高考英语阅读理推理引申题解题技巧
阅读的目的不仅在于读懂原文字面上的意义，还要求在理解原文观点的基础上，领悟作者的言外之意（learn to read between the lines）。《大纲》要求考生能作出简单判断和推理、能理解作者的意图和态度。这一要求常常通过推理引申题来考查。
推理是要求考生在阅读过程中沟通外现的和内涵的、已述的和未述的含义，以文章提供的事实为依据，经过分析、思考形成这样或那样的观点；要求考生在通篇理解文章的基础上去领悟作者的言外之意，并对作者的态度、观点、写作目的意图、文章的寓意等作出正确的推理判断。引申要求考生在理解文章主题思想、作者的态度倾向、观点意图、情节发展等的前提下，作出合乎逻辑的引申。这类题要求我们由“已知的”去推断“未知的”，属于一种深层次的理解。
推理引申题题干中常常含有infer，imply, suggest，conclude, learn，tone, attitude, intend， purpose 等一类的词。常见的提问形式有：
The purpose of the passage is to … …
It can be inferred from the passage that …
We may infer that…..
When the writer talks about …., what the writer really means is …
The author suggests that….
The story implies that….
The writer’s attitude towards ….is ….
From the passage we can conclude that….
The passage is intended to ….
In the author’s opinion, …….
The purpose of writing this passage is … …
It can be concluded that… ….
Which point of view may the author agree to ?
了解了这一类题的特点和命题形式，我们还要注意正确的答题：在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章的结构，根据上下文之间的内在联系，推断文章的深层含义。对于隐含在字里行间或者流露于文章修饰词语中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、态度、观点、意图等要依据文章的主题思想进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。命题者在出推理类题时往往编造一些文中已言明的事实、超出文章范围的推理、过度发挥的引申等来作为干扰项考查考生的逻辑能力。因此，特别注意：文中已明确说明的内容不需要推理，推理以原文中心为依据，引申要适度。对于涉及作者观点和态度一类题时，不要把自己的态度掺入其中，还要注意区分作者的观点态度和作者引用别人的观点态度，当作者没有明确表示态度时，要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断。常用的褒义词有：positive, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring, great, wonderful, beautiful, fantastic;常用的贬义词有: disgusting, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointed, awful; 常用的表中性的词有：indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent（矛盾的）, neutral, apathetic（无动于衷的）, humor, disinterested.
看看下面的例题：（05 重庆卷 A 篇）
My parents were in a huge argument, and I was really upset about it . I didn’t know who I should talk with about how I was feeling. So I asked Mom to allow me to stay the night at my best friend’s house. Though I knew I wouldn’t tell her about my parents’ situation, I was looking forward to getting out of the house. I was in the middle of packing up my things when suddenly the power went out in the neighborhood. Mom came to tell me that I should stay with my grandpa until the power came back on.
I was really disappointed because I felt that we did not have much to talk about. But I knew he would be frightened alone in the dark. I went to his room and told him that I’d stay with him until the power was restored. He was quite happy and said: “Great opportunity.”
“What is?” I asked.
“To talk , you and I ,” he said .” To hold a private little meeting about what we’re going to do with your mom and dad , and what we’re going to do with ourselves now that we’re 高考 in the situation we are in .”
“But we can’t do anything about it , Grandpa,” I said , surprised that here was someone with whom I could share my feelings and someone who was in the same “boat” as I was .
And that’s how the most unbelievable friendship between my grandfather and me started. Sitting there in the dark, we talked about our feelings and fears of life—from how fast things change, to how they sometimes don’t change fast enough. That night, because the power went out , I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be.
Suddenly, the lights all came back on. “Well,” he said, “I guess that means you’ll go now .I really like our talk. I hope the power will go out every few nights!”
58．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．The grandchild was eager to leave. B．They would have more chats.
C．The lights would go out again. D．It would no longer be dark.
解析：短文的中心是：在一个停电的夜晚，“我”和爷爷愉快畅谈的故事。故事中已言明：He was quite happy and said : “Great opportunity.”； I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be；I hope the power will go out every few nights!这些事实，结合短文的中心，我们不难推断出：爷孙两个人以后会有更多的交流。所以，这题答案为：B。
（05 重庆卷 E 篇）
In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people .
I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied (依赖)on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit ( 追求)of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten .
However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter because I really didn’t try.” What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (缓解) can we discover a new meaning in competition .
75．Which point of view may the author agree to?
A．Every effort should be paid back.
B．Competition should be encouraged.
C．Winning should be a life-and-death matter.
D．Fear of failure should be removed in competition.
解析：文章结构清晰，第一段首句揭示主题：Opinions about competition are different among people. 第二段作者通过生活中的观察发现：Many children are lost in the desire to succeed. 并表明自己的看法：In their single-minded pursuit ( 追求)of success , the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten .（在他们对追求的简单心态下，许多其他的品德的发展被可悲地遗忘了。）第三段第一句用到表转折的副词however，其后呈现段落主题句：while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed , others take an opposite attitude .接下来，作者分析了两种不同态度的实质：Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others . Both are afraid of not being valued .最后作者表明自己的观点：Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (缓解) can we discover a new meaning in competition .分析各个段落的主题，我们不难得出文章的中心思想：只有消除竞争中的畏惧，我们才能发现竞争的意义。75题是一道推理题，要求我们推断作者的观点态度，分析文章的结构，结合文章的主题，我们不难推断出：D 为正确答案。
【实战演练练习八】（05 山东卷 B 篇）
Fidenzio Salvatori is determined that the city of Toronto will have an outdoor marketplace for merchants from its immigrant community, complete with dancing and other forms of amusement from their native countries. “Toronto is truly multicultural(多元文化的),” he said in a newspaper interview. “It’s a city from many places, and a multicultural marketplace will help Torontonians to understand and appreciate the rich variety of cultural groups in our city.”
Salvatori, aged 23, will soon complete his studies at the University of Toronto. He was eleven years old when he came to Canada from Italy with his parents. “Most of Toronto’s immigrants are from lands where the marketplace has always been part of daily life,” he said.
Salvatori has been interested in getting an open-air market for Toronto for the last three years. This year, with the help of two fellow students, he prepared a proposal on the subject and presented it to the city’s Executive Committee, asking for their support. The proposal pointed out Toronto’s rich variety of national groups, “whose customs include market shopping.”
Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism, the three students have received tow thousand dollars with which they will do a study to find out whether Toronto’s immigrant businessmen would support an open-air market. They hope the merchants will support the plan strongly. “A study done earlier this year showed that 90 percent of shoppers would be in favor of it,” Salvatori said. “At first it would be an experiment. But we think it will prove to be good business for the merchants, as well as a tourist attraction.”
64．It can be inferred from the text that the Canadian government supports _____.
A．the protection of different cultures B．the plan of an open-air market
C．the request of merchants D．the attitude of shoppers
【实战演练练习九】（05 辽宁卷 A 篇）
When building houses, people used to think about not only the climate of the areas but also the building materials and the fashions for their houses. However, since electricity became more and more expensive, people began to pay much more attention to the energy they could get for their houses and the new ways they could find to protect their houses from both cold and heat.
Now, houses of an old yet new type have been widely built. In some parts of the world, people share their houses with their livestock（家畜）.During cold weather, they gather their cows, goats, or other animals and keep them on the first floor of their houses. The reasons are that the animals can be protected from the cold and that they can help to heat the houses as well. The body heat given off by the animals rises to the second floor of the houses, where people live. By sharing their houses with their livestock, people gain a source of heat.
People who live in or near cities do not usually keep livestock. However, home builders use the fact that heat rises. This natural law can be used in building houses in these areas. Instead of keeping livestock on the first floor, builders fill it with large rocks. As they are open to the sun’s rays during cold weather, these rocks take in heat. They also give off the heat, and, of course, the warm air rises into the living areas of the houses. So these houses are energy-saving.
House-building becomes a great challenge（挑战）to building designers and energy engineers. They try to meet this challenge by learning from old traditions and by using modern technology. And someday in the future, people will be able to live in more energy-saving houses.
59．From the passage, we can conclude that __________.
A．people will no longer consider building materials in the future
B．energy-saving buildings will become more popular in the future
C．almost all people will move into the houses heated by large rocks
D．energy engineers will devote themselves only to modern technology
【实战演练练习十】（05 全国卷Ⅲ E 篇）
Last year my sixth-grader daughter, Elizabeth, was forced to put up with science. Her education, week after week ,contained mindless memorization of big words like “batholith” and “saprophyte”. She learned by heart the achievements of famous scientists who did things like “improved nuclear fusion(核聚变)” —never mind that she hasn’t the least idea of what nuclear fusion means .Elizabeth did very well (she’s good at memorizing things). And now she hates science. My eighth-grader son, Ben, also suffered from science education. Week after week he had to perform lab experiments with answers already known .Ben figured out how to guess the right answers, so he got good grades. Now he hates science, too.
Science can provide an exciting way to develop children’s curiosity .Science education should teach ways to ask questions and seek answers. But my children got the mistaken idea in school that science is difficult, dull and has no relation to their everyday interests.
As a physicist, I am saddened and angered to see “the great science turn off” I know that science is important in our lives. Yet studies prove that our schools are turning out millions of graduates who know almost nothing about and have almost no interest in science. What’s gone wrong? Who is to blame?
60．By writing the text, the author questions .
A．the difficulty level of the science texts B．the way science is taught in school
C．the achievements of famous scientists D．students’ poor records in science classes
【实战演练练习十一】（06 北京卷B篇）
I was 9 years old when I found out my father was ill. It was 1994, but I can remember my mother’s words as if it were yesterday: “Kerrel, I don’t want you to take food from your father, because he has AIDS. Be very careful when you are around him.”
AIDS wasn’t something we talked about in my country when I was growing up. From then on, I knew that this would be a family secret. My parents were not together anymore, and my dad lived alone. For a while, he could take care of himself. But when I was 12, his condition worsened. My father’s other children lived far away, so it fell to me to look after him.
We couldn’t afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher’s words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage.
I did not share my burden (负担) with anyone. I had seen how people reacted to AIDS. Kids laughed at classmates who had parents with the disease. And even adults could be cruel. When my father was moved to the hospital, the nurses would leave his food on the bedside table even though he was too weak to feed himself.
I had known that he was going to die, but after so many years of keeping his condition a secret. I was completely unprepared when he reached his final days. Sad and hopeless, I called a woman at the nonprofit National AIDS Support. That day, she kept me on the phone for hours. I was so lucky to find someone who cared. She saved my life.
I was 15 when my father died. He took his secret away with him, having never spoken about AIDS to anyone, even me. He didn’t want to call attention to AIDS. I do.
63． Why did Kerrel write the passage?
A. To tell people about the sufferings of her father.
B. To show how little people knew about AIDS.
C. To draw people’s attention to AIDS.
D. To remembered her father.
【实战演练练习十二】（06 陕西卷D篇）
In many countries the standard of living enjoyed by their peole has increased rapidly in recent years. Sadly,not everyone in these coyntries is so fortunate and many people in rich contries are homeless.
The reasons for homelessness are various, but poverty（贫穷）is undoubtedly one of the main causes. The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads. Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always.
Some homeless people are mentally ill and have no one to look after them. Some are young people who, for one reason or another , have left home and have nowhere to live. Many of them have had a serious disagreement with their parents and have left home, choosing to go to a city and live on the streets. Sometimes they have taken such action because they have been unable to get on with a step-parent.
Many homeless people get into the habit of begging to get enough money to stay alive, but many of the general public tefuse to give anything to beggars. Often they are moved on by the police, being accused （指控），whether rightly or wrongly, of forceful begging . There are many who disrespect homeles people.
Some cynics（愤世嫉俗的人）declare that homeless people choose to live the life which they lead. But who would willingly choose to live in z shop doorway, under a bridger or in a cardboard box?
53． It can be inferred from the text that________.
A. the homeles are willing to live under a bridge or in a cardboard box
B. you will not find homeless people in countries with a high standard of living
C. the mentally ill live on the stress becausethey want the company of other homeless people
D. the unemployed who receive help may still be among the homeless
高一新生英语学习方法指导
达尔文曾说过“关于的是最重要的”，不管我们什么，掌握正确的是最重要的。
我们现在正面临着一个初、的衔接问题，侧重基础的知识，而侧重具体地使用。所以，学好首先要掌握正确的方法，什么是方法？
一、首先要明确几个观点：
1、学英语的目的是使用英语，只能在用中体会它的规律，掌握它的方法，通过练习学会使用。因此我们要抓住每一个机会用英语。如课程表的书写用英语，学习学科的英文书写等。课上40个人，能有机会一定要抓住机会，而且要给自己创造机会练习口语，课下要寻找机会去练习使用英语。练习听、说、读等，做适量的练习巩固课内知识。
2、关于语法知识的学习：掌握一定的语法知识是必要的，它是基础，中国人学习外语要学点语法，但是过分地研究语法是不利于能力的培养的，这也是中国人学习英语的误区。有人说，那么怎么办？正是考查实际使用英语的能力，语法的也是在实际语境查，因此语篇的能力才是真正的能力。
3、语言的学习应听、说、读、写全面发展，在开始阶段应以听说为主。新学期1—2月内主要以训练自己的听与说的能力为主要目标，逐步加大阅读。
4、语言的'学习与任何知识的学习一样，以自学为主。要有一定的自学能力，外语学习不是讲会的，是自己练会的。在使用中、练习中掌握规律。精讲多练，讲练结合，以练为主是外语教学的主要特点，仅仅靠是不够的。因此外语学习的过程是练功夫的过程，是长期坚持不懈的学习过程。在这个尚未开学之前，希望大家要有一个目标，真正地行动起来做好新高一的准备。
二、听的练习的具体指导
（一）听力能力是重点
在高考中听力共20小题，每小题1.5分，一般为10段材料。其中1—5段为简单对话，读1遍。6—9段为较长对话，每段设计2—3题，读2遍。第10段为独白，设计2—3题，读2遍。一般来讲，后两段读速较快，要求较高。从现在社会环境要求方面看，听、说能力的高低是一个人英语水平高低的表现形式，与人交往离不开听、说的能力，因此重视听的能力是首要任务，听得懂才能说得出。每天应坚持听的练习20—30分钟，一定听的输入必然会有听的收获。
（二）听力能力的训练方法
1、模仿磁带，注意发音，学习准确的语音、语调，力求发音标准、漂亮。课本录音带及其它相关有声材料都是很好的训练材料。
2、坚持精听和泛听相结合。精听是指使用有材料的听力训练。可采取先听后看的方法，即在阅读听力材料之前先听2—3遍，再翻开材料边听边读，对已知和未知的内容有了一定了解，然后再合上书，边听边理解，直到全部材料都能听懂并跟上它的速度。泛听是指抽空随意地听，可以是无材料可循的内容。如收听英语广播，调频91.5兆赫，VOA（ *** ）《空中英语教室》节目，收看CCTV9，《新概念》第二册等，甚至在平时收看外国影片时也能学习英语，训练听的能力。
3、听的训练是在坚持不懈的努力中，循序渐进的，既不可操之过急，也不能只想不干。听力时间的保证也是提高听力能力所必需的。
三、说与读的训练指导
（一）说的训练
说的训练是高一阶段的训练重点之一，也是培养一个人与人交往能力的重要形式。
1、要敢于张口，大胆地练说。虽不如《疯狂英语》那样疯狂，也要把说英语像说汉语一样自如作为自己的追求。
2、多与同学交流，抓住课上机会练习说英语。利用课余时间，寻找机会，创造机会说英语。组成小组，参加英语角等。重复句、造句子、背诵、复述课文都是训练说的能力的好方法，只有简单的做到了，再难的任务也就不难了。
3、把练习一口气说出5句话没有错误作为训练说的能力的前期标准。话题可由感而发，也可以是看到周围的动态、静态的事物，张口而出。
4、留心观察周围的事物，如街头广告、标语也是学习英语的好材料，看到后说出来，也是训练的方法之一。
（二）读的指导
1、阅读能力是一切能力之本，也是高考要求的重中之重。在有了一定的听、说能力之后，培养阅读能力也是高一阶段的重要步骤。
2、从入手，以读自己感的英文小短文、小散文、小说入手，渐渐地语感增强了，词汇扩大了，能力提高了。
3、推荐读物
（1）由ChinaDaily主编21stcentury·SchoolEdition.每周发刊一期。话题覆盖面广，角度多，语言新活，是学习英语的好材料。
（2）外语教学与研究出版社出版的书虫系列，选择多，语言简单，生词量小，兴趣的发展得以保证。
4、阅读数量标准。每天应坚持30分钟，300—500字的阅读。可集中时间读，也可利用零散时间读。
5、精读、泛读相结合。精读是指认真处理生词、难句，对句子成份认真分析等，既学语言又学语法。泛读则是指重视了解文章大意，可采取略读、跳读等方法 高三。不论是精读还是泛读都切忌边读边查字典，这样会打断阅读的整体思路不利于语言能力的提高。
四、几种不良倾向
1、有人认为高考成绩高就行了，不练说也没关系。其实我们现在学习英语已不仅仅是为高考了，而是要为高考后的生存与发展做准备，也为个人与社会大环境接轨打基础。更为个人向国外发展作必要的准备。
2、有人认为多做题就能解决问题。人们常说：量的积累可达到质的飞跃。但是盲目地追求数量而忽视质量是不可取也是无效的。死扣语法不重视在一定的语境中体会、运用知识也是不正确的。
3、有人常立志而不是立长志。英语学习最怕“三天打鱼，两天晒网”。高兴了干一阵，进步了就停下。走走停停只能导致成绩的起伏不定，最终导致兴趣降低，自信心丧失，造成恶性循环。
4、有人只会做或者是只做老师要求干的事。进入高中阶段，走向成熟的表现在学会自己学习，要学会安排自己的学习内容，要学会支配自己的学习时间。
五、学好英语，上好英语课的几个环节
1、尽快适应新环境、新同学、新老师，尽快适应高习。
2、课前认真做好工作。因为课时紧，内容多，强度大。不认真，课上会很被动。要做到认真听录音，模仿，掌握准确的语音、语调，了解单词意思，课文内容，找出疑难问题。
3、课上认真听讲，积极参与活动，给自己更多的机会锻炼听、说能力，认真适当地记笔记。高，才能有高水平的收获。
4、课后要及时认真，按时完成作业是首要的。是为了巩固课堂知识，同时也应适当地做一些练习。遇到没有理解的内容应及时问老师，使问题尽快解决。
5、要有适应新环境的能力，同时应有承受压力的能力。要会调整自己，相信大家会以饱满的精神状态，充分的准备，顺利适应学习。
高考书面表达热点话题范文背诵范文（五）
前不久，相关部门针对黄金周的去留问题，在网上征集意见。下面是一个对10，000个网民所作的调查。请你把调查的结果用英语写成短文，并谈谈自己的看法（不得少于两点），发表在学校的报刊上。
赞成长假期（45%）
假期集中，方便出外旅游，尽情放松；更多时间与家人一起。
取消长假期（55%）
容易造成交通阻塞，甚至交通事故；人流量大，对景点保护不利；各项服务质量下降。
注意：1 对所给要点，不要简单翻译，要有适当发挥；
2 字数150。短文中开头已写好，不计入词数。
3 参考词汇：网民—Netizen
Not long ago, opinions were collected on line about whether “Golden Week” should be kept or adjusted.
One possible version:
Not long ago, opinions were collected on line about whether “Golden Week” should be kept or adjusted. Ten thousand Netizens took part in this investigation. Here are the results.
45% of the surveyed people hope to keep “Golden Week”. They think a long holiday can not only provide them with adequate time for a trip but alsomake them feel relaxed and refreshed completely. What’s more, with a long holiday, they have more fun staying with the family.
However, 55% of the people think “Golden Week” should be canceled. They indicate that during the long holiday, there are more traffic jams and even traffic accidents. In addition, the crowded people gathering in some famous places has caused damage to the relics and led to poor service quality.
英语低基础猜答技巧
这里给大家介绍一下水平不够的情况下如何应急。这是构建在低水平的情况下，不得已进行猜答的一些技巧，并不能提高你的水平，只能加强你的做题技巧和提高分数。
中心研究了真题的内幕规律，站在的角度上，通过大量的教学验证，哪怕是50、60分的，都可以利用英语题目的一些规律来获取分数，能提高至少20-30分。当一个把这种猜答技巧的思路彻底打通后，能获取更高的分数。专家并不十分推荐这种猜答，因为会降低同学们的学习，对英语的学习并没有任何好处。但是当前，我们又不得不提炼出这种，用以应急。
当然。这也要求同学们具备一定的基础，掌握一定的单词，至少要达到水平。常见单词不完全会背，至少要觉得眼熟，大概揣测出其中的意思。
比如说在做完形填空和阅读理解题时，不用看文章和题干，只是简单的比较四个选项，就能瞬间选出正确答案
2010完型例题
A. worriedB. sadC. surprisedD. nervous
我们看四个选项：ABD三个选项都有“不好”的倾向，只有C没有“忧虑”等不良情绪，所以选C。这么做看似非常冒险，其实是符合高考命题特征的，你只需掌握“词性比较”这个规律即可：相似意思的选项，如果词性别于其他选项，那么95%以上是正确选项。如下一题：
A. LargelyB. GenerallyC. GraduallyD. Probably
ABD都是含义不肯定的副词，只有C含义较为明确，因此选C。
我们来看一下2010北京卷完形填空的一些选项：
37. A. opinionB. impressionC. informationD. intention
BCD三个选项都是被动传达的信息的意思，只有A选项是主观意见，因此选A。
40. A. questionsB. commentsC. explanationsD. remarks
BCD三个选项都是注释、解释、记号，只有A选项是问题，倾向性明显不同，故选A。
当然，这种题多半是同类词汇比较适用，有一定的局限性。一般情况下，我们教会同学们在单词量不够的情况下该如何读题、找到题目的暗示，这个才是英语猜答的真正技巧。
很多同学的英语障碍是单词量不够，对文章似懂非懂或者干脆不懂。那么，考试时就无从下手，茫茫然而无所适从。但是大家请记住!在英语完型填空和阅读理解题的选项中，从头到尾都充满了暗示点,善于利用这些暗示点，可以快速做对!
无论任何人，在考试中，总会遇到吃不准选项的题，或可以称之为不会做的“难题”，那么，如果遇到“难题”，你会怎办？是放弃？不可能，怎么着也要“猜”出一个答案！那么，是“瞎猜”吗？如果“瞎猜”，其正确率仅是25%，是可想而知的低！那么，如何“猜”才能有高的准确率呢？
我们说过，题目和选项的提示无处不在，只要你学会了如何挖掘这些暗示点，无论是阅读还是完型，题目将变得非常简单。就如一个魔方，你自行摸索时较为困难，当有人把关键的要点给你指出的时候，那么就变得十分的easy！比如阅读理解的范围最大原则：文章主旨大意题，选项无法确认，那么我们找出范围最大的一个，就是正确选项！
52．What is the purpose of the text?（本文的目的是什么）
A．To describe the job of a ROM．（描述一个业务经理的）
B．To provide information about ALRL．（提供ALRL公司信息）w_w*w.k_s*5_u.c_o m
C．To announce an open position at ALRL．（公布ALRL公司信息）
D．To make known the opening of the new laboratories．（让人知道新实验室开放）
原文中ALRL是一家公司的名称。假设我们不看原文，光比较答案，大家看哪个选项中所涵盖的范围最大？显然是C。A是片面的描述一个细节，B是提供，C是完全公布,高中学习方法，D只是让人知道。
55．Which is true about the warship patrols according to the text?
（关于军舰巡逻，下列哪个选项是正确的？）
w_w w. k#s5_u.c o*m
A．The patrols are of little effect.（巡逻对海盗造成影响有限）
B．The patrols are more difficult.（巡逻更加困难）
C．More patrols are quite necessary even in Asia.（即使在亚洲，更多的巡逻是必要的）
D．The patrols only drive the pirates to other areas.（只有不断的巡逻，海盗才会被赶到其他区域）
这道题题目问的是关于巡逻，我们发现B选项的范围是最大的，因此选B，ACD都在说明巡逻更加困难。
63．What is the text mainly about?本文主要说了什么内容？
A．Hoatzins in dry and rainy seasons.这种鸟在旱季和雨季
B．The relatives and enemies of hoatzins.这种鸟的亲属和天敌
C．Primitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon.原始鸟和亚马逊这种鸟
D．The appearance and living habits of hoatzins.这种鸟类的外貌以及生活习性。
很明显：D选项包含了ABC三个选项的全部内容，范围最大，因此选D！
67．What does the text mainly discuss? 本文主要讨论什么问题？
A．What pets bring to their owners宠物能给人们带来什么
B．How pets help people calm down宠物如何帮助人们冷静
C．people’s opinions of keeping pets养宠物的人的观点
D．Pet’s value in medical research宠物的医学研究价值
本题中A的范围最广，包含了BCD三个选项，因此选A！
再比如说题目暗示原则：
75.What can we learn from the story?从这篇故事我们学会了什么？
A. Comfort in traveling by train.火车旅行是很舒适的
B. Pleasure of living in the country.在这个国家生活很愉快
C. Reading gives people delight.读书让人愉悦
D. Smiles brighten people up.微笑使人精神焕发
本题题目问的是从中可以学会了什么？而不是本文讲述了什么，因此我们看选项，只有CD选项是阐述道理、生活感悟的，才能让人学习的。那么我们随便扫一眼文章任意一处，发现smile这个词随处可见，那么选D是确切无误。
作为一种标准化考试，选择题本身是有很多缺陷的,这些缺陷就是暗示点，就是解题的突破口!通过对历年真题的长时间的研究，对这些暗示点进行了全面、深入、细致的挖掘和整理,确实是可以将其转化为超级解题秘诀的！但是，现在离高考毕竟还有100来天，我们希望同学们不要因为有了方法而松懈，有了技巧就认为高枕无忧，毕竟，更高的基础能够带来更多的回报。
高考英语考试大纲核心单词 C
cafén.咖啡馆，小餐厅
cagen.笼，鸟笼，囚笼calculatevt.计算，估计，计划
calma.平静的candidaten.候选人，投考者
carpetn.地毯，毡毯，毛毯carrotn.胡萝卜
cartn.二轮运货马车casen.情况，事实，病例
cashn.现金，现款castlen.城堡
casuala.偶然的，随便的cattlen.牛，牲口，家畜
caven.山洞，洞穴，窑洞centimetern.厘米
centrala.中心的，主要的ceremonyn.典礼，仪式，礼节
certainlyad.一定，必定，当然chainn.链，链条，项圈
challengen.挑战championn.冠军
channeln.海峡，渠道，频道chaptern.章，回，篇
charactern.性格，特性，角色characteristica.特有的n.特性
chargevt.索价，控告n.费用chatvi.n.闲谈，聊天
checkn.支票cheekn.面颊，脸蛋
chiefa.主要的，首席的chimneyn.烟囱
cigarn.雪茄cigaretten.香烟
citizenn.公民，市民，居民civila.公民的，文职的
clerkn.店员，办事员，职员climaten.气候
clinicn.诊所，医务室，会诊clothingn.衣服
cockn.公鸡，龙头collarn.衣领
combn.梳子vt.梳理combinevt.使结合，兼有
comedyn.喜剧，喜剧场面comfortn.舒适，安慰vt.安慰
commentn.评论，意见，注释commerciala.商业的，商品化的
committeen.委员会communismn.共产主义
communistn.共产党员companionn.同伴
competevi.比赛，竞争，对抗complexa.结合的，复杂的
comraden.同志concentratevt.集中，聚集，浓缩
concernn.关心，挂念，关系conclusionn.结论，推论，结尾
concreten.混凝土a.具体的，实在的conductn.举止，行为，指导
conductorn.售票员，(乐队)指挥confidentn.确信的，自信的
confirmvt.证实，肯定，批准conflictn.争论，冲突，斗争
confusevt.使混乱，混淆congratulationn.祝词，贺辞
consistvi.由…组成constanta.经常的，永恒的
constructionn.建造，建筑物consumevt.消耗，消费
containvt.包含，容纳contenta.满意的，满足的
continentn.大陆，洲contributevt.捐献，捐助，投稿
convenienta.便利的，方便的convincevt.使确信，使信服
cornn.谷物，小麦cottagen.村舍，小屋countern.柜台，计数器courtn.法庭
courtyardn.庭院，院子crashvi.碰撞，坠落n.碰撞
creamn.奶油creaturen.生物，创造物
creditn.信用，分数crewn.全体船员
crimen.罪，罪行，犯罪cropn.农作物，庄稼
crossingv.横越n.交叉口crowdn.群，大众，一伙人
cupboardn.碗柜curevt.医治n.治愈
curiousa.好奇的，稀奇古怪的curtainn.帘，窗帘，幕(布)
cushionn.垫子，坐垫，靠垫customn.习惯，风俗，海关
customern.顾客，主顾cyclen.循环
高考英语阅读理篇章结构题解题技巧
篇章结构题解题技巧
对《大纲》中提出的理解文章的基本结构的要求，往往通过篇章结构题来考查。考生要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作。的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：
1． 确定指代关系。最常见的提问方式是：The underlined word “they/it/…” in paragraph… refers to… …
2． 对句子意义或作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：The sentence “… …” in paragraph … means ….; The example of … … in para….is used to illustrate/show … ….
3． 对段落大意或段落作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：The last paragraph mainly tell us that … …; The purpose of writing Paragraph … is …. ….
4． 对文章组织结构的理解。最常见的提问方式是：How is the passage organized?；Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
在上述几类题生感觉难做的题是第四类, 这类题是近两年来出现的主要考查议结构的命题新方式,且逐步得到语言专家们的认可。并逐步推广到对其他文体结构的考查。分析这一类的题我们看出：对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，一是按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章的结构。
首先，看看这样考查从段落层次理解文章的结构。这类题经常用到的提问方式是：Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? 常见的段落结构有如下几种情况：
图1表明：①（Paragraph 1）是主题段（提出论题或论点），②、③段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述，④用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述，⑤段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。同样我们很容易理解图2、3、4所示的段落结构的意义。
下面具体看看05年江苏卷E篇：
The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.
The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.
William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线）, good and ill together. “The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?
72．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
理解文章段落结构，我们很容易找到答案A。
接下来再来看看这样从论证方法上考查对议论文结构的理解。掌握了议论文常见的写作方法，我们不难理解议论文的论证过程。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：
一、Put forward a question →Analyze the question → Solve the question 这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；二、Argument/idea → Evidence → conclusion/ restating the idea
这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。
对说明文、夹叙夹议类文章结构的理解，只要我们弄清段落意义和段落之间的关系，很容易理解其结构。看看下面的例题我们也许会得到一些启发。
例1：
I receive a lot of emails every time a column is published in 21st Century. The majority of questions I get are like this: “My English is still very poor, could you please give me some advice?” Since this kind of question is so big and so vague, any answers will be too broad or too general. In fact, asking questions is an art that needs training and practice in itself. And I would like to offer the following tips:
Always contextualize your question. If you really want to ask for advice on something, you need to provide a brief description of how you came up with the question and how you can benefit from asking it. For instance, if you need to improve your English, you need to state the skill area you are in the greatest need of improving, and what difficulties you encounter that cause you so many problems
The second piece of advice is that your question should be focused and specific. By that I mean that you might have a lot of questions, but choose the one that is most important and at the same time the least complicated.
Third, you can practise asking one question in multiple ways. For instance, if you are interested in knowing how you can boost your confidence in speaking, you might consider asking: “I often feel nervous before I ask a question, how can I overcome my anxiety?” “Could you share with me your experience of speaking in front of others?”
Of course, the best way to ask good questions is through the practice of questioning. I highly encourage you to seek opportunities to ask questions. It takes time to be a really good questioner.
How is the text organized?
A．Topic---argument----description
B．Opinion—discussion---explanation
C．Main idea---comparison--- supporting examples
D．Topic ----argument----conclusion
解析：文章一开始就提出本文要讲的中心, 然后进行论述, 最后得出结论。由此,我们不难得出答案是D。
例2：
（05 浙江卷 C 篇）
In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.
First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength. For ten hours a night, I took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto a truck. Each box contained twelve heavy bottles of apple juice. I once figured out that I was lifting an average of twelve tons of apple juice every night.
I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that time—two dollars an hour. Because of the low pay, I felt eager to get as much as possible. I usually worked twelve hours a night but did not take home much more than $ 100 a week.
But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions. During work I was limited to two ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half hour for lunch. Most of my time was spent outside loading trucks with those heavy boxes in near-zero-degree temperatures. The steel floors of the trucks were like ice, which made my feet feel like stone. And after the production line shut down at night and most people left, I had to spend two hours alone cleaning the floor.
I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again.
52．How is the text organized?
A．Topic—Argument—Explanation
B．Opinion—Discussion—Description
C．Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples
D．Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion
解析：这道题考查考生对文章组织结构的理解，把握了文章的脉络，我们不难得出答案：D。
2007年广东高考英语题型（讨论稿）中提出把篇章结构作为专门的一节来考查：要求把标有A-F的句子或段落插入到文章中标记的适当位置，使文章意义完整，结构连贯。
做好这一类题，要先理解全文的意义和结构，然后理解段落的意义和结构，分析句与句之间的关系，句与段落的关系。一般说来，文章中空格的地方主要是三类的句子或者段落：一是段落的主题句；二是和段落主题密切相关的细节句；三是段落或句子之间的过渡句/段。所以学会了分析句与句、句与段、段与段之间的关系做这类题并不难。下面我们来具体看一个例题：
阅读下面短文，请将标有A-F的句子或段落插入到文章中标号为71-75的合适位置，使文章意义完整，结构连贯；其中一个段落或句子是多余的。
Some twenty years ago, the performance of girls and boys in class was compared. 71 Now, the situation is reversed (颠倒) with girls consistently doing better than boys.
72 John Dunsford, leader of the association of head teachers of secondary schools, says that the academic failure of boys is a problem which had its roots in society rather than the classroom. Girls, more than boys, see education as a passport to a good job. On the other hand, according to Penny Lewis, a head teacher, young men lack confidence, which they hide with a show of bravado (逞能). They’re uncertain about their place in society. 73
Moreover, boys may learn in a different way from girls, preferring small amounts of work with immediate headlines rather than large projects stretching (延续) into the distance. And education is not seen as “cool”. 74
This is not just a problem in Britain. In a study by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and UNESCO, girls did better than boys at reading at the age of 15 in all 45 countries. The UK ranks ninth out of the 45 countries for reading despite the fact that pupils in the UK spend less time reading than in most other countries. 75
A. So, what has gone wrong with the boys, and what can be done about it?
B. Interestingly, the study suggested that British children read for pleasure more often than those in other countries.
C. Boys scored better in exams, so various measures were introduced to improve the performance of girls, including having single sex girl-only classes.
D. This study can offer a great help to teachers and school leaders in terms of proper education to different people.
E. Some boys grow up in families where there is no male role model to follow.
F. As one contributoe to a BBC website put it, “Girls achieve more at school because they are watching the future while the boys are watching the girls.”
解析：这是一篇说明文。首先通读文章了解文章的中心：全文分析当前在学校女生比男生表现好的原因。文章结构简单明了：首先提出问题，然后分析原因。接下来我们来逐段分析：
第一段提出问题，71空后面说“现在情况颠倒过来了：女生比男生好了”，看了这句话，我们肯定能判断前一句话的大意应该是：先前的情况是男生比女生表现好。那就从选项中去看哪个句子表达的是这个意思。快速浏览A-F选项，我们得到答案C。
第二段分析原因。段首的空格72，应该是一个承上启下的过渡句。浏览选项，我们迅速得到答案A。段尾的73空应该是一个细节句，对前一句具体说明，能够具体说明They’re uncertain about their place in society一句的只有选项E。
第三段进一步分析原因。74空应该是个细节句，详细阐明男生比女生表现差的原因。这里我们不难找到答案F。
第四段说明这种现象的普遍存在。段尾的75空是一个接续前句的细节句。浏览剩余的选项，我们很肯定地找到答案B。
【实战演练练习十三】（05 江西卷 E 篇）
Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?
A supporter of co-educational schools would probably say that schools should be like the societies they belong to .In Hong Kong, men and women mix socially on a day-to-day basis .In many fields men are even likely to have female bosses. It is, therefore, desirable that boys and girls grow up together, go to school together, and prepare themselves for a society that does not value sexual separation.
Some would go on to argue further that growing up with members of the opposite sex is important for personal development. Regular contact（接触）can remove the strange ideas about the opposite-sex and lead to more natural relationships. Single-sex conditions are seen as leading to more extreme opinions, and possibly even as encouraging homosexuality（同性恋）, though there is no proof that this is the case.
Those who are against coeducation often also fix their attention on the sexual side. Some parents fear that close contact with members of the opposite sex is dangerous for teenagers. They want their children to be attentive to their studies. Such parents feel uncomfortable with modern ways and the free mixing of the sexes.
A stronger argument comes from research into school results. Girls grow up earlier than
boys ,tend to be more orderly and are likely to be better at languages. In a mixed class ,boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker. Certainly in the UK this situation has greatly alarmed （惊动）the government for it to be encouraging co-educational schools to have some single-sex classes. In the UK the best schools are all single-sex, strongly suggesting that co-education is not the best answer. This may, however, not be as simple as it looks. It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools.
72．In the third paragraph, by saying “though there is no proof that this is the case”, the writer means that .
A．students in single-sex schools will certainly become homosexual
B．students in co-educational schools cannot have extreme opinions
C．students in co-educational schools are likely to be homosexual
D．single-sex school conditions may or may not have effects on the students
【实战演练练习十四】（04 重庆卷 D 篇）
Have you ever had the strange feeling that you were being watched? You turned around and, sure enough, someone was looking right at you!
Parapsychologists (灵学家) say that humans have a natural ability to sense when someone is looking at them. To research whether such a “sixth sense”really exists, Robert Baker, a psychologist(学家)at the University of Kentucky, performed two experiments.
In the first one, Baker sat behind unknowing people in public places and stared at the backs of their heads for 5 to 15 minutes. The subjects（受试者）were eating, drinking, reading，studying, watching TV, or working at a computer. Baker made sure that the people could not tell that he was sitting behind them during those periods. Later, when he questioned the subjects, almost all of them said they had no sense that someone was staring at them.
For the second experiment, Baker told the subjects that they would be stared at from time to time from behind a two way mirror in a laboratory setting. The people had to write down when they felt they were being stared at and when they weren’t. Baker found that the subjects were no better at telling when they were stared at and when they weren’t .Baker found that the subjects were no better at telling when they were stared at than if they had just guessed.
Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.”
68. The purpose of the two experiments is to .
A. explain when people can have a sixth sense
B. show how people act while being watched in the lab
C. study whether humans can sense when they are stared at
D. prove why humans have a sixth sense
【实战演练练习十五】
阅读下面短文，并将文后标有A-F 的句子（或段落）插入文章中标号为71-75的合适位置，使短文结构完整。其中有一个句子（或段落）是多余的。
She is widely seen as proof that good looks can last forever. But, at nearly 500 years of age, time is catching up with the Mona Lisa.
“The thin, wooden panel on which the Mona Lisa is painted in oil has changed shape since experts checked it two years age,” the museum said. 72 .
73 “It is very interesting that when you’re not looking at her, she seems to be smiling, and then you look at her and she stops,” said Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University, “It’s because direct vision is excellent at picking up detail, but less suited to looking at shadows. Da Vinci painted the smile in shadows.”
74 Da Vinci himself loved it so much that he always carried it with him, until it was eventually sold to France’s King Francis I in 1519.
In 1911, the painting was stolen from the Louvre by a former employee, who took it out of the museum hidden under his coat. He said he planned to return it to Italy. The painting was sent back to France two years later.
A. Nearly 6 million people go to see the Mona Lisa every year, many attracted by the mystery of her smile.
B. However, the actual history of the Mona Lisa is just as mysterious as the smile.
C. Visitors have notice the changes but repairing the world’s most famous painting is not easy. Experts are not sure about the materials the Italian artist used and their current chemical state.
D. The health of the famous picture, painted by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1905, is getting worse by the year, according to the Louvre Museum where it is housed.
E. The picture is now so valuable that no one can tell its exact price. Therefore, many thieves tried to steal it in any way they could think of.
F. During World War II, French did the painting in small towns to keep it out of the hands of German forces. Like many old ladies, the Mona Lisa has some interesting stories to tell.
高考英语听力辅导 做好三个方面
在听力中，应做好如下几点：
一、学会控制情绪
考生一定要有良好的心态，把自己的心态调整到最佳，保持一颗平常心。听录音时，积极主动，充满自信，千万别急燥，急燥不安是听力考试中的大忌。在听力考试中，对听不懂的内容，要暂时放下，不要耗费时间去苦思冥想。切忌急燥而影响后面答题。
二、学会预测是提高听力的有效手段
听力预测，具有很强的未知性、随机性和时限性，因此在听力过程中，要善于利用前后句、上下文加以推测和判断、特别注意关键词、暗示语、过渡句、信号词等。目前高考所采用的听力考试，都是先听录音后选项。先阅读题干和选项可帮助预测。
三、学会抓关键词和主题句
考生可利用各段对话之间的停顿时间，快速浏览一遍题干和全部选项，分析对比各选项的不同之处，做到心中有数。对于与选项无关的内容，只须听出大意便行，即使有些地方没听懂也不要急躁，抓住关键词和主题句就可选出正确答案。
信息工程论文
浅谈电子信息工程的应用
【摘 要】 电子信息工程是一门应用计算机等现代化技术进行电子信息控制和信息处理的学科，主要研究信息的获取与处理，电子设备与信息系统的设计、开发、应用和集成。现在，电子信息工程已经涵盖了社会学的诸多方面，例如电话交换局处理各种电话信号;收拾传递的声音甚至图像;我们周围的网络传递数据等，都实际到电子信息工程的应用技术。本文主要分析电子信息工程在建筑工程上的应用。
【关键词】 电子信息工程 建筑工程 应用
信息技术在我国建筑施工企业中的全面应用起步较晚，随着管理部门对信息技术重要性的认可度越来越强，骑在建筑施工工程中的应用得到了切实推广。例如利用功能性计算机工具软件进行施工流程管理、促进施工进度的高效提升;利用设计计算机系统开展工程模板设计、详细施工设计、支护设计以及利用项目管理系统开展建筑工程的成本预算管理、质量完善、信息日常维护管理等，因此，电子信息工程技术的应用具有重要的意义。
1、建筑施工运用电子信息化的原因
1.1 客观原因
随着我国经济的飞速发展，建筑业也随之发展起来，基础建设作为其他建筑形式的领头羊也如雨后春笋般飞速发展起来。因此，传统的人工计算工程造价，人工描绘施工图纸、设计图纸，以及单纯的靠人工劳动力进行建设的建设行为已经不能满足我国现今现代化生产建设的需要。所以，为了寻求更有效、快捷的方式，在建设施工方面，引进高科技的信息技术已经成为必要的手段，这也是市场经济大环境下对建筑施工企业提出的必要客观的要求。将信息技术运用到建设施工过程中的同时，也为建筑施工企业在激烈的市场竞争条件下，提高自身的管理水平和企业竞争力提供了可靠的技术保证。
1.2 主观原因
在我国加入世贸之后，为了增强国内建筑施工企业的市场竞争力，打破了传统的由国家政府分配项目的方式，进而转变为通过招投标的方式，由建筑施工企业或者是开发商自行承包的建筑施工模式，促使我国建筑业在世界经济全球化的发展形式中占有一席之地。这种对建筑企业采取“投标竞争”机制的形式，有利于建筑企业提高自身的`业务能力和市场竞争意识，进而根据自身的实际情况进行调整和改进。
2、电子信息化管理在建筑施工项目管理中的必要性
建筑施工的主要目的是利用一定的施工技术，建设有一定使用功能的建筑物。建设而成的建筑物具有位置固定、结构形式多变、外形变化多样、结构施工复杂、体积较大等特点决定了建筑施工工期较长、施工使用的材料和资源品种较多，同时，还需要对施工过程中的人力、物力和财力进行有计划、有组织的分配和控制，这也是建筑施工项目管理的重要内容。下列就对建筑施工项目管理的主要特点进行简单的阐述。
2.1 涉及部门较多
建筑施工项目管理是一个涉及到多个部门、多个专业综合全面的管理，各部门之间协同合作，共同管理的管理形式。它不单单包括施工过程中的施工管理，还包括技术管理、施工质量管理、材料管理、施工安全管理和项目合同管理等等管理内容。
2.2 工作量大
建筑物的形成，不仅需要大量建筑材料和建筑物资的投入，还需要大量的施工人员共同参与建筑施工活动。这就需要企业对施工过程中的材料和资源进行统一的管理和计划，众所周知，一个建筑物从建成到使用，期间涉及到的材料和资源的种类繁多，数量巨大，因此，造成建筑施工项目管理工作的难度加大、复杂程度加强、工作量增加等等问题。
2.3 较强的制约性强
任何一个建筑物的建设，其项目管理工作必须符合施工准备→施工→竣工验收，这一内在的需要循序渐进的建设规律。所以，施工项目管理工作不仅要符合工程施工中相关的现行规范要求，还要做到不同工种之间彼此协作，施工顺序安排合理有序。
3、电子信息技术在建筑工程项目管理中的应用
建筑工程项目管理是按照工程建设的常规规律，综合的运用系统的观点和理论以及现代科学技术手段对施工项目进行有计划、组织、安排、指挥、管理、监督、协调等全过程的管理。在此过程中需要综合各个方面的需求，并运用有效的经济手段达到预设的目标，是建筑工程项目管理的目标。下面就对计算机这一电子信息技术在建筑工程管理中应用的几个方面进行介绍。
3.1 实现企业范围内的数据共享
计算机信息管理系统最主要的，也是最大的优点就是保证了对企业数据的共享。这就意味着能在建筑企业范围内采用的标准能够达到的统一。并且可以根据现代计算机数据库管理系统查找有效的计算方法，它能够在庞大的数据库中仅用几秒的时间，同时还可以运用较为复杂的组合条件进行查询，或者是模糊查询等。
3.2 能够很好的保证
建筑工程项目的数据可以通过动态的形式以指定的精度向项目管理人员传递，杜绝了由人工层层向上汇报带来的弊端和误差，也避免了对实际情况的判断和时间上的延误。这些情况的发生给企业积累项目经验带来了很大的困难和压力。但是通过计算机项目管理系统就可以避免这种状况的发生，可以通过模拟技术，得出项目实施数千次的数据，然后将这些数据进行统计和分析，有利于辅助项目管理人员进行科学合理的决策措施。
3.3 实现了施工过程的数据通信
建筑施工过程中，通过计算机管理系统和网络技术，可以实现项目管理人员之间的数据传输以及信息的发布，可以利用互联网和公共的通讯手段将企业、施工现场、业主或开发商、供货商之间的数据交流，实现了企业对数据的远程控制和总结分析。
4、计算机信息技术在建筑工程造价中的应用
计算机在工程造价管理与控制中的一个重要运用，随计算机技术和信息化技术的不断发展，形成了工程造价管理信息系统。它指的是能够对工程造价信息进行搜集、加工、整理、运算、分析、预测、辅助决策、传递、存储、维护和使用的计算机系统，它既包括代替人工繁琐工作的各种日常处理系统，也包括为管理人员提供有效信息、协助领导者决策的支持系统。也就是说工程造价管理系统是以计算机和通讯技术为基础，综合利用各种数据、信息加以整理，以企业战略竞优、提高效率为目的，支持企业的高层决策、中层控制和基层运作。
建设工程造价信息系统针对投资控制的敏感性、复杂性，将分部分项工程量数源进行有效的分类、加工、处理、统计，通过分层技术和GIS 系统表现出来，将每个工程项目的技术数据、经济指标、合同数据等通过数据库进行集成管理，计算机作为造价控制的依据正确计算工程量，核定月工程进度款，并及时将有关“量”的变更和工程款信息输入计算机，工程项目管理中的造价控制任务均可由计算机来完成，利用计算机对工程投资结构进行优化管理，并对资源投入进行优化分析。因此，计算机在建筑工程造价管理中起着举足轻重的作用。
5、推广电子信息技术，促进计算机控制软件在建筑工程的全面应用
目前电子信息技术在建筑工程施工中的应用主要停留在管理层面，少数应用到了设计层面，为了切实提高施工效率、促进建筑施工企业的科学化、创新化发函，我们必须拓宽电子信息技术的应用渠道，促进计算机工艺控制软件在建筑施工中的创新应用。例如电子信息技术在大体积混凝土施工环节的质量控制应用，在高层建筑中对其垂直度的科学控制规范、预拌混凝土的自动化上料、整体安装大型构件及设备的同步提升管理、脚手架的整体提升、建筑施工材料的安全性能检测与数据采集管理、建筑物的沉降的检验、测量与控制领域的应用等。
6、结语
现如今，我国已经迈入了一个全新的电子信息时代。在建筑工程中使用电子信息技术，对建筑施工企业内部的资源整合、工程建设管理、施工进程产生了巨大的影响。并且，我们只有在强化施工企业熟练应用信息化拘束实施日常施工管理的同时，更要注重开展特色化、人性化的信息技术决策辅助管理自动化、智能化施工控制管理。只有这样，才能切实提高建筑工程施工项目的管理水平，将建设做的更好。
参考文献：
[1]钱方杰.建筑施工信息化发展趋势与对策[J].科技资讯，2011(02).
[2]夏同兴，高萍，孙建钢.浅谈信息技术在建筑工程管理中的应用[J].中小企业管理与科技(上旬刊)，2011(06).
[3]甘雄锋.工程施工信息化管理的探索[J].今日南国(中旬刊).
[4]杨督章.信息技术在大型建设项目施工管理中的应用[J].中华建设，2008(01)
[5]陈春梅.信息技术在建筑工程管理中的应用探讨[J].四川建筑科学研究，2007(05)
[6]梅林锋.论信息技术在大型建设项目施工管理中的应用与实践[J].建材与装饰(中旬刊)，2007(08).
自考的英语专业是一门很考基础的专业。但是想要顺利通过还需要做一些努力，下面请看自考英语写作基础总结！
自考英语写作基础总结
1.学习英语或任何外语的最基本的方法是什么或怎样才能高效率的学习英语？
答：是熟练或熟习，自考英语诀窍大总结。想想我们的母语，你就会明白，我们从小并未特意学习却能进行自由的交流靠的就是不断的听别人说和模仿而自然获得的一种技能。这种技能已经深深扎根于我们的大脑之中，成为我们的天性。因此，对于母语，我们不需太多的学习，不需刻意去听就能听的懂，不用分析就能明白那些高难的句子，就是因为母语已经成为我们的一种习惯，可以即听即懂，可以随意发挥，随心所欲。对于学习外语也同样是这样，需要把陌生的单词片语和句型不断的熟悉和熟练，使之成为我们的一种习惯，把她变成我们的第二天性。这样你就可以比较自由的驾驭一门外语了。因此，重复重复再重复，熟练熟练再熟练，是掌握一门外语的不二法门。
2.怎样或用什么方法才能最大程度的熟练或熟习英语？
答：这个问题可能因人而异。因为有人对听敏感一些，而有些人则对阅读更感兴趣。就我的
3.背诵对于学习英语必要吗？
答：很有必要。因为背诵是一种对语言最大的熟练方式，只不过由于背诵往往是一种短期的，记忆时间稍长就会忘记。虽然背过的内容我们可能忘记，但对英语的句型和习惯用法则不会彻底忘记。通过背诵，会潜移默化的影响我们对语言习惯的认同。只要时常对背过的文章听一听读一读，把短期记忆转化成长期，记忆效果会更佳。
4.如何背诵课文呢?
答：一般宜分二步来进行。
首先，应对要背诵的材料进行精听，可以一边听一边跟着念，直到不看书也能顺利的跟读下来为止。这样可以最大限度的减少背诵的难度。具体背时又分三种方法：
一、关键词提示背诵法：即把课文中的关键词写下来做为提示进行背诵以减少背诵的难度。
二、翻译背诵法：即先把课文翻译成汉语，再根据汉语倒议回英语。这种方法对于理解英汉差异，自觉避免中国式英语以及英汉互译能力都会有很大的帮助。
三、关键句背诵法：即将所学课文中的好的、漂亮的、难以掌握的句子予以摘录进行背诵。这种方法可以最大的节省时间，高效的进行学习，是时间紧张者学习英语的好方法。
5.如何才能高效省时的复习已学过的知识？
答：可以用听读法或者听录法来复习。
6.有必要一次研究一个单词的20或更多个词义吗?
答：我曾经走过这样的弯路，就是集中一段时间对几个单词的不同词义进行研究。结果过一段时间后，他们就又统统忘掉了。这样形成一种恶性循环，就是成批地记，结果却成批的忘，因此坚决的反对这种劳民伤财的做法。为克服以上缺点就需要我们扩大阅读量，在不断的阅读当中，词汇的不同用法和不同词义都会碰到。这样更容易记住他们，并且会不断的巩固已学的用法和词义。
7.有必要专门花时间学习俚俗语吗?
答：没有必要。记得以前有人在论坛中贴了一篇关于北京俚语的帖子。结果我发现这些对我耳熟能详的话，却没有几个人能够真正的理解。看这就是理俗语的局限性它只适合一时一地，离开了这个环境就会失去它本应具有的思想沟通的功能。英语也一样，因为英语被如此广泛的使用，在不同的地方就会产生不同的俗语，就是在美国不同州之间，也存在不同的俚俗语。这些俚俗语的局限性就像北京俚语一样，离开了它生存土壤就很难被人理解。因此对于大部分的英语学习者来说，正确的掌握标准的英语就可以了，而不必专门研究学习那些古怪的英语中的北京话。
再来看看新概念的作者L.G.ALEXANDER对这个问题的看法：
没必要，这其实是一件很危险的事，复习指导《自考英语诀窍大总结》。我们在学外语时希望确切了解以此为母语的人是怎么说话的，俚语一般是粗鲁和无礼的，做为一个初学者你不知道粗俗和无礼的程度。在与以英语为母语的人说话时，你要是使用这些俚俗语他们可能会很震惊。现代词典把某些词或词组明确标明为禁忌，说明在礼仪之社会使用这些词是粗俗和令人不快的，理解这些词是可以的，但切忌使用以免冒犯他人。
8.有必要专门花时间记忆和学习类似it is raining cats and dogs the pot calling the kettle black to add insult to injury这样的谚语吗？
答：没必要。在牛津现代高级英语词典中写道，这些谚语很少用于一般谈话或写作中。虽然以英语为母语的人懂得大部分英语成语的意思，但他们极少去用，即使是用，也只是想表现一下幽默，且在成语前经常加上一些套话，象you know what they say…“或”as the old saying goes…“因为这些成语都是关于人世经验的颇为明显的'话，一般人认为用成语的人头脑迟钝，必须借用成语才能表达自己的思想或感受。因此我们应慎重的使用成语。
新概念的作者L.G.ALEXANDER说：我的建议是完全不要理会这些成语，记住他们对你的英语水平没有丝毫益处，学会这些成语和掌握地道的英语完全是两回事。
9.学习短语或短语动词重要吗？
答：太重要了在牛津现代高级英语词典中写道，一个以英语为母语的人或运用英语的能力相当于以英语为母语的人的重要特征是，他能够了解和正确使用象make up one‘s mind be allears之类的短语……以英语为母语的人用这些短语是自然和不知不觉的，你则需要在用之前先学习。你用的越多他们便会成为你英语中自然的一部分，如果你不用他，你的英语将永远是“外国的”。新概念的作者L.G.ALEXANDER说，在英语中短语动词比，普通的动词用的更普遍。当某人敲门时我们更倾向于说Come in！而不说Enter！我们倾向于说put out the fire/put the fire out，而不说Extinguish the fire .短语动词常有习惯用语的用法put the cat out就是字面用法把它放在外面。put the fire out是一个习语用法使熄灭。你必须掌握这些短语动词，因为他们很常见。
10.我是一个业余学习英语者时间有限应该怎样学习英语呢？如何做到听说读写齐头并进？
答：对于大部分用业余时间来学习的人，白天要上八小时的班，下班后还要有其他事情处理，留给学英语的时间本不多。实践表明对于一个没有语言环境的学习者来说每天只学习一到二个小时，能保持原来的英语水平就不错了。因为每次学过的东西需要花数倍的时间来复习，才能把短期记忆转化为长期记忆。语言才能在我们的头脑中固化下来，因此要集中有限的时间以听读听写或阅读为突破点，先行发展争取在较短的时间突破单词和阅读关，然后以点带线以线带面去发展说写的能力。这样也比较符合语言的规律，即听和读是输入，是基础，有了大量的输入，才能有输出，即说和写。当然也可以针对一篇自学资料同时进行听写听读背诵复述写摘要等练习，使听说读写各方面都同时得以提高，但千万不要针对听说读写分别找四本教材一起来学。
11.我的时间有限，如何能在最短的时间内学完一本教材？
答：集中一段时间把整本书的生词查一遍，把不懂的语法现象都找出搞懂，然后把有生词的句子和难句、漂亮的句子一一摘抄下来，集中时间反复将他们背诵下来。这样可以在最短的时间内学完一本教程。我曾用此法在半个月的时间里学完一本三百多页的英语中级教程，李阳在大学里也用此法在几周内将国内很有名气的一本英语专业需四年才能完成的听力教程step by step搞定。充分说明此法威力的巨大，当然学完后进行强化复习以巩固所学的成果还是十分必要的。
12.我很少有时间坐下来学习应该怎样学习英语呢？
答：找一本适合自己水平的配有录音的教材，平常就利用空余时间反复听录音，有时间就坐下来对照文本将自己未听出的部分逐一解决掉，务求能够最终把录音一字不差的听懂。这样对自己的英文水平也是有提高作用的。
13.我很少有机会使用英语，又不想放弃，辛辛苦苦已学过的那么多年的英语该如何办？
答：你已过学了一段时间的英语了就说明你已有了一定词汇量要保持你原有的水平可以选择这样，一套录音带
（1）包含四五千词汇量
（2）包含常用的句型和语法
（3）内容生动适合反复听
有了它等于在你的周围营造了一个英语的小环境，时常听一听就可以温故而知新。同时平常再多看看英文报纸、电视、电影你的水平就可保持在原有的水准之上。
14.读报纸和杂志对我的英语水平的提高会有作用吗？
答：L.G.Alexander说，就覆盖面而言任何教材都是难以与报纸相比的。每天读点报纸上的文章，这会使你接触到用纯正的现代英语所写的题材广泛的文章，同时它也是巩固和扩大你的知识结构和词汇的好方法。因此我要说阅读报纸是你提高英语水平的最佳方式，但不要强迫自己读太多，要不然你会对学习英语失去兴趣的。当然你的旧教材也别扔掉，因为你的教材可以帮助提示你所遗忘的东西。
15.我已学英语十多年了发现我现在的水平很难再提高了应该怎么办？
答：L.G.Alexander当我们学习一门语言时迟早会达到一个极限的。就像我喜欢打乒乓球，但即使我花掉我的余生来练习它，我也达不到一个中国世界级选手的水平。多年前我的水平就以达到了极限，如果你也达到了这个极限，就应该接受这个现实毕竟只有极少数人才能达到接近母语的水平。但如果你觉得自己并未达到这个极限就应该
*尽量多听英语如BBC VOA
*挑选适合自己水平的书尽量多的阅读
*挑选自学练习书籍来检验自己的进度
*利用一切机会说英语同以英语为母语的人说或同你一样希望练习技巧的人说
