splendid Opening and Closing ceremonies are to take place in Bird’s Nest, which will hold the main track and field events as well as football matches during the games. Afterwards the 91,000-seat stadium will serve as the center of sports events, cultural activities and entertainment. It has been honored as one of the latest wonders buildings in China. That’s all! Thank you!
想去北戴河玩,需要带什么东西,去那些景区
海边旅游必备物品: 1、 换洗衣物:要尽量带容易干的换洗衣物,因为在海边游玩难免会不小心弄湿衣物。
最好各位备件长袖衣服;晚上的海风是很厉害的。
为了方便在海滩、海中戏水,请各位自备(帐篷、手电)浴巾、干发帽、泳衣、短裤、泳镜、还有游泳圈,气筒可是必带品。
2、 鞋:运动鞋或沙滩鞋1双,带一双凉鞋或拖鞋一定要带耐水、耐滑的,最好是平跟的,拖鞋似的更好,在海边穿拖鞋会比较轻松。
3、 防晒物品:要记得带防晒霜、墨镜,阳伞,海边的太阳可是很厉害的 4、 洗漱用品:洗面奶、浴液、洗发液、香皂、毛巾、牙膏、牙刷、梳子。
5、 药品:到了海边不能不吃海鲜,所以一定要带止泻药和治疗过敏的药物,以防吃海鲜后会有不适。
还有要带上蚊不叮、清凉油及创可贴呀,最好带电蚊香。
关于鸟巢和水立方的简短介绍
膜结构的完现——水立方膜结构建筑是21世纪最表性的一种全新的建筑形至今已成跨度空间建筑的主要形式之一。
它集建筑学、结构力学、精细化工、材料科学与计算机技术等为一体,建造出具有标志性的空间结构形式,它不仅体现出结构的力量美,还充分表现出建筑师的设想,享受大自然浪漫空间。
在2008年的奥运会建筑设计上,膜结构应用就得到完美的体现.“水立方”是世界上最大的膜结构工程,除了地面之外,外表都采用了膜结构———ETFE材料,蓝色的表面出乎意料的柔软但又很充实。
国家体育馆工程承包总经理谭晓春透露,这种材料的寿命为20多年,但实际会比这个长,人可以踩在上面行走,感觉特别棒。
目前世界上只有三家企业能够完成这个膜结构。
“考虑到场馆的节能标准,膜结构具有较强的隔热功能;另外,修补这种结构非常方便,比如,射枪或者是尖锐的东西戳进去后,监控的电脑会自动显现出来。
如果破了一个洞,只需用不干胶一贴就行了;膜结构还非常轻巧,并具有良好的自洁性,尘土不容易粘在上面,尘土也能随着雨水被排出。
”谭晓春说,膜结构自身就具有排水和排污的功能以及去湿和防雾功能,尤其是防结露功能,对游泳运动尤其重要。
作为一个摹写水的建筑,水立方纷繁自由的结构形式,源自对规划体系巧妙而简单的变异,简洁纯净的体形谦虚地与宏伟的主场对话,不同气质的对比使各自的灵性得到趣味盎然的共生。
椰树、沙滩、人造海浪……将奥林匹克的竞技场升华为世人心目中永远的水上乐园。
奥运“鸟巢”见证中国胸怀“鸟巢”,这件被誉为“第四代体育馆”的伟大建筑作品,见证的不仅仅是人类21世纪在建筑与人居环境领域的不懈追求,也见证着中国这个东方文明古国不断走向开放的历史进程。
2002年10月25日,受北京市人民政府和第二十九届奥运会组委会授权,北京市规划委员会面向全球征集2008年奥运会主体育场——中国国家体育场的建筑概念设计方案。
国家体育场是第一个进入建筑设计程序的北京奥运场馆设施。
据北京市规划委介绍,国家体育场建筑概念设计竞赛分为两个阶段:第一阶段为资格预审;第二阶段为正式竞赛。
截止到2002年11月20日,竞赛办公室共收到44家著名设计单位提供的有效资格预审文件,经过严格的资格预审,最终确定了14家设计单位进入正式的方案竞赛,他们分别来自中国、美国、法国、意大利、德国、澳大利亚、日本、加拿大、瑞士、墨西哥等国家和地区。
奥运会不仅吸引着世界上最伟大的运动员创造最好的成绩,而且吸引着世界上最伟大的建筑师创造最伟大的作品,包括世界建筑设计最高奖——“普利茨克奖”得主在内的全球许多最具实力的设计团队和最有才华的设计师都参与了这次竞赛。
2003年3月18日,最终参与竞赛的全球13家具有丰富经验的著名建筑设计公司及设计联合体,将他们理想中的中国国家体育场的壮丽构想送抵北京。
13个设计方案中,境内方案2个、境外方案8个、中外合作方案3个。
在随后的方案评审中,由中国工程院院士关肇邺和荷兰建筑大师库哈斯等13名权威人士组成的评审委员会对参赛作品进行严格评审、反复比较、认真筛选,经过两轮无记名投票,选举出3个优秀方案,分别是由瑞士赫尔佐格和德梅隆设计公司与中国建筑设计研究院组成的联合体设计完成的“鸟巢”方案、由中国北京市建筑设计研究院独立设计的“浮空开启屋面”方案、由日本株式会社佐藤综合计画与中国清华大学建筑设计研究院合作设计的“天空体育场”方案。
在此基础上,评审委员会又以压倒多数票推选“鸟巢”方案为重点推荐实施方案。
在讨论“鸟巢”方案时,共有8票赞成、2票反对、2票弃权、1票作废。
在国际建筑竞赛中,一个方案能获得如此多的共识,应属少见。
为征求公众意见,竞赛组织单位又将全部13个设计方案在北京国际会议中心公开展出。
展出历时6天,征得观众投票6000余张。
其中被中外评委重点推荐的“鸟巢”方案获票3506张,“浮空开启屋面”获票3472张,“天空体育场”获票3454张,排名前三位。
“鸟巢”名列第一,表现出观众与评委在相当程度上的认同。
经决策部门认真研究,“鸟巢”最终被确定为2008年北京奥运会主体育场——中国国家体育场的最终实施方案。
满足奥运需求,重视“后奥运开发”——不仅要筑造历史性建筑,而且要体现节俭办奥运理念,为实施“后奥运开发”奠定基础许多看过“鸟巢”设计模型的人这样形容:那是一个用树枝般的钢网把一个可容10万人的体育场编织成的一个温馨鸟巢
用来孕育与呵护生命的“巢”,寄托着人类对未来的希望。
的确,整个体育场结构的组件相互支撑,形成网格状的构架,外观看上去就仿若树枝织成的鸟巢,其灰色矿质般的钢网以透明的膜材料覆盖,其中包含着一个土红色的碗状体育场看台。
在这里,中国传统文化中镂空的手法、陶瓷的纹路、红色的灿烂与热烈,与现代最先进的钢结构设计完美地相融在一起。
让人惊叹的是,整个建筑通过巨型网状结构联系,内部没有一根立柱,看台是一个完整的没有任何遮挡的碗状造型,如同一个巨大的容器,赋予体育场以不可思议的戏剧性和无与伦比的震撼力。
这种均匀而连续的环形也将使观众获得最佳的视野,带动他们的兴奋情绪,并激励运动员向更快、更高、更强冲刺。
在这里,人,真正被赋予中心的地位。
更为匠心独具的是,“鸟巢”把整个体育场室外地形微微隆起,将很多附属设施置于地形下面,这样既避免了下挖土方所耗的巨大投资,而隆起的坡地在室外广场的边缘缓缓降落,依势筑成热身场地的2000个露天座席,与周围环境有机融合,并再次节省了投资。
评审委员会主席、中国工程院院士关肇邺评价说,这个建筑没有任何多余的处理,一切因其功能而产生形象,建筑形式与结构细部自然统一。
评审委员会和许多其他建筑界专家都认为,“鸟巢”将不仅为2008年奥运会树立一座独特的历史性的标志性建筑,而且在世界建筑发展史上也将具有开创性意义,将为21世纪的中国和世界建筑发展提供历史见证。
设计并搭建“鸟巢”不易,要让“鸟巢”在未来的日子里充满生机与活力更为不易。
据介绍,“鸟巢”设计之初和深化设计的过程中,一直贯穿着节俭办奥运和可持续发展的理念,在满足奥运使用功能的前提下,充分考虑永久设施和临时设施的平衡。
按照要求,“鸟巢”共设10万个座席,其中8万个是永久性的,另外两万个是奥运会期间临时增加的。
在此基础上,设计中将“鸟巢”的功能与周围地区日后定位乃至整个城市的中长远发展规划结合起来考虑。
根据已确定的规划方案,“鸟巢”所在的奥林匹克公园中心区赛后将成为一个集体育竞赛、会议展览、文化娱乐、商务和休闲购物于一体的市民公共活动中心。
作为北京奥运会主体育场,“鸟巢”将成为北京的标志性建筑之一,在相当长时期内,也将成为参观旅游的热点地区。
同时,“鸟巢”在设计建设中,还在场地和空间的多功能上下了很大功夫,以提高场馆利用效率,除能够承担开幕、闭幕和体育比赛外,还将满足健身、商务、展览、演出等多种需求,为成功实施“后奥运开发”奠定坚实基础。
在探索中加快体制和机制创新——运用政府引导、市场化运作模式,促奥运“鸟巢”孵出产业“金蛋”作为社会公益项目,过去体育场馆建设一般由政府投资,主管部门经营,出现亏损则由财政补贴。
这导致许多体育设施在建成后往往成为政府财政补贴长期甩不掉的“包袱”。
北京决心“换脑筋”。
面对有史以来规模最大的体育场馆建设,北京以市场经济的思维方式,在借鉴国外先进经验的基础上,加快体制创新和机制创新,积极探索“政府引导、市场化运作”的奥运项目建设和运营运作模式。
按照规划,由北京市负责的场馆及配套设施项目,将运用市场机制融资建设,通过社会公开招标的方式确定项目法人,由项目法人负责项目的融资、设计、建设和运营。
用一位北京奥组委专业人士的话说,就是“奥运‘鸟巢’要孵产业‘金蛋’”。
第一个要建的当然就是将在2008年举行奥运会开幕式和闭幕式、可容纳10万名观众的主体育场。
在深入调研、认真分析、科学测算的基础上,北京将其建设投资方式分两部分:北京市政府出资58%,授权北京市国有资产经营有限责任公司作为出资代表;另外的投资部分则通过全球招标,由最终中标的项目法人合作方出资。
考虑到国家体育场投资额度大,赛后营运成本高等特点,为吸引投资商,北京市开出了相当优惠的条件,除国资公司代表政府投资58%外,在土地转让、拆迁等方面也都给予了相当优惠的政策。
2002年10月28日,北京向全球公开发售奥运项目资格预审和意向征集文件,标志着国家体育场项目法人招标工作正式启动;2003年1至2月,由中外专家组成的评审委员会对投标申请人的投标资格、建设方案设想、融资计划思路、运营方案意向等进行评估,确定了5名投标入围者;2003年7月,在对投标人递交的优化设计、建设、融资、运营以及移交等方面进行综合评审后,推荐了2名中标候选人;随后,经过谈判并报有关部门批准,最终确定项目法人合作方中标者。
2003年8月9日上午,国家体育场项目法人合作方签约仪式举行,以中国中信集团公司为代表的联合体,最终成为国家体育场项目法人合作方招标的中标人。
这个联合体成员包括北京城建集团有限责任公司、美国金州控股集团公司及中信集团公司所属国安岳强有限公司。
中标联合体与北京市国资公司共同组建项目公司,项目公司将获得2008年奥运会后30年的国家体育场经营权。
国资公司30年不参与分红,经营期满后收回完好的体育场。
北京奥组委提供的资料显示,截至目前,北京2008年奥运会主要场馆及相关设施项目法人招标工作已圆满结束,完成项目法人招标工作的国家体育场等6个项目,总投资约205亿元,其中85%即174亿元的资金通过项目法人招标,运用市场机制融资完成