一、形容词：用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。
1、形容词的句法作用：作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。
2、形容词在句子中的位置：
1)、在句子中的位置以及作用
⑴作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如：a big yellow wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)
⑵作表语时放在连系动词之后。如：The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理)
⑶作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如：We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)
⑷后置的情况：
①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故)
②与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如：He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球离地38万公里)
2) 、多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
二、副词
1、副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。
2、副词的分类（见下表）：
3、副词在句子中的位置以及作用：
（1）作状语
1.时间副词：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。如：We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他们去过英王国两次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)
2.地点副词：一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。如：There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动) / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)
3.方式副词：一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如：Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人几乎不可能走得和年轻人一样快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光)
4.程度副词：修饰动词时,放在动词之前；修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如：I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了) / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车)
5.频度副词：一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如：Sometimes I get up early.(我有时起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭) / Take this medicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次)
6.疑问副词：用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。如：When and where were you born?(你何时何地出生？)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上？)/ How do you do?(你好！)
7.连接副词：用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因) / He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事)
8.关系副词：用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如：This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方)/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得这么好的方法)
9.其它副词：too“也”,用在句尾；also放在动词前；either “也不”,放在句尾；nor“也不”,放在句首；so“如此,这样”,放在形容词、副词前；on/off“开/关”放在动词之后；not放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前；maybe/perhaps放在句首；certainly放在句首或动词之前。如：He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宫博物院,我也去了) / Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里) / --Tom doesn’t have a computer. –Nor do I.(汤姆没有计算机,我也没有。)
(2)作表语：
地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。如：I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我离开家乡有将近20年了) / Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那边)
(3)作定语：
时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面。如：People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(现在的人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴) / Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世纪20年代那儿的女人过着可怕的日子)
(4)作宾语补足语：
地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如：Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开！它们在散发着臭气。) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父亲把他关在家里做作业)
[注意] “动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后。如：He wrote down the word.(他写下了那个词。)→He wrote it down.(他把它写了下来。)
==形容词变副词的规律
a.一般的形容词在结尾加ly变为副词。例如：careful-carefully
b.以元音加e结尾的单词要去e在加ly。例如：true-truly
c.辅音加y结尾的单词去y变i在加ly。例如：angry-angrily
d.单音节y结尾直接加ly。例如：shy-shyly
e.以le结尾的单词直接将e变为y。例如：terrible-terribly
f.形容词、副词同形：hard, fast, friendly, late, early, lovely, long。这部分请同学们注意，其中很多单词加ly之后就变成其他意思的单词了。例如：hardly就变成“几乎不”的意思，是小学阶段五大隐形否定词（few，little, never, seldom, hardly）之一。
三、形容词副词的原级、比较级和最高级
1、分类：形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。
原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
2、规则变化:
(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。
a)直接加er,est：
b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est：
c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est：
(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more/most.
3、不规则变化:
4、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法：
(1)讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。基本句型是：
主语(sb./sth) + 谓语动词 + (very/too/so/quite/rather…) + 形容词/副词原级 +….
如：He is very old now.(他现在很老了) / They ran quite fast.(它们跑得相当快) / The weather looks rather bad.(天气看上去相当糟) / I am so happy!(我是如此的快乐)
☆表示两者之间没有差别时,使用句型：
主语(第一个人物) + 谓语动词 + as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物 +….
如：He is as excited as his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一样兴奋)/ Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady.(莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢)/ They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).(他们摘的苹果和农民一样多)
☆表示第一个人比不上第二个人时,使用句型：主语(第一个人物) + 谓语动词(否定式) + as / so + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物+….
如：He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他没他妹妹那么兴奋) / Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. (莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢) / They didn’t pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). (他们摘的苹果不如农民多)
(2) 讲述两者有差异,第一个人物超过第二个人物时,用比较级。基本句型：
主语(‘A’)+谓语动词+(much/a little/even/still)+形容词/副词比较级+than+第二个人物(‘B’)+….
如：A modern train is much faster than a car.(现代的火车比轿车快多了) / This book didn’t cost me more than that one.(这本书花费我的钱不比那本多)
讲述两者有差异,第一个人物不及第二个人物时,用比较级。句型是：
主语(‘A’) + 谓语动词 + less+ (多音节形/副)比较级 + than + 第二个人物(‘B’) +….
如：I think English is less difficult than maths.(我认为英语不比数学难)/ Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你认为学外语不那么重要吗？)
(3)讲述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一个时,用最高级。句型是：
主语(sb./sth) + 谓语动词 +(the) +形容词/副词最高级 +in / of ….
如：The Changjiang River is the longest in China.(长江是中国最长的河流) / He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).(三个男生中他跳得最高)
5、关于比较等级的重要注释：
1、如果动词是及物或不及物动词,则后面用副词；如果后面是连系动词,则后面用形容词。如：This car is the fastest of the four.(形容词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中最快的)/ This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中跑得最快的)
2、“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。如：The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越来越温暖了)
3、“the+比较级…,the+比较级…”表示“越…就越…”。如：The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好)/ The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,进步就越大)
4、一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much/a little/even/still,而表示数量的more之前还可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot等词。如：It is much colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了)/ Would you like some more coffee?(你还要些咖啡吗？)/He did not eat any more.(他没有再吃)
5、more than / less than分别可以理解为“多于/少于”,相当于副词,more than=over; less than=under.如：I lived in New York for more than four months.(我在纽约生活了四个多月)
6、“one of the +最高级+名词(复数)”整个短语为单数含义,谓语要用单数形式。如：One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一场大火中被烧毁了)
7、“Which / Who+动词+形/副,□,□or□?”句型中,如果有两个选项,形/副用比较级,如果有三个选项,形/副用最高级。如：Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林涛和韩梅谁的书最多？)/ Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(猪、马、象哪个最重？)
8、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示两个事物的词时,用比较级,而且往往还要加the；含有all/none/no one/ every 等表示三个或三个以上事物时,用最高级。如： --Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一点的那个你喜欢吗？一个都不喜欢)/ --Which do you like best? –All of them!(你最喜欢哪个？全部。)
【每天都可以用!】
2. You did a good job. (你干得非常好。)
【国际最通用的表扬!】
3. Were so proud of you.(我们十分为你骄傲。)
【最高级的表扬!】
4. Im very pleased with your work.(我对你的工作非常满意。)
【正式、真诚的赞扬!】
5. This is really a nice place.(这真是个好地方!)
【随口就说、但效果很好的表扬!】
6. Youre looking sharp! (你看上去真精神/真棒/真漂亮。)
【与众不同的表扬!】
7. You always know the right thing to say. (你总是说话得体。)
【高层次的表扬!】
8. Youre very eloquent. (同上)
9. Nice going! = you did a good job.(干得好!)
【极其地道的表扬!】
10. The food is delicious.(好吃!)
【最普通、但非常重要的表扬!】
11. Everything tastes great.
(每样东西都很美味!)
12. Your son/daughter is so cute.(你的孩子很可爱。)
【外国人绝对喜欢听的表扬!】
13. What an adorable baby! (多么可爱的孩子。)
14. I admire your work. （我对你的工作表示敬意。）
【世界通用！】
15. I respect your work.（同上）
16. You’ve got a great personality.（你的个性很好。）
【一个非常安全的表扬！】
17. You have a good sense of humor.（你真幽默。）
【美国人极其喜欢的表扬！】
18. Your Chinese is really surprising.（你的中文令人惊讶。）
【绝对和其他人不一样的表扬！】
19. Your English is incredible.（我真不敢相信你的英语。）
【用了六星级形容词！】
20. You have a very successful business.（你的事业很成功。）
【现代人非常喜欢听！】
21. You’re very professional.（你非常专业。）
【专业化的表扬！】
22. Your company is very impressive.（你的公司给我留下深刻印象。）
【老板非常喜欢听！】
23. You’re so smart.（你非常聪明。）
【贴心的表扬！】
24. I envy you very much.（我非常羡慕你。）
【为了表扬人不惜贬自己哦！】
25. Your wife is very charming.（你的妻子很有魅力！）
【丈夫一定乐翻天了！】
26. You two make a lovely couple.（你们真是天生的一对！）
【新婚夫妇最喜欢听！】
27. You’re really talented.（你很有天赋。）
【多用会更加鼓励人！】
28. You look nice in that color.（你穿那种颜色很好看。）
【美眉非常喜欢听！】
29. You have a good taste.（你很有品位。）
【这个表扬也很有品位！】
30. You look like a million dollars. = you look outstanding. =you look like a movie star.
（你看上去帅呆了。）【这话谁都会欢迎！】
1.On the one hand, on the other, 一方面；另一方面
On the one hand, the plan is pretty good; On the other, it does bring us some bad effects.
一方面，这计划相当好；另一方面，这计划给我们带来一些坏的影响。
2. Last but not least, 最后但同样重要的是...
Last but not least, we should not forget the importance of friendship.
最后但同样重要的是，我们不应该忘记友谊的重要性。
3. make a difference 有影响，很重要
Your attitude towards life and study makes a great difference.
你对待生活和学习的态度很重要。
4. benefit a lot from... 从...受益良多
You can benefit a lot from teachers’ advice.
你能从老师的建议中受益良多。
5. look forward to (doing)s.th 期待着做...
I’m always looking forward to giving you a great surprise.
我一直期待着给你一个极大的惊喜。
6. have a good knowledge of... 了解.../懂得...
After reading the text, you’ll have a good knowledge of the Chinese history.
在看过这篇文章后，你将对中国历史有一种很好的了解。
7. What matters is not...but... 重要的不是...而是...
What matters is not money but your attitude towards work.
重要的不是钱而是你对待工作的态度。
8. It makes sense to do... 做...是合理的/有意义的
It makes sense to set downs your feelings in a diary.
把你的感觉写在日记里是有意义的。
9. prefer to do...rather than do... 宁愿做...而不愿做什么...
We prefer to stay at home rather than go fishing at weekends.
我们宁愿周末待在家里而不愿去钓鱼。
10. grow crazy about... 对...狂热/着迷
Teenagers usually grow crazy about everything to do with sports.
青少年通常对与体育有关的一切着迷。
11. persuade s.b to do... 说服某人做...
I couldn’t persuade him to give up smoking.
我不能说服他戒烟。
12. be fond of doing... 喜欢做...
She is really fond of singing and dancing.
她真得喜欢唱歌和跳舞。
13. make up one’s mind to do... 下定决心做...
I have made up my mind to learn a third language.
我已下定决心学习另一门外语。
14. dream about/of doing... 梦想着做...
I used to dream about/of traveling to the moon.
我过去常梦想着去月球旅行。
15. feel like doing s.th 想要做...
He felt like taking a walk along the river.
他想要沿着河边散步。
16. can hardly wait to do... 迫不及待地做...
They could hardly wait to open the gifts.
他们迫不及待地打开礼物。
17. think little of... 对...不在意
Everybody thought little of the reason for the illness.
每个人对这种疾病不在意。
18. offer guidance to s.b 给某人提供指导
Teachers are willing to offer guidance to anyone in trouble.
老师情愿给有麻烦的人提供指导。
19. remain to be done 仍然有待于...
A lot of problems remain to be dealt with in the future.
许多问题在未来仍待于解决。
20. An increasing number of people 越来越多的'人...
An increasing number of people are concerned about health.
越来越多的人关心健康。
21. Something must be done. 必须采取措施
Something must be done to help those homeless children.
必须采取措施帮助那些无家可归的孩子们。
22. Only by this means/in this way can you... 只有这样...你才能...
Only by this means/in this way can you succeed.
只有这样，你才能成功。
23. It must be admiited that... 必须承认...
It must be admitted that he knows much about education.
必须承认他对教育懂得很多。
24. There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问...
There is no doubt that I will leave you soon.
毫无疑问，我将很快离开你们。
25. It is one thing to do..., but it’s quite another to do...
做...是一回事，而做...是另一回事
It is one thing to listen to teachers’ advice, but it’s quite another to put it into practice.
听老师的建议是一回事，而将其付诸实践是另一回事。
26. have a bad/good effect on... 对...带来坏的/好的影响
Fresh air has a good effect on our body and health.
新鲜的空气对我们的身心带来好的影响。
27. There was a time when... 曾经有段时间...
There was a time when I grow crazy about movies.
有一段时间我对电影非常着迷。
28. It’s no pleasure doing... 做...没有乐趣
It’s no pleasure listening to music all day long.
一整天听音乐没有乐趣。
29. As a matter of fact, 事实上；实际上
As a matter of fact, I have a wonderful dream.
事实上，我有一个美妙的梦想。
30. It’s no wonder that... 难怪...
It’s no wonder that she got so tired that day.
难怪她那天如此疲劳。
31. It is /was +被强调内容+that从句
It is her health that I am greatly concerned about.
是她的健康我极为担心。
32. do harm to/be harmful to... 给...带来危害
Eating too much does harm to your health.
Eating too much is harmful to your health.
吃太多对你的健康带来危害。
33. do good to 给...带来好处
Communication face to face with your friends does good to your friendship.
面对面与朋友交流给你的友谊带来好处。
34. make an effort to do.. 努力做...
We should make an effort to do better than ever before.
我们应该努力比以前做得更好。
35. get well prepared for... 为...做好准备
We should get well prepared for the coming final exam.
我们应该为即将到来的期末考试做好准备。
36. develop one’s own interest 培养兴趣
It does great good to develop your own interest培养你自己的兴趣很有好处。
37. make great progress 取得很大进步
I hope all of you can make great progress in your language learning.
我希望你们所有人能够在语言学习取得很大进步。
38. be in great need of.. 极其需要...
People who suffered a lot in the earthquake were in great need of food and water.
在地震中受苦的人们极其需要食物和水。
39. pay special attention to... 特别关注...
People begin to pay special attention to the protection of nature.
人们开始特别关注自然的保护。
40. devote oneself to(doing) s.th 一心一意做...
Great people are those who devote themselves to selflessly helping others.
伟人是那些一心一意无私帮助他人的人
41. It’s generally accepted that... 大家普遍认为...
It’s generally accepted that the earth is getting warmer and warmer.
大家普遍认为地球正变得越来越暖。
42. show respect for 对...尊敬
As students, we should show respect for our teachers.
作为学生，我们应该对老师表示尊敬。
43. consider s.b (to be/as)+n./adj.... 认为...是...
There is no doubt that we all consider him honest.
毫无疑问我们都认为他是诚实。
44. be concerned about... 关心；挂念
Parents are concerned about their children.
父母亲关心他们的孩子。
45. be based on... 以...为基础
The film is based on a true story that happened in 1946.
这部电影以发生于1946年的一个真实的故事为基础的。
46. have a correct attitude towards... 对...采取一种正确的态度
It’s important for us to have a correct attitude towards life.
对生活采取一种正确的态度对我们来说是重要的。
47. as far as s.b be concerned, 就...而言
As far as I’m concerned, I prefer to go to Shanghai for a visit.
就我而言，我宁愿去上海游玩。
48. meet one’s needs 满足...的需求
The little food can’t meet our needs in the next week.
这点食物无法满足我们下周的需求。
49. be likely to do 可能...
As human, we are all likely to make mistakes.
作为人类，我们都可能犯错。
50. not only...but also... 不但...而且...
Not only you but also I am fond of pop music.
不但你而且我也喜欢流行音乐。
51. ask for one’s advice on... 就...寻求某人的意见
She often asks for my advice on learning English.
她经常就学习英语寻求我的意见。
52. turn to s.b for help 向...求助
He always finds someone to turn to for help.
他总是找人向其求助。
53. Sb holds the view that... 某人持的观点是/某人认为...
They hold the view that a new school should be built for the local children.
他们认为应该为当地孩子建一所新校。
54. I’m of the firm belief that... 我坚信...
I’m of the firm belief that he can get along well with others.
我坚信他能与其他人相处得好。
55. The reason why...is that..., ...的原因是...
The reason why I’ll leave you is that I have a family in another place.
我离开你们的原因是我的家人在另一个地方。
56. impress sb deeply 使某人印象深刻
What he said at the meeting impressed me deeply.
他在会上所说的使我印象深刻。
57. It turned out that... 结果是...
It turned out that he felt upset about the result of the exam.
结果是他对这次考试的结果感觉沮丧。
58. With the development of... 随着...的发展
With the development of science, nothing is impossible.
随着科学的发展，没什么不可能。
59. play an important part in... 在...起着重要的作用
Language plays an important role in our communications.
语言在我们的交流中起着重要的作用。
60. make some suggestions on...
在...方面提出建议
I’d like to make some suggestions on your learning habits.
我想在你学习习惯方面提出建议。
61. Just as a famous saying goes, “All roads lead to Rome.”
正如一句著名俗语说的那样，“条条道路通罗马。”
62. In a word 总而言之
In a word, we should work hard at our lessons.
总而言之，我们应该努力学习。
