１． before long 与long before记忆诀窍和用法介绍记忆诀窍: 【适合于高一】
long 在前"很久前"long在后"不久后"
用法：long before单独使用，一般用在过去完成时的句自里。它后面可以跟从句构成句型：
It be ...before .... before 前一般是long, not long 等词。
值得注意的是：主句中的时态只能是一般过去时或一般将来时。before long "很快、不久"，
可以用于各种时态。
２． affect 与effect有何不同？【适合于高二, 高三】
两个词都有"影响"的意义。 affect是动词（vt.）effect是名词。
３． doubt 后接从句时应注意些什么? 【适合于高二, 高三】
在肯定句中用whether / if 引导，在否定句和疑问句中用that引导
４． lead 一词如何使用？【适合于高二, 高三】
lead sb. to (into / out of )somewhere 带领某人去某处
lead sth. 领导。。。
lead sb. (in) doing sth. 带领（领导）做。。。
lead sb. to do sth. 使得、导致（某人）做。。。
lead a ... life = live a ... life 过着。。。的生活
lead to 通向、导致 All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。
５．lose 与miss有什么不同? 【适合于高一】 【适合于高二】
这两个词在表示"丢失了"做定语时，易出错．前者只能用过去分词；后者只能用现在分
词．如：the lost child the missing word
６． 分词作定语时有无特殊现象？【适合于高二】
下面的分词作定语时分别表示:
lost , missing 丢失了的 left , remaining 剩下的
exposed , sticking, 突出的, 冒出的 drunken, 喝醉酒的
lighted , 燃着的, 亮着的 burnt , 烧焦的
７．prefer 一词有哪些东西需要掌握？【适合于高二, 高三】
1.prefer to do sth. prefer + n. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
2.prefer (doing) sth. to (doing) sth. 3.prefer sb. to do sth.
4.prefer that...
prevent(stop / keep) ... from ... 在用法上有什么区别?
它们都可表示"阻止．．．做．．．"．prevent, stop 后面的from可以省去，而keep 后面的from
不能省去．
８． prevent... from 与 protect ... from 在用法上有什么区别? 【适合于高二, 高三】
prevent... from结构中prevent的宾语发出介词from后动名词的动作;而protect ...from
构中的宾语不能发出后面的动作。
９．promise sb. to do sth. 是不是复合宾语句型？【适合于高二】
该结构不是复合宾语结构。因为不定式的动作是主语发出来的。它常用于：
promise to do sth. promise sb. to do sth.
promise + n. / pron. promise sb. sth.
promise (sb.) that ....
１０．prove有哪些用法？【适合于高二, 高三】
vt. 证明、证实 prove + n. / pron. prove that.... prove sb.(sth.) + adj. / n. / to be
link-v. 证明市、后来事实证明是 prove + n. / adj. / to be ... / of...
１１．pull 与push在意义上和用法上有哪些不同？【适合于高二】
pull 是"拉" push是"推"。两个都是及物动词。
１２．very不能修饰哪些词？【适合于高一】【适合于高二, 高三】
very不能直接修饰动词;而用very much修饰。
用very修饰原级形容词副词，用much修饰比较级最高级。
用very修饰由分词转化来的形容词；而一般用much修饰过去分词。
１３．raise 与rise有什么不同？【适合于高一】
两个都有"上升、上涨"的意思。raise是及物动词；rise是不及物动词。raise 还有
"喂养、饲养"之意。
１４．population 一词有哪些东西需要掌握？【适合于高一】
对人口提问可用：What is the population of ．．．? How large is the population of ．．．?
．．．有多少人口一般用：The population of ．．． is ．．．．
．．．has a population of．．．．
对人口的修饰只能用：large, small 等词，不能用many, much．．．
all, some, 32 percent of 等修饰population做主语谓语应用复数．
在人口的比较中应用that ． The population of China is larger than that of India.
１５．"许多"有多少？【适合于高一】【适合于高二, 高三】
1,只接可数名词
many , many a (后接单数可数名词)
a good(great) many, a (good, large, great) number of
2.只接不可数名词
a (great ) large amount of , large amounts of
a (good, great ) deal of
3.即可接可数名词又可接不可数名词
a lot of, lots of , plenty of
a (large) quantity of , (large) quantities of
注意：quantity , plenty构成的短语多接不可数名词．
１６．哪些动词可用主动代替被动？【适合于高一】
1.某些实意动词用作连系动词用时，常用主动代替被动．这类动词有：
sound , look, feel, taste
2.动词sell, break, write, wash, read等，它们常是不及物动词，而且后有副词修饰(well,
easily, smooth．．．)．
3.want, need, require表示"需要"时，以及形容词worth后的动名词要用主动表被动．
动词不定式做后置定语，且与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时，不定式用主动表被动．这
种情况下，句子的主语与不定式有主谓关系．
例：I have a meeting to attend.
4.在"名词（代词） + be + adj. + to do "结构中，句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，
此时不定式用主动表被动．用于该结构的形容词有：difficult, easy, important, heavy,
light, nice, pleasant, fit．．．．
5.在There be + 名词 + to do结构中，不定式多用主动形式．
6.不定式to let, to blame, to seek作表语时，常用主动表被动．
１７．关于后置定语的问题【适合于高一】【适合于高二, 高三】
1.some, any, anything, nobody, somewhere, nothing等词的修饰语要后置．
2.else修饰somebody, what, who, something 时，要后置．
3.不定式短语，动名词短语，分词短语，介词短语做定语要后置．
4. proper（本身）,present（在场的.，出席的）, involved（有关的）,
concerned相关的）,（left 剩下的）, objecting （反对的）,
mentioned （提及的）, selected （当选的）等词做定语要后置．
5.a-开头的形容词做定语要后置．如：alike, alive, alone, asleep．．．．
１８．as 有哪些常见用法？【适合于高一】【适合于高二, 高三】
做连词可用于：
1.引导时间状语从句 "在．．．的时候，当．．．"
2.引导原因状语从句 "因为，由于"
3.引导方式状语从句 "依照，按照，如，像"
4.引导让步状语从句 "尽管，虽说" 此种用法时从句要倒装（表语倒装，
谓语倒装，状语倒装）
5.as后跟名词 （相当于一个时间状语从句）
As a young man, he worked hard. = When he was a young man, he worked hard.
6.和某些动词连用，构成固定搭配．
treat．．．as regard．．．as look on(upon)．．．as
take．．．as take up．．．as think of．．．as
introduce．．．as take a job as．．． serve．．．as act as
7.用于某些成语
as black as coal as dry as dust as blind as a bat
as easy as ABC as brave as a lion as fair as a rose
as fat as a pig as busy as a bee as free as the air
as cold as ice as gentle as a lamb as deep as a well
as greedy as wolf as happy as a king as heavy as lead
as sound as a bell as poor as a church mouse as proud as a peacock
as quiet as a lamb as red as blood as white as snow
as a matter of fact 事实上 as a result 结果
as a result of 由于．．． as a rule 一般（说来）；通常
as ．．．as possible = as．．．as one can 尽力，尽可能
as follows 如下 as if (as though) 就像．．．似的
as to + 名词 至于，说到 as to + that从句 关于（常不译出）
as usual 像平常一样 so as to 以便
so ．．．as to 如此．．．以至．．． so (as) long as 只要
such ．．．as to 如此．．．以至．．． as．．．as．．． 和．．．一样．．．
as soon as 一．．．就．．． as soon as possible 尽快地
as well 也， 还 as well as 也， 还
such as 如像
１９． word 一词有什么值得注意的？【适合于高二】
1. 注意该词的单复数．如：
have a word with sb.和．．．说句话 have words with sb. 和．．．吵架
in a word 总之 in other words 换句话说
keep one's word 遵守诺言 beyond words 无法用言语来形容
2. word 用单数且不用冠词意为：消息，谣言
Word came of his success abroad. Word came from Beijing.
word用单数并用定冠词或其它限定词意为：命令，嘱咐
The troops got the word to begin moving out.
His word is that he has gone back to Tianjin.
２０．most 一词前的冠词如何使用？【适合于高一】【适合于高二, 高三】
most 前加the 是最高级；most前加 a时表示"非常"= very
He is the most careful in our class. He is a most careful student in our class.
most 做代词用时要注意：
1.the most 后不能加介词of引导的短语．
The most you can hope for is 50$.
2.most of 前不加冠词表示"大部分，大多数"一般做主语，宾语．
Most of the students are from the countryside.
3.在固定搭配中at (the) most 有无冠词都可以．
二、一般上说，形容词的位置是紧贴在被修饰的名词前面；不然的话，就跟在接系动词（linking verb）后面充当补足语（complement）。例如：
① Sam is an industrious professional designer.
② What is it that bulky box? May I know?
③ Homeless cats are seen wandering about the field.
④ David looks cheerful everyday.
⑤ Janet is being nasty today.
⑥ The sky suddenly turned dark.
①-③里的形容词修饰它们后头的名词；④-⑥里的形容词是补足语。
三、形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如：something important，nothing serious。
当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如：
We have dug a hole two meters deep.
The hole is about two metres deep.
四、单个形容词：
单个形容词修饰名词时，一般要放在名词前。前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。a clever boy 一个聪明的男孩 my own book 我自己的书
五、形容词词组：
词组或形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语等补足成分时，形容词必须置于名词后。
It is a problem difficult to work out。这是一道难以解决的问题。
He is a boy deserving of sympathy。 他是个值得同情的男孩。
一、定义
定语从句是指在句中做定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句，其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。
二、定语从句的结构
定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which，that, as和关系副词when, where, why等引导。
(一)关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
(1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中做主语和宾语。例如：
·Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中做主语)
·He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中做宾语)
(2)whose 用作关系词表示所属格，也可看作是关系形容词，因为它后面必须接一个名词连用。不能单独使用。例如：
·They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
(3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如：
·A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
(二)关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
(1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。例如：
·There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
·Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
·Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
(2)that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
·His father died the year(that / when / in which)he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
·He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which)he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
(三)限制性和非限制性定语从句
(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
·This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
·The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
(2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
·Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
·My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
·This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
(3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：
·He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
·Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
(四)介词+关系词
(1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
(2)that前不能有介词。
(3)某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：
·This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
这是我两年前住过的房子。
·This is the house where I lived two years ago.
·Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?
·Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
(五)as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
·As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
·The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
【特别提示】 as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以做主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
a)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
b)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
