在复合句中修饰名词和代词的从句叫做定语从句.
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词.
引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whose, whom, which, that, as ;
引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why;
关系代词在定语从句中做主语,宾语,定语.
关系副词在定语从句中做状语.
一.由 who, 引导的定语从句,who在从句中做主语(口语中也可做宾语),
修饰表示人的先行词. 例如:
This is the man who helped me.
Do you know the comrade who spoke just now ?
The boy who//whom we saw yesterday is John’s brother.
二.whom引导的定语从句,whom在从句中作宾语,修饰表示人的先行词,
口语中可以省略.
The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room.
The person (whom) you just talked to is Mr. Li.
=The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. (介词后 whom不能省略)
The babies whom the nurses are looking for are very healthy.
(固定短语中的介词一般不省略,介词仍放在动词之后)
三.whose引导的定语从句,whose在从句中作定语,修饰表示人或物的先行词.
Do you know the woman whose name is Mary.
Pass me the dictionary whose cover is black.
四.that引导的定语从句,that在从句中做主语或宾语,修饰表示人或物的先行词,
作宾语时可省略,不能放在介词后面作宾语.
The letter (that//which) I received was from my father.
I can’t find the letter that//which came this morning.
Do you still remember the days (that//which)we spent together ?
This is the man that//who helped me.
The house (that//which) we live in is not large.
=The house in which we live is not large.
The doctor (that//whom //who)you are looking for is in the room.
五. which引导的定语从句,which在从句中做主语,也可做宾语,或介词的宾语,
修饰表示物的先行词. 先行词可以是词、短语、句子.
This is the book (which/that ) you want.
The building which//that stands near the river is our school.
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.(介词后面的which不能省略)
The house (which/that) we live in is not large.
This is the watch (which/that ) he was looking for.
(在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在动词之后,不能放在which之前 )
六、that 和which 都可以修饰表示物的先行词, 但是下列情况只能用that.
①. 先行词为不定冠词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等.
All (that) you have to do is to practise every day.
There isn’t much (that) I can do.
②. 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时.
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
This is the best film (that ) I have ever seen.
③. 先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修饰时.
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
④. 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时.
The white flower is the only one that I really like.
This is the very book that I want to read.
This is the same book that I want to read. (同一本书)
----This is the same book as I want to read.
⑤. 当主句以who或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时,定语从句that 引导.
Who is the man that is standing there ?
Which of us that knows something about physics doesn’t know this ?
⑥先行词既有人又有物时.
We talked about the persons and things that we could remember.
⑦time做先行词,前面如果有序数词或 last 来修饰时,定语从句用 that 来引导或省略；如果没有序数词或 last 来修饰时,既可用 when 也可用that来引导.
This is the last time ( that ) I shall give you a lesson.
The first time ( that ) I saw him was in 1972.
It’s time ( that ) we got up.
七、as 引导的定语从句,
as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句,在从句中作主语、定语、表语、或状语,常与the same … as; such… as , so… as , as… as 连用.
I like the same book as you do.
I want to have such a dictionary as he has.
I shall do it in the same way as you did.
He is the same age as you ( are ).
He will give you such information as will help you.
Such students as you have mentioned should be criticized.
=Students such as you have mentioned should be criticized.
在the same…后也可用that引导定语从句,但意义有所不同：
that 引出的定语从句,指的是与先行词同一事物；而 as引出的定语从句是与先行词相似的'同类事物.
I want to use the same tool that I used yesterday.
I want to use the same tool as I used yesterday.
八、由when 引导的定语从句,修饰表示时间的先行词,when为关系副词,
做定语从句的时间状语.
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.
( 介词＋which可以代替 when)
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
[I remember the days which//that we spent together.]
九、由where 引导的定语从句,修饰表示地点的先行词,where为关系副词,
做定语从句的地点状语.
This is the place where we lived for five years.
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.
The factory in which his father works is in the west of the city.
( 介词＋which可以代替where)
[ This is a place which//that I wanted to visit. ]
十、Why引导的定语从句,why做原因状语.
I know the reason why he came late.
The reason why he was late was that he was ill.
非限定性定语从句
1. who 指人,做主语.
Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.
2. whom 指人, 作宾语.
He had many friends, many of whom had been in the universities.
3. whose 指人, 作定语.
The Chairman’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave Tom a smile.
4. which 指物, 做主语,宾语.
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The speech, which he had written on the paper, seemed endless.
5. where 指地点, 作状语.
Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.
6. when 指时间,作状语.
The meeting will be put off till next month, when we will have made all the preparations.
7. as 做主语,表语,宾语; 先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
As we all know, he studies very hard.
As 引导的定语从句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后.在很多情况下已经
构成固定搭配.
As everybody can see as was usual
As can be seen as I expected
As is known to all, as may be imagined
as you know as is expected
as has been said before as is reported
as is often said as is announced
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别：
限定性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义.这种从句和主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开.
非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切,只是对先行词作些附加的说明,如果去掉,主句的意思依然清楚.这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,一般不用that 引导.
as和 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的比较：
1. 非限定性定语从句位于句未,而且as 和which 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时可互换.
He is a farmer, as/which is clear from his manner.
This elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see.
2.which 引导的非限定性定语从句一般放在句未,而as 引导的非限定性定语从句可放在句未,也可放在句中、句首. 放在句首时不能用which 替换.
Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sad
Taiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all.
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
3.as引导非限定性定语从句时,意为“这一点、这件事”,常与 see, hope,expect,know,guess等动词搭配；而which引导非限定性定语从句时与主句有一种因果关系,可译为“所以……”.
Cyprus, as you all know, is in the Mediterranean.
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.
4. as引导非限定性定语从句并在从句中作主语时,其后面的谓语动词大多数必须是连系动词.如果从句谓语动词是行为动词,则必须用which.
He married her, as was natural.
She refused to take the medicine, which made her mother angry.
句子分为单句和复句，单句又分为主谓句和非主谓句。
主谓句是由主谓短语构成的。根据谓语的不同构成情况，主谓句分为动词谓语句、形容词谓语句、名词谓语句和主谓谓语句。
动词谓语句由动词或动词性短语做谓语，如“你改悔吧!”
形容词谓语句由形容词或形容词性短语做谓语，如“我的母亲气量大”。
名词谓语句由名词短语或名词性短语做谓语，如“每人一盏灯笼”。
主谓谓语句由主谓短语做谓语，如“我的讲义，你能抄下来么?”
这几类主谓句中，动词谓语句和形容词谓语句最常用，要着重掌握。
非主谓句是由单个词或主谓短语以外的短语构成的。
由动词或动词性短语构成的`是动词非主谓句，如“站住!”
由形容词或形容词短语构成的是形容词非主谓句，如“好!”
由名词或名词性短语构成的是名词非主谓句，如“多美的景色呀!”
句子语法结构口诀
主谓宾定状补，主干枝叶分清楚，主要成分主谓宾，附加成分定状补，定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。
主语是一个 句子中所要表达,描述的人或物，是句子叙述的主体。可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。
谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。
宾语是动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。
定语：用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语, 定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。
状语：说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式, 条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的'词叫状语。状语可以由副词, 短语以及从句来担任。
补语是述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。
补语与述语之间是补充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系,是补充说明动词或形容词性中心语的，可以回答“怎么样”、“多少次”、“何处”、“何时”、“什么结果”等问题。补语都放在中心语后头，除了趋向动词、数量词、介宾结构和一部分形容词可以直接作补语外。补语多用形容词、数量词、趋向动词、介宾结构来担任，各种关系的词组也常作补语。
口诀：
主谓宾、定状补，主干枝叶分清楚。
定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。
状语有时位主前，逗号分开心有数。
一、 词类歌诀
名词：
人和事物各有名，万千名目可辨清。表示名称即名词，具体抽象有不同。
时间空间和地点，方向位置有专称。主宾定谓都可作，名词具有多功能。
动词：
世间万物皆运动，于是动词相应生。行为动作和发展，存在消失与变更。
心理活动及判断，一概可作谓语用。能愿趋向两动词，配合谓语意更明。
形容词：
人有特征物有形，修饰动名靠形容。事态动作有性状，描摹性状用形容。
形容词语极丰富，准确修饰需深功。形容词语功能多，主要充当状谓定。
数词：
数词即为表数目，确数概数和序数。确数包括整分倍，不定数目是概数。
整数前加老第初，排列顺序是序数。分数倍数表增加，减少只能用分数。
量词：
表示单位量词全，单位各异按习惯。事物行动作统计，物量动量分两款。
量词数词相结合，数量短语功能全。动量短语居动后，物量短语在名前。
代词：
代词代替人事物，按照作用分三族。人称代词我你他，咱们自己和大家。
疑问代词谁什么，进地性状数如何。提示代词这和那，每名某另别其它。
副词：
副词修饰动与形，范围程度与时间。肯否估计与情态，语气频率用法全。
稍微没有全都偏，简直仅仅只永远，已经曾经就竟然，将要立刻刚偶然，
渐渐终于决忽然，难道连续又再三，也许必须很非常，最太十分更马上，
越极总挺常常再，屡次一定也不还。时名副名看加在，名前可加副不来。
前很后名都不行，单独回答更不能。
介词：
自从以当为按照，由于对于为了到；和跟把比在关于，除了同对向往朝；
用在名词代词前，修饰动形要记牢。
助词：
结构助词的地得，时态助词着了过，语气助词啊吧呢，他词后边附加义。
连词：
和同与跟关中间，或者以及带关联。介词连词难分辨，换位不变才是连。
二、句子成分歌诀
基本成分主谓宾，附加成分定状补。定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。
六者关系细分辨，心中有数析正误。什么谁称主，做是怎样才充谓；
宾语动支配，回答谓语什么谁。前置状语目（的）时（间）地（点），
意义不变能复位。补语在后说前谓，定语才和后宾配。介宾短语状或补，
不能充当宾主谓。的定地状与得补，语言标志定是非。
三、句子语病修改歌诀
检查语病要细心，先看主干主谓宾，残缺搭配是病因；
再看枝叶定状补，能否搭配语中心。下面语病常常见，
熟悉现象心有底。是否恰当用词语，语序是否属合理，
前后有矛盾，更有不统一，替概念，有歧义，
句式杂糅使人迷，结构又胶节，语言重复又多余，
多层否定成后语。修改语病法牢记，添、删、调、换百病医
