1.省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：
(1)You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.
你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词)
(2) I hope you will enjoy your stay here.
希望您在这儿过得愉快。(省译物主代词)
(3)中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词)
2. 增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或 "There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：
(1)What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)
(3) Indeed, the reverse is true
实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)
(4) 就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)
(5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)
(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)
(7)在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)
(8)三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)
3.转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：
(1) 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)
(2)Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.
孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)
(3)由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)
(4) I'm all for you opinion.
我完全赞成你的意见。(介词转动词)
(5)The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.
改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。(动词转名词)
(6)In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward his environment.
作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。(形容词转名词)
(7)In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.
在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态)
(8)时间不早了，我们回去吧!
We don't have much time left. Let's go back. (句型转换)
纵观多年来国家四、六级英语作文考试，考生作文成绩欠佳的主要原因除了准确性和连贯性差之外，语句软弱无力也是不容忽略的一个方面，增强英语语句表现力的有效方法。因此在英语写作教学中，如何增强语句表现力的问题必须引起我们足够的重视，以提高学生写作的'表达质量。为此，笔者结合自己的写作教学实践，针对该项技能的训练提出了一些切实可行的有效做法，供广大同仁和英语学习者参考借鉴。
一、避免使用语意弱的“be”动词。
1、把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。例如：
Weak: The trees are bare. The grass is brown. The landscape seems drab.
Revision:The brown grass and bare trees form a drab landscape. (转换为前置定语)
Or: The landscape, bare and brown, begged for spring green. (转换为并列结构作后置定语)
2、将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。例如：
1) Weak: The team members are good players.
Revision: The team members play well.
2) Weak: One worker's plan is the elimination of tardiness.
Revision: One worker's plan eliminates tardiness.
3、在以“here”或“there”开头的句子中，把“be”动词后的名词代词变成改写句的主语。例如：
1) Weak: There is no opportunity for promotion.
Revision: No opportunity for promotion exists.
2) Weak: Here are the books you ordered.
Revision: The books you ordered have arrived.
二、多用语意具体的动词，保持句意简洁明了，其它英语写作《增强英语语句表现力的有效方法》。例如：
1、Poor: My supervisor went past my desk.
Better: My supervisor sauntered (=walked slowly) past my desk.
2、Poor: She is a careful shopper.
Better: She compares prices and quality.
三、尽量运用主动语态。例如：
1、Weak: The organization has been supported by charity.
Better: Charity has supported the organization.
2、Weak: The biscuits were stacked on a plate.
Better: Mother stacked the biscuits on a plate.
四、防止使用语意冗长累赘的词语。例如：
1、Wordy: My little sister has a preference for chocolate milk.
Improved: My little sister prefers chocolate milk.
2、Wordy: We are in receipt of your letter and intend to follow your recommendations.
Improved: We have received your letter and intended to follow your recommendation.
3、Redundant: We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.
Improved: We had a crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.
4、Redundant: My sister and I bought the same, identical dress in different stores.
Improved: My sister and I bought the same dress in different stores.
五、杜绝滥用陈旧词语或难懂的专业术语。例如：
1、Weak: They will not agree to his proposals in any shape or form.
Improved: They will not agree to any of his proposals.
2、Weak: I need her financial input before I can guesstimate our expenditures next fall.
Improved: I need her financial figures before I can estimate our expenditures next fall.
TheseasonsandtheWeather教案
1.1)语法学习：形容词的最高级：
单音节词和少数双音节词：
(1)一般情况下加-est，如：coldest,tallest
(2)以“e”结尾的词，加-st，如：nicest,finest
(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的词，先变y为i，再加-est，如：busiest,heaviest
(4)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写末尾辅音字母，再加-est，如：biggest,hottest
多音节词在前面加most，如：mostbeautiful,mostdangerous
2)由when,before,after引导的时间状语从句。
Whenitsnows,thegroundiswhitewithsnowandIcanmakesnowmen.
Whenyoutravelinothercountries,youshouldknowthecustomsofthecountry.
BeforetheChineseNewYear,manyChinesefamiliesburnthepicturesofkitchengod,ZaoShen,tobringgoodluck.
Parentsalsoenjoyeatingtheirchildren’strick-or-treatcandiesafterthechildrenareinbed.
2.重点词语：天气词汇：
天气名词rainwindcloudsnowsunfog
对应形容词rainywindycloudysnowysunnyFoggy
节日名称：
TheSpringFestivalNewYear’sEveLanternDayTomb–sweepingFestival
春节除夕元宵节清明节
DragonBoatFestivalMid-autumnFestivalDoubleNinthFestival
端午节中秋节重阳节
Teachers’DayMother’sDayChildren’sDayNationalDay
教师节母亲节儿童节国庆节
Women’sDayArmy’sDayParty’sBirthdayYouthDay
妇女节建军节党的生日青年节
AprilFool’sDayChristmasThanks-givingDayHalloween
愚人节圣诞节感恩节复活节
3.重点短语：
comebacktolife复苏，复活/falloff落下;掉落/makefaces做鬼脸makesure确信/wanttodosomething=wouldliketodosomething想做某事/hopetodosomething希望做某事/plantodosomething计划做某事/placesofinterest名胜古迹/goonatrip去旅游/onthebeach在海滩上/pointto指着/passsomethingtosomebody传递某物给某人/dressup盛装打扮/stayup熬夜/preparefor为…做准备/playtricksonsomebody捉弄某人/send…to把…送到…;寄…/onChristmasEve在圣诞节前夜/aseven-dayholiday七天的假期
4.重点句型：
1.What’stheweatherliketoday?=Howistheweathertoday?今天天气怎么样?
Itlookslikerain.=Itlookslikeraining.看起来好像要下雨。
2.Whichseasonisthewarmest/hottest/coolest/coldestintheyear?一年里哪个季节最暖和;最热;最凉快;最冷?
3.ItlastsfromDecembertoFebruary.它从十二月持续到二月
4.bebusydoingsomething=bebusywithsomething忙着做某事
Iambusydoingmyjob.=Iambusywithmyjob.我忙着我的工作
5.Differentcountrieshavedifferentcustoms.不同的国家有不同的风俗。
6.What’sthebesttimetogothere?去那儿的.最好时间是什么时候?
7.Whatotherspecialfestivalsdowehave?我们有别的什么特殊的节日吗?
练习：
一.单项选择
()⒈It____coldnow.Buttheradiosaysit____getwarmertomorrow.
A.is;willB.is;isC.willbe;willD.willbe;willbe
()⒉I’msorryfor____.
()3.Shanghaiis____theeastofChina.A.inB.atC.toD.on
()4.“What’stheweatherliketoday?”“It’scold.”“____.”“Itwasmuchwarmer.”
A.Cold?B.Whatafinedayitis!C.Isitfinetomorrow?D.Howaboutyesterday?
()5.Thepeoplearebusy____forSpringFestival.
()6.Theoldmanwenttoa____house____.
A.lonely;aloneB.alone;lonelyC.lonely;lonelyD.alone;alone
()7.ofthemtakesmanyphotos.
()8.Youlooktired.Youshouldtobedearlier.
()9.HewouldlikeinChina.
()10.WeplantheGreatWall.
()11.Thecustomsofthiscountryaredifferentours.
()12.—Haveagoodtimeonthetrip,Jane.—
A.You,too.B.That’sOK.C.Thankyou.
()13.—didyoumakeyourtrip?—Bytrain.
()14.It’sgoingtorain.You’dbetter.
()15.Janeismygoodfriend.She,ofcourse,isme.
()16.________ChristmasEve,Ihungmystockingbythefireplace.
()17.Ifit________rain,theywillclimbthehill.
A.won’tB.doesn’tC.isn’t
()18.—WhereisKangkang?—Heisill.He______athome.
()19.Couldyoutellme_______aboutyourschool?
()20.Katefounditwasallwhiteoutside________shegotupinthemorning.
()21.TheChinesepeoplearebusy_____theSpringFestivalnow.
()22.Let’s______thisfestival.
()23.—Whichfestivalcanweplaytricks?—________.
A.SpringFestivalB.MayDayC.AprilFool’sDay
()24.Iplan_____sendcards______myfriends.
A.to;toB.to;withC.to;from
()25.Please_______mesomethingaboutHalloween.
()26.I’mfree_____teno’clock.
()27.TheweatherinBeijingisbetterthan.
()28.Howlongdidityoutodothework?
()29.Isthereintoday’snewspaper?
()30.Thissummer,theWangswillspendaholiday.
A.twomonthsB.two-month’sC.two-month
()31.Whichfestivalistorememberthegreatpoet(诗人)QuYuan?
A.DragonBoatFestival.B.Mid-autumnFestival.C.TheSpringFestival.
()32.I’mittomorrow.
A.afraid;willrainB.afraid;willrainyC.fear;willrain
()33.WhenIgotupinthemorning,Ithereweremanysweetsinmystockings.
()34.—WhatdoyouprepareMayDay?—Ipreparesomespecialfood.
A.for;/B.with;forC.for;for
()35.OnHalloween,childrenoftenstrangeclothestoplaytricksonothers.
()36.Whichis,theblueoneorthegreenone?
()37.Thebesttimeisinthemorning.
()38.astudent,weshouldstudyhard.
二.句型转换。
1.Weplayedvolleyballyesterdayafternoon.对划线部分提问youyesterdayafternoon?
2.Theywanttogotodifferentcountries.(改为同义句)Theygotodifferentcountries.
3.Mytripwaswonderful.(对划线部分提问)wasyourtrip?
4.IwouldliketotraveltotheSpringCity.(改为一般疑问句)liketotraveltotheSpringCity?
5.ChristmasDayisDecember25th.(对划线部分提问)_____________isChristmas?
6.Hecomesback.Itellyouatonce.(改成条件状语从句)Ifhe_______back,I_____________youatonce.
(用when合并两个句子)_____________________________________________________________.
8.Isthereanyinterestingfestivalinyourhometown?(作肯定回答)______,______________.
三.用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.Doyouenjoy_____(play)basketball?
2.Wouldyoulikesome_______(candy)?
3.I______(have)happyChristmasyesterday.
4.Theboy______(stay)upuntiltheTVsaidgoodbye.
5.Thestorysoundsreallyinterestingand(excite).
6.Tomoftengoes(hike)inspringwithhisfriends.
7.Eachofus(have)abackpack.
8.He(travel)aroundthecountrylastyear.
9.ThePalaceMuseuminBeijingisafamousplaceof(interesting).
