第1组 五大基本句型
1.主语+不及物动词(短语)
【例句】Birds can fly.鸟会飞。
2.主语+及物动词(短语)+宾语
【例句】Everybody made fun of him.人人都取笑他。
3.主语+连系动词+表语
【例句】These flowers are very beautiful.这些花非常漂亮。
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
【例句】My parents bought me a nice Christmas present.父母给我买了一件精美的圣诞礼物。
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
【例句】They painted the door red.他们把门漆成了红色。
第2组 It句型
1.It+be/get+形容词/名词/介词短语
【用法】it用作非人称代词时，常表示天气、日期、时间、距离、温度等。
【例句】It gets colder and colder.天气变得越来越冷。
2.It+be+被强调部分+that从句
【用法】构成强调句，强调句子的主语、宾语、状语。被强调部分指人时，that可以换成who,其他情况一律用that。
【例句】It was our manager that/who met me at the airport yesterday.昨天是我们的经理去机场接我的。
3.It+be+形容词(+for sb.)+to do sth.
【例句】It is necessary to increase your vocabulary in studying English.在学习英语中增加你的词汇量是必要的。
4.It+be+形容词(+of sb.)+to do sth.
【例句】It is clever of him to work out such a difficult problem.他把这么难的问题给解决了，他真聪明。
5.It+be+形容词+that从句
【例句】It is quite clear that the ear of the elephant is like a huge fan.很显然，大象的耳朵像一把大扇子。
6.It+be+过去分词+that从句
【例句】It is often said that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.据说，人类天生具有会话能力。
7.It+be+名词+不定式/that从句
【用法】it作形式主语，后面的不定式或that从句是句子的真正主语。
【例句】In fact, it is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.实际上，对警察来说，在一场重大的足球赛中维持秩序是一项艰难的工作。
8.It+is/has been+时间段+since...
【例句】It is three years since I came here.我来这儿已经3年了。
9.It+be+(high) time...
【例句】It is time for lunch.该吃午饭了。
第3组 疑问代词
1.What+be+主语?
【用法】用于询问职业。
【例句】What is your elder sister?你姐姐是干什么的?
2.What+be+主语+like?
【用法】用于询问某人/物是什么样的或怎么样。
【例句】One of the twins is very active. What is the other like?这对双胞胎中的一个很活跃。另一个怎么样?
3.What+do/does+主语+look like?
【用法】用于询问外貌或长相。
【例句】What does Clark look like?克拉克长什么样?
4.What do you think of...? 关于……你有什么看法?
【用法】用来询问对某人或某事物的看法。
【例句】What do you think of our new English teacher?你认为我们的新英语老师怎么样?
第4组 不定代词
1.one..., the other...
(两者中的)一个……，另一个……
【例句】He has two sons. One is a doctor and the other is a soldier.他有两个儿子。一个是医生，另一个是军人。
2.some..., others...(不确定范围中的)
一些……，另一些……
【例句】Some boys are playing football, and others are playing basketball.一些男孩子在踢足球，另外一些在打篮球。
3.none (+of+复数可数名词或不可数名词)
【用法】none接指人或物的可数名词或不可数名词，后面可以跟of结构;no one只能接指人的可数名词，后面不能跟of结构。
【例句】None of the money was missing.钱一点儿也没丢。
第5组 年龄
1.at (the age of)+基数词在……岁时
【例句】He was struck down by cancer at (the age of) thirty.他30岁时死于癌症。
2.in one’s+整十数的复数 在某人几十多岁时
【例句】My mother became a professor in her thirties.我妈妈三十多岁时就成了一名教授。
3.基数词+years old ……岁
【例句】He is eighteen years old, when he starts to live on his own.他18岁了，是开始独立生活的年龄了。
第6组 倍数
1.倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as... ……是……的……倍
【例句】Ten years ago the population of our village was twice as large as that of theirs.十年前我们村的人口是他们村人口的两倍。
第7组 形容词的原级、比较级、最高级
1.as+形容词原级+as...
……和……一样……
【例句】Mary's spoken English is as good as mine.玛丽的口语和我的一样好。
2.not as/so+形容词原级+as...
……不像……一样……
【例句】She is not as/so happy as she pretends.她并不像她假装得那么高兴。
3.形容词比较级(+名词)+than...
……比……更……
【例句】Lesson Four is more difficult than Lesson Three.第四课比第三课难。
4.no+形容词比较级+than...
……和……一样都不……
【例句】I am no taller than you.我和你一样都不高。
5.形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级...
越来越……
【例句】The computer is cheaper and cheaper.电脑越来越便宜了。
6.be senior/junior/superior/inferior to...
……比……大/小/好/差
【例句】I am five years senior to Jane.我比简大五岁。
7.the+(序数词+)形容词最高级(+名词)(+比较范围) (……中)最/第几……的(……)
【例句】The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国的第二长河。
第8组 副词的原级、比较级、最高级
1.as+副词原级+as...
……和……一样……
【例句】John works as hard as his elder brother.约翰和他哥哥一样工作努力。
2.not...+as/so+副词原级+as...
……不如……
【例句】It doesn't rain as/so often here as it does in my country.这里不如我们国家下雨频繁。
3.副词比较级+than...
……比……更……
【例句】Usually the paperback book is more widely accepted than the hardcover one.通常来说，平装书要比精装书更容易被接受。
4.not+副词比较级+than...
前者不比后者更……(侧重后者)
【例句】I run not faster than my deskmate.我不比我同桌跑得快。
5.副词比较级+and+副词比较级...
越来越……
【例句】He ran faster and faster on the last lap.他在最后一圈时跑得越来越快。
6.like...better (than...)
和……比起来，更喜欢……
【例句】I like movies better than TV plays.比起电视剧，我更喜欢电影。
第9组 副词的常用句型
1.too...to... 太……而不能……
【用法】to后用动词原形，表示结果。
【例句】The girl is too young to dress herself.这个女孩太小，不能自己穿衣服。
2.enough to... ……足以……
【用法】to后用动词原形，表示结果。
【例句】Would you be good enough to take my bag upstairs for me?你能否好心帮我把包拿到楼上?
3.so+主语+be/助动词/情态动词 ……确实如此
【例句】—It was very cold yesterday.昨天很冷。
—So it was.确实很冷。
第10组 情态动词常用句型
1.would rather do...than do...
宁愿……，也不……
【例句】She would rather fail than cheat in the examination.她宁愿
2.cannot but do... 只好做……
【用法】but后的不定式要省略to。
【例句】We cannot but wait until Jane comes.我们只好等到简来。
3.cannot/can never...too...
再……也不为过，越……越好
【例句】You cannot be too careful to cross the road.过马路时再怎么小心都不为过。
4.主语+used to/would+do... 过去常常
【例句】I would go swimming in this river when I was young.我小时候常在这条河里游泳。
5.had better (not) do... 最好(不)做……
【例句】You had better not wait for them.你最好不要等他们。
6.must have done... 一定/准是做过……
【用法】表示对过去情况的推测，只用于肯定句中。
【例句】She knows the story very well. She must have read the book.她对这个故事很熟悉。她一定读过这本书。
第11组 不定式
1.(not)in order (not)so as (not) +to do... 不定式作目的状语
【用法】to do, in order to do作目的状语可以位于句首，但so as to do不可以。
【例句】In order not to be late, she cut across the fields.为了不迟到，她抄近路穿过了田野。
2.so+形容词/副词+as
too+形容词/副词
形容词/副词+enough+to do... 不定式作结果状语
【例句】How could you be so stupid as to believe him?你怎么这么笨，竟然相信他的话?
第12组 动名词
1.stop doing...stop to do停止原有的动作...停下来去做另一件事
【例句】Many people stop doing exercise when they eat less.很多人吃得少的时候就不锻炼了。
2.forget/remember doing...忘记/记得做过
forget/remember to do... 忘记/记得要做
【例句】He forgot telling her about the final exam.他不记得已告诉过她关于期末考试的事了。
3.nmean doing...mean to do...意味着做……打算做……
【例句】My new job will mean travelling all over the world.我的新工作需要在世界各地到处跑。
4.regret doing...regret to do...后悔以前曾做过……很遗憾要做……
【例句】—Robert is indeed a wise man.罗伯特确实是个很聪明的人。
5.try doing...try to do...试着做……努力去做……
【例句】She tried living alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home.她尝试着一个人生活，但并不喜欢这样，于是又搬回家了。
第13组 感叹句
1.How+形容词/副词(+主语+谓语)!How+主语+谓语!
【例句】Look! How excited the boys are!看!那些男孩多么兴奋!
2.What(+a/an)+形容词+名词+(主语+谓语)!
【用法】单数可数名词前有形容词修饰时，用what和how引导感叹句均可，但要注意冠词与形容词的位置。中心词为可数名词复数或不可数名词,只能用what引导感叹句。
【例句】What a wonderful plan you have made!/How wonderful a plan you have made!你制订的计划真棒!
第14组 反意疑问句
1.(陈述部分)肯定，(附加问句)否定?(陈述部分)否定，(附加问句)肯定?
【例句】 He must work hard at physics, mustn’t he?他必须努力学习物理，是吗?
2.No one/Someone...+谓语...，谓语+they?谓语+he?
【用法】陈述部分主语为指人的不定代词，强调整体时，附加问句的主语用they;强调个体时，附加问句的主语用he。
【例句】No one was there that day, was he/were they?那天没有人在那里，是吗?
3.Everything/Anything...+谓语...，谓语+it?
【用法】陈述部分主语是指物的不定代词时，附加问句的主语用it。
【例句】Everything that he said is true, isn’t it?他说的都是真的，是吗?
4.This/That+谓语...，谓语+it?These/Those+谓语...，谓语+they?
【用法】陈述部分的主语是指示代词时，附加问句的主语要用相应的人称代词。
【例句】This means we have failed, doesn’t it?这意味着我们已经失败了，是吗?
5.There be...，谓语+there?
【用法】陈述部分为There be句式时，其反意疑问句的附加问句仍用“...there”。
【例句】There will be an important meeting tomorrow, won't there? 明天有一个重要的会议，是不是?
6.祈使句。will you/won’t you?
【用法】肯定祈使句的反意疑问句，附加问句用will you, 〖JP〗won't you均可;否定祈使句只能用will you。
【例句】Come and play football with us, will you/won't you?过来和我们一起踢足球，好吗?
7.Let's..., shall we?Let us/Let me..., will you?
【例句】Let's have lunch together, shall we?我们一起吃午饭吧，好吗?
第15组 主语从句
1.引导词+主语从句+谓语...
【例句】Whether she will join us does not matter too much.她是否会加入到我们中来并不太重要。
2.It(形式主语)+谓语...+引导词+主语从句
【例句】It is a pity that you missed such a good lecture.你错过了一场这么好的讲座真是可惜。
第16组 宾语从句
1.主句+that引导的宾语从句
【例句】They told us once again that this would never happen.他们再次告诉我们这种事情不会发生。
2.主语+系动词+afraid/sorry/sure/glad/angry等+that引导的宾语从句
【用法】that在宾语从句中没有意义，也不作成分，只起引导词的作用，一般可以省略。
【例句】I'm sure that he will come tomorrow.我确信他明天会来。
3.主句+what/who/whom/whose/which等引导的宾语从句
【用法】what, who, whom, whose, which等连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。
【例句】Do you know who/whom he is waiting for at the school gate?你知道他正在学校门口等谁吗?
4.主句+when/where/how/why等引导的宾语从句
【用法】when, where, how, why等在从句中作状语,表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。
【例句】We haven't discussed yet where we are going to place our new furniture.我们还没有讨论应把我们的新家具放在哪里。
5.主句+whether/if引导的宾语从句
【例句】Did he tell you whether/if he would come the next day? 他告诉你他第二天是否来了吗?
6.Whether引导的宾语从句，+主句
【例句】Whether this is true or not， I am not sure.我不确定这是不是真的。
7.主句+whether引导的宾语从句+if条件句
【例句】He asked me whether I would move to New York if I got the job.他问我如果我得到那份工作是否会搬到纽约去。
第17组 表语从句
1.主语+be+引导词+表语从句
【例句】The reason why she called me was that she would not attend the party.她给我打电话的原因是她不来参加派对了。
第18组 同位语从句
1.(...+)名词+引导词+同位语从句
【例句】He received the order that he should come back by the noon.他收到命令，中午之前要回来。
第19组 定语从句
1.主句+who/whom引导的定语从句
【用法】who是主格，whom是宾格。通常whom可以用who代替，但直接跟在介词后作宾语时不可用who代替。who/whom作宾语时可以省略。
【例句】Do you know the girl who is standing under the tree?你认识站在树下的那个女孩吗?
2.主句，+which/who/whom/whose/when/where+定语从句
【用法】非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句分开，that不能引导非限制性定语从句,who一般不能替代whom。
【例句】This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.这个便条是汤姆留下的，刚才他还在这里。
第20组 状语从句
1.主句+before/after引导的时间状语从句
【例句】It may be many years before the situation improves.这种状况或许要过很多年才能得到改善。
2.主句+since引导的时间状语从句
【用法】since从句常用一般过去时，谓语是短暂性动词时，表示该动作的开始;谓语是延续性动词时，表示该动作或状态的结束。
【例句】It was three weeks since he was ill.他的病已经好了三周了。
3.主句+because/as/since引导的原因状语从句
【例句】The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to
his wife.那位老人让露西挪到另外一张椅子上，因为他想跟他的妻子挨着坐。
4.主句+(al)though/as/while/even though/even if引导的让步状语从句
【例句】Although regular exercise is very important, it’s never a good idea to exercise too
close to bedtime.尽管经常锻炼很重要，但在临睡前锻炼绝对不是个好主意。
5.主句+so that/in order that/in case引导的目的状语从句
【例句】I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me.为了能让你赶上我，我会慢慢跑。
6.主句+if/unless/as long as引导的条件状语从句
【例句】I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.如果不下雨，我明天去。
7.主句+as soon as/directly/immediately等引导的时间状语从句 一……就……
【例句】Directly our maths teacher came in, everyone was quiet.我们的数学老师一进来，大家就都安静下来了。
第21组 There be句型
1.There (+助动词/情态动词)+be+主语...
【例句】There is a lot of meat on the plate.盘子里有很多肉。
2.There+助动词/情态动词+not+be be+not/no+主语...
【例句】There isn’t a telephone in the room.房间里没有电话。
第22组 倒装句型
1.No/Never/Hardly/Seldom/Little等+be/助动词/情态动词+主语...
【用法】表示否定意义的词置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
【例句】Little did Rose care about her own safety, though she was in great danger herself.尽管自己处于相当危险的境地，但是罗丝几乎没考虑自己的安全。
2.So...+be/助动词/情态动词+主语...+that...
【用法】在so... that...句式中，so...部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。
【例句】So sudden was the attack that the enemy had no time to escape.袭击是如此突然，以至于敌人根本没有时间逃跑。
3.Only+状语+be/助动词/情态动词+主语...
【用法】only强调状语置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。
【例句】Only if you eat the correct foods will you be able to keep fit and stay healthy.只有合理膳食才会保持身体健康。
4.Not until...+be/助动词/情态动词+主语...
【用法】时间状语not until...置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。
【例句】Not until the motorbike looked almost new did he stop repairing and cleaning it.直到把摩托车修理、擦洗得几乎跟新的一样他才作罢。
5.Not only...+be/助动词/情态动词+主语...but also...
【用法】not only...置于句首时，其所在的分句用部分倒装，其中also有时可以省略。
【例句】Not only does he do well in his lessons, but he often helps others with their lessons.他不但自己学习好，还经常帮助别人学习。
6.Hardly had+主语...+when...No sooner had+主语...+than....
【用法】hardly, no sooner 置于句首时，hardly, no sooner所在的.句子用部分倒装。
【例句】Hardly had he uttered the words when she began laughing. 他刚一开口说话，她就笑了。
第23组 虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
1.If...did/were...， 主语+would/should/could/might do...
【用法】表示与现在事实相反的假设。从句用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。
【例句】If I were eleven years younger, I would dance as well as them.如果我年轻11岁，我会跟他们跳得一样好。
2.If...had done...，主语+would/should/could/might have done...
【用法】表示与过去事实相反的假设。从句用过去完成时，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+have+过去分词”。
【例句】If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.如果我们走了另一条路的话，或许就能及时赶到这里开会了。
3.If...did/were to do/should do...，主语+would/should/could/might do...
【用法】表示与将来事实相反的假设。从句谓语动词用过去式、“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。
【例句】If it were fine tomorrow, I would go shopping.如果明天天气好，我就去购物。
4.If...had done...， 主语+would do...
If...should do...， 主语+would have done...
【例句】If he had set out earlier, he would be home now.如果他早点出发的话，他现在就已经到家了。
5.Should/Were/Had+(从句)主语+谓语，主句
【用法】if引导的虚拟条件句的谓语动词中含有should, were, had时，可将if省略，而将should, were, had提前，构成倒装。
【例句】Should it happen(=If it should happen), what would you do?如果真发生了这样的事，你怎么办?
6.With/Without/But for+名词，主语+虚拟语气形式的谓语...
【用法】句子的虚拟条件是通过词或短语如with， without， otherwise, but for等来表示的。
【例 句】But for the help of my English teacher, I would not have won the first prize in the English Writing Competition.如果没有英语老师的帮助，我不可能在英语写作比赛中获得一等奖。
7.主句+as if+(从句)主语+did/had done...
【用法】as if引导的从句常用虚拟语气，用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反的情况;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况。
【例句】She acted as if she had been the hostess yesterday.她昨天表现得就好像她是女主人似的。
第24组 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
1.wish (that)+主语+did/had done/would do...
【用法】wish后的宾语从句用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反;用过去将来时表示与将来事实相反。
【例句】I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year around.我希望北京全年都是秋天。
2.suggest/recommend/insist等+(that)+主语+(should) do...
【例 句】Teachers recommend parents not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.为了安全，老师建议家长们不要让未满12岁的孩子骑自行车来上学。
3.would rather+主语+did/had done...
【用法】would rather后的从句用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
【例句】George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I?d rather he focused more on its culture.乔治打算谈谈他们国家的地理，但是我却愿意他多谈一下他们的文化。
4.It is+形容词/名词/过去分词+that+主语+(should) do...
【例句】It is strange that the girl (should) be so rude.那个女孩那么无礼，这真奇怪。
5.suggestion/advice/demand等+that+主语(+should) do...
【用法】在表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中用虚拟语气。
【例句】My suggestion is that we (should) get started soon.我的建议是我们应该尽快出发。
八年级下册英语语法总结
问题:
[新手]
八年级下册英语语法总结15分
标签：下册 英语语法 回答：1 浏览：59144 提问时间：2008-05-20 22:36
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最佳答案此答案由管理员代为选出
Unit6 Fun Cycling
Topic1 We’re going on a spring field trip
一. 重点词汇
( 一 ) 词形转换:
1.discuss(名词) discussion 2.queen(对应词) king
3.comfortable(名词) comfort 4.safely (形容词) safe (名词) safety
( 二 ) 词的辨析
1. find out / look for / find 2. cost / pay for / spend on
3. other /else 4. raise /rise
5.each /every 6.exciting / excited
(三)重点词组:
1.go on a visit to 去……旅行
2. make the decision 做决定
3.bring back 带回
4.go on a field trip 去野外旅行
5.decide on (upon) sth 对某事做出决定
6 see the sunrise 看日出
7. make a reservation 预订
8. come up with 想出（主意）
9. look forward to (doing) sth 期望
10. pay for 支付；赔偿
11. raise money 筹钱
12. book a ticket 订票
13. make a room for sb 为……订房间
14. have a wonderful time 玩得愉快
15. in the daytime 在白天
16. a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行
17.find out 查出
18. some places of interest 名胜
19. rooms with bathtub 带浴室的房间
20．a hard (soft) sleeper 硬（软）卧
21.my pleasure 不客气
二．重点句型及重点语言点
1. I have some exciting news to tell you. 我有一些激动人心的消息要告诉你们。
to tell you 是动词不定式短语， 作定语。动词不定式作定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： I have nothing to talk about. He has a lot of work to do.
2. Sounds great!= It sounds great! 听起来不错。
3. We will go on a two-day visit to Mount Tai. 我们将要去泰山玩两天。
go on a visit to 去参观/旅游 They went to a visit to Egypt last year.
类似有：go on a trip / go on a picnic
a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行 a two-month holiday 两个月的假期
an eighteen-year-old boy 一个18岁的男孩
4．It’s hard to say. 这很难说。To say 是动词不定式作主语，It 是形式主语。
如： It’s nice to meet you.
5. I’ll ask the airline on the phone. 我将打电话问问航空公司。同义句是：
I’ll phone and ask the airline.
6. Bring back your information to class tomorrow and we’ll decide on the best way to go on our field trip. 明天把你们查到的信息带到班上来，然后我们来决定最好的郊游方式。
bring back 带回。Please bring back your library books tomorrow.
decide on/upon sth 决定，选定 We’re trying to decide on a school.
7.It’s too far for cycling. 骑自行车去路太远了。同义句是：It’ too far to cycle there.
8.How long does it take to reach Mount Tai by…？乘……去泰山要花多长时间？
9．How much does it cost to go there ?去那里要花多少钱？
How much does a standard room cost ? 一个标准间的价格是多少？
10.We have tickets at 120 yuan for the hard sleeper and 180 yuan for the soft sleeper.
我们的票价是硬卧120元，软卧是180元。
at 意为“以……”，一般用于表示价格，年龄，速度等词的前面，for 意为“供，适合于”。I’ve got tickets at 80 yuan for The Sound of Music.
11.I’d like to book 20 tickets for the hard sleeper. 我要预订20张硬卧票。
20 tickets for the hard sleeper= 20 hard sleeper tickets
book tickets 预订票 book a room for sb/sth 为……预订房间
e.g. We want to book some rooms for 14th. 我们想预订一些14号的房间。
12．Please pay for the tickets before 5:30 p.m. 请在下午5：30之前付款。
Pay for 支付 pay for sb to do sth 付钱给某人做某事
e.g. Her parents paid for her to go to America.她的父母支付她去美国的费用.
13. I want to make a hotel reservation. 我想预订房间。
make a reservation 预订
14. We have rooms with a bathtub… 我们有带浴缸……的房间。
with 有或带着 a house with a swimming pool
a standard room with two single beds
15.It’s very common to raise money in Canadian and American schools. 在加拿大和美国的学校里筹钱是很正常的。raise money 筹钱 We can raise the money ourselves.
16.It costs each student one dollar to buy a ticket for the draw.每一个学生花一美元便可买到一张抽奖的票。
(1)each 作主语，谓语用单数 Each of the students spends one dollar buying a ticket.. （2）用于单数名词前，作定语，谓语用单数。Each student has their own e-mail address.
(3)用于复数主语后，作主语同位语，谓语用复数。They each have their own e-mail address.
17. I am looking forward to hearing from you . 我盼望收到你的来信。
Look forward to 盼望，期待 They are looking forward to solving the problem.
三.重点语法
动词不定式
（1） 动词不定式常跟这些及物动词之后，want ,refuse, forget, need , try, learn , like, agree, help, hope ,decide, begin等。可用顺口溜（要想拒绝忘记，需要努力学习，喜欢同意帮助，希望决定开始）
（2） 不定式的否定形式是在to的前面直接加not. My mother decided not to buy a computer for me.
（3） 不定式可以和疑问词who , which ,when, where ,how, what等连用。 Can you tell me what to say at the meeting ? I don’t know how to get to the station.
（4） 本topic出现的句子有：
I have some exciting news to tell you.
I want to make a hotel reservation.
It is very common to raise money in Canadian and American schools.
The best way to raise money is to sell newspapers.
I think the most exciting way is to sell flowers in the evening.
Kangkang helped us to book the train tickets.
Topic2 How about exploring the Ming Tombs ?
一、重点词汇：
（一）词形转换：
1.explore(名词) explore 2. east (形容词) eastern
3.north(形容词) northern 4. push (反义词) pull
5.sadly(形容词) sad (名词) sadness 6. crowd (形容词) crowded
（二）重点词组:
1.make a plan 拟定计划
2. make sure 确信，确保
3. come along with 和……一起来
4. at the foot of 在……的脚下
5. be surprised at 对……感到惊奇
6. be satisfied with 对……感到满意
7. out of sight 看不见
8. step on one’s toes 踩着某人的脚
9. can’t help doing sth 忍不住做某事
10. spread over 分布于
11.rush out 冲出去
12.raise one’s head 抬头
13.ask sb for help 向某人求助
14.thank goodness 谢天谢地
二． 重点句型及重点语言点
1. While you were enjoying your trip, I was busy preparing for my exams.当你在旅行时， 我正忙于准备考试。
(1)be busy doing sth,/ be busy with sth 忙于做某事
I’m busy preparing for my birthday party these days.
(2)while 当……时候，引导时间状语从句。当一个动作在正在进行时，另一个动作也同时进行。While my mother was cooking , I was watching TV.
2.Would you help me plan a trip ? 请你帮我定个旅行计划好吗？
Would you 比will you 语气更加客气，委婉, 类似还有could you
Could you come along with us ?
3. They surveyed the area to make sure their tombs faced south and had mountains at the back. 他们仔细勘测了整个区域，确保这些陵墓是坐北朝南，而且在背后有群山环绕。
make sure 确信，确保 Make sure all the windows are closed before you leave.
4.It’s about two and a half hours by bike. 骑自行车大约要2个半小时。
Two and a half hours = two hours and a half
5.It’s to the east of Yongling. 它在永陵的东面。
to the +方位词+of (表示互不接壤) Japan is to the east of China.
on the +方位词+of (表示相互接壤)Fujian is on the south of Zhejang .
in the +方位词+of 表示在某一范围内的地区 Beijing is in the north of China.
6.They walked into Dingling and were surprised at the wonders. 他们走进定陵，对那里的奇观感到很惊奇。
be surprised at 对……感到很惊奇 He is surprised at dragons.
be surprised to do sth 惊奇地做某事 She was surprised to find she was lost.
7.…so they had to look for space to park their bikes 他们不得不寻找停自行车的地方
space 空间 Can you make space for this old man ?
8. While the crowd was pushing him in different directions, someone stepped on his toes.
当人群从四面八方挤来时，有人踩了他的脚。
in one’s direction 朝着某人的方向 step on one’s toes踩了某人的脚
step on sth 踩某物 Don’t step on the flowers and grass.
9.When he finally rushed out of the crowd, he noticed his friends were both out of sight.
当他最后冲出人群时，他注意到他的两个朋友都不见了。
notice sb do sth 注意某人做了某事 notice sb doing sth注意某人正在做某事
10. As soon as the three boys saw each other, they all jumped up happily.
三个男孩一见面，就高兴得跳了起来。
as soon as 引导时间状语从句 意为“一……就”
He left as soon as he heard the news.
I’ll tell him as soon as I see him.
11.He didn’t raise his head until someone called his name. 直到有人喊他的名字，他才抬起头。 not …until 直到……才
12.They were so lovely that we couldn’t help playing with them.
它们太可爱了，我们禁不住和它们一起玩。
can’t help doing sth 忍不住做某事 When I heard the funny news, I couldn’t help laughing.
13. I am satisfied with everything in China. 我对在中国的一切感到满意。]
be satisfied with 对……感到满意 He is satisfied with my work.
14.. We even asked the guard for help. 我们甚至向保安寻求帮助。
ask sb for help 向某人求助 The lost boy asked the police for help.
三.重点语法 时间状语从句
1。引导词：
（1） when, while , as 当……时候. when 后可跟短暂性动词也可跟延续性动词；while 后跟延续性动词；as 多用于口语，强调同一时间，或一前一后。
The students were talking in the classroom when the teacher came in.
= While the students were talking in the classroom , the teacher came in. 学生在教室里谈话时，老师进来了。
Mother always sings as she cooks dinner for us. 妈妈总是边给我们做饭边唱歌。
（2）not … until 直到……才，主句谓语动词常用短暂性动词。
I won’t leave here until the rain stops.
He didn’t sleep until his mother came back home.
(3) after 在……之后，before 在……之前，as soon as 一……就
I went to sleep after I finished my homework..= I finished my homework before I went to sleep.
As soon as the bell rings , the students will go into the classroom.
2. 时态
（1）当主句为一般过去时时，从句常用过去的某种时态。
While I was doing my homework , the telephone rang.
(2)当主句的时态为一般将来时， 从句用一般现在时。
I will call you as soon as I get to Beijing.
本topic出现的句子有：
1.While you were enjoying your trip, I was busy preparing for my exams.
2.He didn’t raise his head until someone called his name.
3.While the crowd was pushing him in different directions, someone stepped on his toes.
.4. As soon as the three boys saw each other, they all jumped up happily.
5.After they rode their bikes for two and a half hours, Kangkanf , Michael and Darren arrived at the Ming Tombs.
6.As they were exploring happily, the crowd became larger and larger.
Topic3 Bicycles are popular with people
一、重点词汇：
（一）词形转换：
1. death (动词) die (形容词 )dead 2 slow (副词) slowly
3.crossing（动词）cross 介词） across 4. success（动词）succeed (形容词successful
5．Pain (形容词) painful 6. lead (名词) leader
7.final (副词) finally 8impossible (反义词) possible
9 courage （动词） encourage
（二）重点词组:
1．Slow down 减速
2. run into 撞到
3. avoid doing sth 避免 防止做某事
4. warn sb to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某事
5. ride into 进入 跻身于
6 get used to (doing) 习惯于做某事
7. a sharp turn 急转弯
8. be popular with 受……的欢迎
9. get a fine 处以罚金
10. go on doing sth 继续做某事
11. the way to success 成功之路
12. obey the traffic rules 遵守交通规则
13.break the traffic rules 违反交通规则
14. be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事
15.be famous for 因……闻名
16. be in danger 处于危险中
17.after a while 一会儿
二． 重点句型及重点语言点
1．I think traffic in Beijing is crazy. 我认为北京的交通很拥堵。
traffic 是不可数名词
2. If people obey the traffic rules , there will be fewer accidents. 如果人们都遵守交通规则，交通事故将会减少。
If we break the traffic rules, it will be dangerous and we will get a fine.如果人们违反交通规则，将很危险，我们会受到处罚的。
这是if 引导条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。
3．I feel a little more confident. 我感到自信多了。
more confident 是比较级
4. It can help us save energy and avoid pollution. 这样可以节约能源以及避免空气污染。 avoid sth / doing sth 避免做某事
You should avoid making the mistake like that.
He ran into the wall to avoid hitting the truck.
5.Bicycles are popular with people. 自行车深受人们欢迎。
Be popular with 受……欢迎
6 It warns us to be more careful. Warn sb (not)to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某事
He warned her to keep silence. Warn sb about sth 提醒某人某事
7.Most people think bicycles are much safer than any other vehicle.大部分人认为自行车比其他交通工具要安全些。
8．.However, his way to success didn’t go well. 然而，他的成功之路并非一帆风顺。
The way to success 成功之路 success in doing sth 在……成功
I didn’t have much success in finding a job. 我找工作没什么结果。
9．Like the other challenges in his life, Lance faced it head-on. 像面对生命中其他挑战一样，兰斯迎头面对。
10．It seems impossible to beat him. 打败他似乎是不可能的。
beat sb 打败某人 win a game /match/ a gold medal
It seems +adj+to do sth 做某事似乎……
She always seems to be sad.
三.重点语法 条件状语从句
1.条件状语从句由if（如果），unless(除非)等 引导的，谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来，主句用一般将来时。
主句 if从句
Will (must, should, may) 一般现在时
如：I won’t go if he doesn’t go .
We will pass the exam if we study hard.
We won’t pass the exam unless we study hard..
2. 祈使句+and/or 引导的结果句，祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。
如：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.= If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.=You’ll be late unless you hurry up.
Study hard, and you will pass the exam.= If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
回答：2008-05-22 00:55
英语语法经典例题800例：非谓语动词（例题1）
【导语】英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.
A. enter B. to enter
C. entering D. entered
【陷阱】容易误选A。有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 enter。
【分析】其实正确答案应是B。此句为省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短语(to enter a good college)是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：
(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他们尽量安慰她。
(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的性命。
(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命学习以便赶上他的同学。
值得指出的是，这也并不是说今后只要遇到类似结构的题就一定选带to不定式。请看以下试题：
(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope
C. hoping D. hoped
此题的答案是 C不是A，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。
(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise
C. practising D. practised
此题答案选 C，这与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend … (in) doing sth。若将此句补充完整，即为 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.
(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English.
A. improve B. to improve
C. improving D. to improving
此题答案选D，注意两点：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意为“把……贡献给……”;二是其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。
2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
A. doing B. to do
C. being doing D. to be done
【陷阱】容易误选B，根据 can’t help doing sth 这一结构推出。
【分析】其实答案应选A。比较以下结构：
can’t help to do sth = 不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事
又如下面一题，答案也是 B：
She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A cleaning B. to clean
C. cleaned D. being cleaned
再请看以下试题：
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading
C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
此题应选C，句中的 can’t help 意为“禁不住”(注意根据句意用被动形式)。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】此题最佳答案为B。现分析如下：
(1) devote 意为“致力于，献身于”，主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不用不定式。
(2) 选A错误：若将 do 改为 doing 则可以。
(3) 选B正确：all her time devoted to doing experiments为独立主格结构，用作状语。
(4) 选C错误：因为all her time 与 devote 为被动关系，故应将devoting改为devoted。
(5) 选D错误：若单独看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并没有错，但问题是逗号前后两个简单句没有必要的连接方式，所以从整体上看仍不对，假若在后一句的'句首加上and或so，则可选D，或将D将中的is 改为 being也可选它。
英语语法经典例题800例：虚拟语气（例题）
【导语】英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】正确答案选B。根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话——但事实上忘了)。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He’d better give up drinking
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，主要是受句中 drunk 一词的影响。
【分析】最佳答案为D。关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D。
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易误选A或C。选A者，认为前后两句的动词性质应一致;选C者，认为其后带有if 条件状语从句，从语气上看，主句应用将来时态。
【分析】此题最佳答案为D。分析如下：
(1) “so + 助动词 + 主语”是一个很有用的结构，它表示“……也一样”时。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜欢看电视，我也一样。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 当动植物消失的时候，人类也会随之消失。
(2) 由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气(这是很重要的信息)，所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案应选D。
英语语法经典例题800例：强调句（例题）
【导语】英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
A. It was we being late B. It was our being late
C. It was we were too late D. It was because we were late
【陷阱】此题容易误选D，认为强调的是原因状语从句 because we were late。
【分析】但实际上，此题的答案为B，强调的是句子主语 our being late，此题若还原成非强调句，即为：
Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
注意，强调句的一个显著特点是，若去掉强调结构 it is [was]… that…，句子仍然成立;换句话说，该结构中的 that 不能充当句子成分。
2. “How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace?” “Totally by chance.”
A. it that B. he that
C. it when D. he which
【陷阱】几个干扰项均可能误选。
【分析】答案选A，为强调句的特殊疑问句形式，其相应的陈述句形式为：
It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.
比较以下各题，它们也属强调句的特殊疑问句形式：
(1) Who was it _____ saved the drowning girl?
A. since B. as C. that D. he
答案选C，被强调成分为 who，该句实为类似 It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 这类强调句的特殊疑问句形式(即对其中的Tom 提问而得)。
(2) What is it _____ his daughter needs most?
A. what B. which C. that D. if
答案选C，被强调成分为 what，该句实为类似 It is a bike that his daughter needs most. 这类强调句的特殊疑问句形式(即对其中的a bike 提问而得)。
3. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter.
A. It, careful B. It, carefully
C. He, careful D. He, carefully
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，但最有可能误选的可能是A，认为这是一个普通的系表结构，即认为第二空要填形容词作表语。
【分析】其实，此题是一个强调句，其非强调形式为 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is … that… 的强调句式强调其中的状语 very carefully 即为上面一题的题干，所以答案应选B。请看下面几例，也属强调结构：
(1) It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang.
A. since B. as C. that D. then
答案选C，被强调成分为 when she was about to go to bed 这一时间状语从句。
(2) It may have been at Christmas _____ John gave Mary a handbag.
A. before B. who C. that D. when
答案选C，被强调成分为 at Christmas，其中的动词 be 采用了 may have been 这一较为复杂的形式。
4. “Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?” “It was in the hall ______ the students
often have a meeting.”
A. where B. which
C. that D. when
【陷阱】很可能误选C，认为这是一个强调句，强调地点状语 in the hall。
【分析】假若选C，即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting，该句的意思是“学生们通常是在
大厅开会”，单独看这一句，无论是其意思还是其语法均未错，但若将其与上文联系起来看，则不通，因为上文的意思是“你是在
哪儿找到昨天作报告的那位教授的?”假若将答句改为 It was in the hall that I found the professor，则完全可以。
其实，此题的最佳答案是A，where the students often have a meeting 为定语从句，用以修饰其前的名词 the hall，句意
为“是在学生们经常开会的那个大厅(找到教授的)”，这样语意就通顺了。
5. It was what he meant rather than what he said ______ annoyed me.
A. which B. as
C. what D. that
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】此题为一个强调句型，空格处应填 that (即选D)，被强调成分为 what he meant rather than what he said。句意
为“让我生气的不是他说的话，而是他话中的意思”。请再看两例：
(1) It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job.
A. which B. since C. that D. what
答案选C，为强调句型，被强调成分为 his nervousness in the interview，句意为“很可能是面试时表现出紧张，使他失去
了这份工作”。
(2) It is the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
答案选B，为强调句型，被强调成分为 the ability to do the job，句意为“重要的是你做工作的能力，而不是你来自何地
或你是从事什么工作的”。
英语语法大全经典例题800例：名词性从句（例题）
【导语】英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _______ he said meant.
A. that B. what
C. that that D. what what
【陷阱】可能误选B。许多同学一看选项首先就排除了C和D，认为这样两个“引导词”叠用的情况不太可能。在A和B两个选项中，选项A肯定不行，因为它引导宾语从句时不能充当句子成分，所以便选择了B。
【分析】正确答案选 D。第一个what 用作动词 meant 的宾语，第二个what 用作动词 said 的宾语，即在 none of us understood what what he said meant 中，none of us understood 为主句，what what he said meant 为宾语从句，而在此宾语从句中又包括有 what he said 这样一个主语从句。
2. After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.
A. which B. how
C. what D. having
【陷阱】可能误选A。
【分析】最佳答案选 C。有的同学误选A，是因为认为介词后应接关系代词 which，但实际上，若填关系代词，其前没有先行词，这根据不是一个定语从句。另外，由于 had happened 缺主语，所以B和D也不能选。请再做下面一题(答案选B)：
He pointed to ______ looked like a tomb and said, “Ghost.”
A. that B. what
C. which D. as
3.“Is ______ you want to say?” asked the teacher.
A. this B. that
C. all that D. that all
【陷阱】根据中文字面意思误选A或B。
【分析】最佳答案选 D。假若选A或B，那么转换成陈述句即为：This is you want to say. / That is you want to say. 显然句中的两个谓语动词 is与want相冲突。选D组成的句子是 Is that all you want to say? 其中的that 为句子主语，all 为表语，you want to say 为定语从句，用以修饰all。
4. “When ______ leave for Japan?” “When ______ leave for Japan is kept secret.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
【陷阱】可能误选D，认为 when 后应用疑问句词序。
【分析】最佳答案选 B。第一个when引出的是一个特殊疑问句，故用疑问词序;第二个 when 引出的是主语从句，故其后用陈述句词序。请做以下试题(答案选C)：
(1) None knows if _______ that boy, but if _______ him, her parents will be disappointed.
A. she will marry, she will marry B. she marries, she marries
C. she will marry, she marries D. she marries, she will marry
(2) “Where _______ go to work?” “Where _______ go to work is not known.”
A. we shall, we shall B. shall we, shall we
C. shall we, we shall D. we shall, shall we
5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】此题最佳答案为D。首先可以排除A和C，因为空格处实为一个宾语从句，所以不能用疑问句词序。另一方面，但按英语习惯，当用于指代身份不明的人时，要用代词it，而不用 he 或she等。比较以下两句：
Mr Smith is at the door. He wants to see you. 史密斯先生在门口，他想见你。
Someone is at the door. It may be the postman. 有个人在门口，可能是邮递员。
第一句因前面指明了是 Mr Smith，所以后面用代词 he;而第二句因前面用的是不定代词 someone，说明此人身份尚不明确，故其后用了代词 it 来指代。
6. Don’t you know, my dear friend, ______ it is your money not you that she loves?
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
【陷阱】此题容易误选 A或B：选 A 的同学认为这是指人的，故用who;选B的同学认为这是非限制性定语从句，两者都是误认为这是定语从句(注意没有先行词)。
【分析】其实答案应选C。that引导的是一个宾语从句，用作动词 know 的宾语，它只是被句中的插入语 my dear friend 隔开罢了。请做以下试题(答案均为C)：
(1) Everyone knows, perhaps except you, _______ your girl-friend is a cheat.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(2) I think, though I could be mistaken, ______ she liked me.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(3) He told me the news, believe it or not, ______ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which
C. as D. because
前面两题 that 引导宾语从句，后面一题 that同位语从句(修饰the news)。
英语语法大全：特殊同位语归纳
英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，本章主要介绍英语语法中的句子成分，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
特殊同位语归纳
当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。基本形式的同位语大家一般不会出错，但有几种同位语，或由于本身结构特殊，或由于它修饰的成分结构比较特殊，往往会引起误解。现小结并举例说明如下，希望引起同学们的注意。
1. 代词we, us, you等后接同位语
Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗?
They three joined the school team. 他们3人参加了校队。
She has great concern for us students. 她对我们学生很关心。
He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你们男孩子安静些。
We girls often go to the movies together. 我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。
2. 不定式用作同位语
Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。(to start the general attack与the order同位)
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。(to walk along…与the instruction同位)
3. -ing分词用作同位语
He's getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。(driving a track与a job同位)
She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一个熨衣服的职位。(ironing shirts与a place同位)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。(attacking at night与the first plan同位)
4. 形容词用作同位语
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易会，是有史以来规模最大的，正在广州举行。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他读了很多书，古今中外都有。
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。
【注】这类同位语与定语比较接近，可转换成定语从句。如：
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
5. none of us之类的结构用作同位语
We none of us said anything. 我们谁也没说话。
We have none of us large appetites. 我们谁饭量都不大。
They neither of them wanted to go. 他们两人都不想去。
They've neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他们两人谁也没能赢得她的信任。
【注】同位语并不影响其后句子谓语的“数”，如：
学生每人都有一本词典。
正：The students each have a dictionary.
误：The students each has a dictionary.
请比较下面一句(谓语用了单数，因为each为句子主语)：
正：Each of the students has a dictionary.
6. 从句用作同位语(即同位语从句)
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。
I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息说她可能晚到。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。
The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不动脑筋做此工作的想法是错误的。
１． before long 与long before记忆诀窍和用法介绍记忆诀窍: 【适合于高一】
long 在前"很久前"long在后"不久后"
用法：long before单独使用，一般用在过去完成时的句自里。它后面可以跟从句构成句型：
It be ...before .... before 前一般是long, not long 等词。
值得注意的是：主句中的时态只能是一般过去时或一般将来时。before long "很快、不久"，
可以用于各种时态。
２． affect 与effect有何不同？【适合于高二, 高三】
两个词都有"影响"的意义。 affect是动词（vt.）effect是名词。
３． doubt 后接从句时应注意些什么? 【适合于高二, 高三】
在肯定句中用whether / if 引导，在否定句和疑问句中用that引导
４． lead 一词如何使用？【适合于高二, 高三】
lead sb. to (into / out of )somewhere 带领某人去某处
lead sth. 领导。。。
lead sb. (in) doing sth. 带领（领导）做。。。
lead sb. to do sth. 使得、导致（某人）做。。。
lead a ... life = live a ... life 过着。。。的生活
lead to 通向、导致 All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。
５．lose 与miss有什么不同? 【适合于高一】 【适合于高二】
这两个词在表示"丢失了"做定语时，易出错．前者只能用过去分词；后者只能用现在分
词．如：the lost child the missing word
６． 分词作定语时有无特殊现象？【适合于高二】
下面的分词作定语时分别表示:
lost , missing 丢失了的 left , remaining 剩下的
exposed , sticking, 突出的, 冒出的 drunken, 喝醉酒的
lighted , 燃着的, 亮着的 burnt , 烧焦的
７．prefer 一词有哪些东西需要掌握？【适合于高二, 高三】
1.prefer to do sth. prefer + n. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
2.prefer (doing) sth. to (doing) sth. 3.prefer sb. to do sth.
4.prefer that...
prevent(stop / keep) ... from ... 在用法上有什么区别?
它们都可表示"阻止．．．做．．．"．prevent, stop 后面的from可以省去，而keep 后面的from
不能省去．
８． prevent... from 与 protect ... from 在用法上有什么区别? 【适合于高二, 高三】
prevent... from结构中prevent的宾语发出介词from后动名词的动作;而protect ...from
构中的宾语不能发出后面的动作。
９．promise sb. to do sth. 是不是复合宾语句型？【适合于高二】
该结构不是复合宾语结构。因为不定式的动作是主语发出来的。它常用于：
promise to do sth. promise sb. to do sth.
promise + n. / pron. promise sb. sth.
promise (sb.) that ....
１０．prove有哪些用法？【适合于高二, 高三】
vt. 证明、证实 prove + n. / pron. prove that.... prove sb.(sth.) + adj. / n. / to be
link-v. 证明市、后来事实证明是 prove + n. / adj. / to be ... / of...
１１．pull 与push在意义上和用法上有哪些不同？【适合于高二】
pull 是"拉" push是"推"。两个都是及物动词。
１２．very不能修饰哪些词？【适合于高一】【适合于高二, 高三】
very不能直接修饰动词;而用very much修饰。
用very修饰原级形容词副词，用much修饰比较级最高级。
用very修饰由分词转化来的形容词；而一般用much修饰过去分词。
１３．raise 与rise有什么不同？【适合于高一】
两个都有"上升、上涨"的意思。raise是及物动词；rise是不及物动词。raise 还有
"喂养、饲养"之意。
１４．population 一词有哪些东西需要掌握？【适合于高一】
对人口提问可用：What is the population of ．．．? How large is the population of ．．．?
．．．有多少人口一般用：The population of ．．． is ．．．．
．．．has a population of．．．．
对人口的修饰只能用：large, small 等词，不能用many, much．．．
all, some, 32 percent of 等修饰population做主语谓语应用复数．
在人口的比较中应用that ． The population of China is larger than that of India.
１５．"许多"有多少？【适合于高一】【适合于高二, 高三】
1,只接可数名词
many , many a (后接单数可数名词)
a good(great) many, a (good, large, great) number of
2.只接不可数名词
a (great ) large amount of , large amounts of
a (good, great ) deal of
3.即可接可数名词又可接不可数名词
a lot of, lots of , plenty of
a (large) quantity of , (large) quantities of
注意：quantity , plenty构成的短语多接不可数名词．
１６．哪些动词可用主动代替被动？【适合于高一】
1.某些实意动词用作连系动词用时，常用主动代替被动．这类动词有：
sound , look, feel, taste
2.动词sell, break, write, wash, read等，它们常是不及物动词，而且后有副词修饰(well,
easily, smooth．．．)．
3.want, need, require表示"需要"时，以及形容词worth后的动名词要用主动表被动．
动词不定式做后置定语，且与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时，不定式用主动表被动．这
种情况下，句子的主语与不定式有主谓关系．
例：I have a meeting to attend.
4.在"名词（代词） + be + adj. + to do "结构中，句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，
此时不定式用主动表被动．用于该结构的形容词有：difficult, easy, important, heavy,
light, nice, pleasant, fit．．．．
5.在There be + 名词 + to do结构中，不定式多用主动形式．
6.不定式to let, to blame, to seek作表语时，常用主动表被动．
１７．关于后置定语的问题【适合于高一】【适合于高二, 高三】
1.some, any, anything, nobody, somewhere, nothing等词的修饰语要后置．
2.else修饰somebody, what, who, something 时，要后置．
3.不定式短语，动名词短语，分词短语，介词短语做定语要后置．
4. proper（本身）,present（在场的.，出席的）, involved（有关的）,
concerned相关的）,（left 剩下的）, objecting （反对的）,
mentioned （提及的）, selected （当选的）等词做定语要后置．
5.a-开头的形容词做定语要后置．如：alike, alive, alone, asleep．．．．
１８．as 有哪些常见用法？【适合于高一】【适合于高二, 高三】
做连词可用于：
1.引导时间状语从句 "在．．．的时候，当．．．"
2.引导原因状语从句 "因为，由于"
3.引导方式状语从句 "依照，按照，如，像"
4.引导让步状语从句 "尽管，虽说" 此种用法时从句要倒装（表语倒装，
谓语倒装，状语倒装）
5.as后跟名词 （相当于一个时间状语从句）
As a young man, he worked hard. = When he was a young man, he worked hard.
6.和某些动词连用，构成固定搭配．
treat．．．as regard．．．as look on(upon)．．．as
take．．．as take up．．．as think of．．．as
introduce．．．as take a job as．．． serve．．．as act as
7.用于某些成语
as black as coal as dry as dust as blind as a bat
as easy as ABC as brave as a lion as fair as a rose
as fat as a pig as busy as a bee as free as the air
as cold as ice as gentle as a lamb as deep as a well
as greedy as wolf as happy as a king as heavy as lead
as sound as a bell as poor as a church mouse as proud as a peacock
as quiet as a lamb as red as blood as white as snow
as a matter of fact 事实上 as a result 结果
as a result of 由于．．． as a rule 一般（说来）；通常
as ．．．as possible = as．．．as one can 尽力，尽可能
as follows 如下 as if (as though) 就像．．．似的
as to + 名词 至于，说到 as to + that从句 关于（常不译出）
as usual 像平常一样 so as to 以便
so ．．．as to 如此．．．以至．．． so (as) long as 只要
such ．．．as to 如此．．．以至．．． as．．．as．．． 和．．．一样．．．
as soon as 一．．．就．．． as soon as possible 尽快地
as well 也， 还 as well as 也， 还
such as 如像
１９． word 一词有什么值得注意的？【适合于高二】
1. 注意该词的单复数．如：
have a word with sb.和．．．说句话 have words with sb. 和．．．吵架
in a word 总之 in other words 换句话说
keep one's word 遵守诺言 beyond words 无法用言语来形容
2. word 用单数且不用冠词意为：消息，谣言
Word came of his success abroad. Word came from Beijing.
word用单数并用定冠词或其它限定词意为：命令，嘱咐
The troops got the word to begin moving out.
His word is that he has gone back to Tianjin.
２０．most 一词前的冠词如何使用？【适合于高一】【适合于高二, 高三】
most 前加the 是最高级；most前加 a时表示"非常"= very
He is the most careful in our class. He is a most careful student in our class.
most 做代词用时要注意：
1.the most 后不能加介词of引导的短语．
The most you can hope for is 50$.
2.most of 前不加冠词表示"大部分，大多数"一般做主语，宾语．
Most of the students are from the countryside.
3.在固定搭配中at (the) most 有无冠词都可以．
