有关亚当斯密的一句名言的翻译和理解
给予人们正确的环境，那么他们追求自身利益的结果可以提高全民的福利if people work in an environment which is suitable for their career, they can make more money, then all the people can live a good life很大程度意译的，原句太精炼了
有关亚当斯密的一句名言的翻译和理解
给予人们正确的环境，那么他们追求自身利益的结果可以提高全民的福利if people work in an environment which is suitable for their career, they can make more money, then all the people can live a good life很大程度意译的，原句太精炼了
亚当斯密的英文怎么说
Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790 [OS: 5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790]) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Adam Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.[1][2]Smith studied moral philosophy at the University of Glasgow and Oxford University. After graduating he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh, leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy, and during this time wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In his later life he took a tutoring position which allowed him to travel throughout Europe where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith returned home and spent the next ten years writing The Wealth of Nations (mainly from his lecture s) which was published in 1776. He died in 1790.Biography[edit] Early lifeAdam Smith was born to Margaret Douglas at Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland. His father, also named Adam Smith, was a lawyer, civil servant, and widower who married Margaret Douglas in 1720 and died six months before Smith was born.[3] Although the exact date of Smith's birth is unknown, his baptism was recorded on 16 June 1723 at Kirkcaldy.[4] Though few events in Smith's early childhood are known, Scottish journalist and biographer of Smith John Rae recorded that Smith was abducted by gypsies at the age of four and eventually released when others went to rescue him.[ 1] Smith was particularly close to his mother, who likely encouraged him to pursue his scholarly ambitions.[6] He attended the Burgh School of Kirkcaldy – characterised by Rae as one of the best secondary schools of Scotland at that period – from 1729 to 1737.[5] There he studied Latin, mathematics, history, and writing.[6][He published The Theory of Moral Sentiments in 1759, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work was concerned with how human morality depends on sympathy between agent and spectator, or the individual and other members of society. He bases his explanation not on a special moral sense, as the third Lord Shaftesbury and Hutcheson had done, nor on utility as Hume did, but on sympathy. Smith's popularity greatly increased due to the The Theory of Moral Sentiments, and as a result, many wealthy students left their schools in other countries to enroll at Glasgow to learn under Smith.[20]After the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith began to give more attention to jurisprudence and economics in his lectures and less to his theories of morals. The development of his ideas on political economy can be observed from the lecture s taken down by a student in 1763, and from what William Robert Scott described as an early version of part of The Wealth of Nations.[21] For example, Smith lectured that labor—rather than the nation's quantity of gold or silver—is the cause of increase in national wealth.[20]François Quesnay, one of the leaders of the Physiocratic school of thoughtIn 1762, the academic senate of the University of Glasgow conferred on Smith the title of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.). At the end of 1763, he obtained a lucrative offer from Charles Townshend (who had been introduced to Smith by David Hume) to tutor his stepson, Henry Scott, the young Duke of Buccleuch. Smith subsequently resigned from his professorship to take the tutoring position. Because he resigned in the middle of the term, Smith attempted to return the fees he had collected from his students, but they refused.[22][edit] Tutoring and travelsSmith's tutoring job entailed touring Europe with Henry Scott while teaching him subjects including proper Polish.[22] Smith was paid £300 per year plus expenses along with £300 per year pension, which was roughly twice his former income as a teacher.[22] Smith first traveled as a tutor to Toulouse, France, where he stayed for a year and a half.[22] According to accounts, Smith found Toulouse to be very boring, and he wrote to Hume that he had begun to write a book in order to pass away the time.[22] After touring the south of France, the group moved to Geneva. While in Geneva, Smith met with the philosopher Voltaire.[23] After staying in Geneva, the party went to Paris.While in Paris, Smith came to know intellectual leaders such as Benjamin Franklin,[24] Turgot, Jean , André Morellet, Helvétius and, in particular, Francois Quesnay, the head of the Physiocratic school, whose academic products he respected greatly.[25] The physiocrats believed that wealth came from production and not from the attainment of precious metals, which was adverse to mercantilist thought. They also believed that agriculture tended to produce wealth and that merchants and manufacturers did not.[24] While Smith did not embrace all of the physiocrats' ideas, he did say that physiocracy was with all its imperfections [perhaps] the nearest approximation to the truth that has yet been published upon the subject of political economy.[26][edit] Later years and writingsIn 1766, Henry Scott's younger brother died in Paris, and Smith's tour as a tutor ended shortly thereafter.[26] Smith returned home that year to Kirkcaldy, and he devoted much of the next ten years to his magnum opus.[27] There he befriended Henry Moyes, a young blind man who showed precocious aptitude. As well as teaching Moyes himself, Smith secured the patronage of David Hume and Thomas Reid in the young man's education.[28] In May 1773 Smith was elected fellow of the Royal Society of London,[29] and was elected a member of the Literary Club in 1775.[30] The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776 and was an instant success, selling out the first edition in only six months.[31]In 1778 Smith was appointed to a post as commissioner of customs in Scotland and went to live with his mother in Panmure House in Edinburgh's Canongate.[32] Five years later, he became one of the founding members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,[33] and from 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow.[34] He died in the northern wing of Panmure House in Edinburgh on 17 July 1790 after a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard.[35] On his death bed, Smith expressed disappointment that he had not achieved more.[36]Smith's literary executors were two friends from the Scottish academic world: the physicist and chemist Joseph Black, and the pioneering geologist James Hutton.[37] Smith left behind many notes and some unpublished material, but gave instructions to destroy anything that was not fit for publication.[38] He mentioned an early unpublished History of Astronomy as probably suitable, and it duly appeared in 1795, along with other material such as Essays on Philosophical Subjects.[37][edit] Personality and beliefs[edit] CharacterJames Tassie's enamel paste medallion of Smith provided the model for many engravings and portraits which remain today.[39]Not much is known about Smith's personal views beyond what can be deduced from his published articles. His personal papers were destroyed after his death.[38] He never married[40] and seems to have maintained a close relationship with his mother, with whom he lived after his return from France and who died six years before his own death.[41]Contemporary accounts describe Smith as an eccentric but benevolent intellectual, comically absent minded, with peculiar habits of speech and gait and a smile of inexpressible benignity.[42] He was known to talk to himself, and had occasional spells of imaginary illness.[36]Smith is often described as a prototypical absent-minded professor.[43] He is reported to have had books and papers stacked up in his study, with a habit he developed during childhood of speaking to himself and smiling in rapt conversation with invisible companions.[43]Various anecdotes have discussed his absentminded nature. In one story, Smith took Charles Townshend on a tour of a tanning factory and while discussing free trade, Smith walked into a huge tanning pit from which he had to be removed.[44] Another episode records that he put bread and butter into a teapot, drank the concoction, and declared it to be the worst cup of tea he ever had. In another example, Smith went out walking and daydreaming in his nightgown and ended up 15 miles (24 km) outside town before nearby church bells brought him back to reality.[43][44][edit] Published worksAdam Smith published a large body of works throughout his life, some of which have shaped the field of economics. Smith's first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments was written in 1759.[55] It provided the ethical, philosophical, psychological, and methodological underpinnings to Smith's later works, including An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), A Treatise on Public Opulence (1764) (first published in 1937), Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795), Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms (1763) (first published in 1896), and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres.[edit] The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)Main article: The Theory of Moral SentimentsIn 1759, Smith published his first work, The Theory of Moral Sentiments. He continued to revise the work throughout his life, making extensive revisions to the final (6th) edition shortly before his death in 1790.[note 2] Although The Wealth of Nations is widely regarded as Smith's most influential work, it has been reported that Smith himself always considered his Theory of Moral Sentiments a much superior work to his Wealth of Nations.[57] P. J. O'Rourke, author of the commentary On The Wealth of Nations (2007), has agreed, calling Theory of Moral Sentiments the better book.[58] It was in this work that Smith first referred to the invisible hand to describe the apparent benefits to society of people behaving in their own interests.[59]In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith critically examined the moral thinking of the time and suggested that conscience arises from social relationships.[60] His aim in the work is to explain the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of man's natural inclinations toward self-interest. Smith proposes a theory of sympathy in which the act of observing others makes people aware of themselves and the morality of their own behavior. Haakonssen writes that in Smith's theory, Society is ... the mirror in which one catches sight of oneself, morally speaking.[61]In part because Theory of Moral Sentiments emphasizes sympathy for others while Wealth of Nations famously emphasizes the role of self interest, some scholars have perceived a conflict between these works. As one economic historian observed: Many writers, including the present author at an early stage of his study of Smith, have found these two works in some measure basically inconsistent.[62] But in recent years most scholars of Adam Smith's work have argued that no contradiction exists. In Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith develops a theory of psychology in which individuals seek the approval of the impartial spectator as a result of a natural desire to have outside observers sympathize with them. Rather than viewing the Wealth of Nations and Theory of Moral Sentiments as presenting incompatible views of human nature, most Smith scholars regard the works as emphasizing different aspects of human nature that vary depending on the situation. The Wealth of Nations draws on situations where man's morality is likely to play a smaller role—such as the laborer involved in pin-making—whereas the Theory of Moral Sentiments focuses on situations where man's morality is likely to play a dominant role among more personal exchanges.The site where Adam Smith wrote the Wealth of Nations[edit] The Wealth of Nations (1776)Main article: The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations expounds that the free market, while appearing chaotic and unrestrained, is actually guided to produce the right amount and variety of goods by a so-called invisible hand.[59] Smith opposed any form of economic concentration because it distorts the market's natural ability to establish a price that provides a fair return on land, labor, and capital. He advanced the idea that a market economy would produce a satisfactory outcome for both buyers and sellers, and would optimally allocate society's resources.[63] The image of the invisible hand was previously employed by Smith in Theory of Moral Sentiments, but it has its original use in his essay, The History of Astronomy. Smith believed that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of society: by pursuing his own interest, [the individual] frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he intends to promote it.[64] Self-interested competition in the free market, he argued, would tend to benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Nevertheless, he was wary of businessmen and argued against the formation of monopolies.An often-quoted passage from The Wealth of Nations is:[65]It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages.The first page of the Wealth of Nations, 1776 London editionValue theory was important in classical theory. Smith wrote that the real price of every thing ... is the toil and trouble of acquiring it as influenced by its scarcity. Smith maintained that, with rent and profit, other costs besides wages also enter the price of a commodity.[66] Other classical economists presented variations on Smith, termed the 'labour theory of value'. Classical economics focused on the tendency of markets to move to long-run equilibrium.Adam Smith's advocacy of self-interest based economic exchange did not, however, preclude for him issues of fairness and justice. In Asia, Europeans by different arts of oppression..have reduced the population of several of the Moluccas,[67] he wrote, while the savage injustice of the Europeans arriving in America, rendered an event, which ought to have been beneficial to all, ruinous and destructive to several of those unfortunate countries.[68] The Native Americans, far from having ever injured the people of Europe, had received the first adventurers with every mark of kindness and hospitality. However, superiority of force was so great on the side of the Europeans, that they were enabled to commit with impunity every sort of injustice in those remote countries.[69]Smith also believed that a division of labour would effect a great increase in production. One example he used was the making of pins. One worker could probably make only twenty pins per day. However, if ten people divided up the eighteen steps required to make a pin, they could make a combined amount of 48,000 pins in one day. However, Smith's views on division of labour are not unambiguously positive, and are typically mis-characterized. Smith says of the division of labour:In the progress of the division of labour, the employment of the far greater part of those who live by labour, that is, of the great body of the people, comes to be confined to a few very simple operations, frequently only one or two. ...The man whose whole life is spent in performing a few simple operations, of which the effects too are, perhaps, always the same, or very nearly the same, has no occasion to exert his understanding, or to exercise his invention in finding out expedients for removing difficulties which never occur. He naturally loses, therefore, the habit of such exertion, and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become. ...His dexterity at his own particular trade seems, in this manner, to be acquired at the expense of his intellectual, social, and martial virtues. ...this is the state into which the labouring poor, that is, the great body of the people, must necessarily fall, unless government takes some pains to prevent it.[70]On labor relations, Smith noted severity of laws against worker actions, and contrasted the masters' clamour against workers associations, with associations and collusions of the masters which are never heard by the people though such actions are always and everywhere taking place:We rarely hear, it has been said, of the combinations of masters, though frequently of those of workmen. But whoever imagines, upon this account, that masters rarely combine, is as ignorant of the world as of the subject. Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform, combination, not to raise the wages of labour above their actual rate...Masters, too, sometimes enter into particular combinations to sink the wages of labour even below this rate. These are always conducted with the utmost silence and secrecy till the moment of execution; and when the workmen yield, as they sometimes do without resistance, though severely felt by them, they are never heard of by other people In contrast, when workers combine, the masters..never cease to call aloud for the assistance of the civil magistrate, and the rigorous execution of those laws which have been enacted with so much severity against the combination of servants, labourers, and journeymen.[71]Adam Smith's burial place in Canongate Kirkyard[edit] Other worksShortly before his death, Smith had nearly all his manuscripts destroyed. In his last years, he seemed to have been planning two major treatises, one on the theory and history of law and one on the sciences and arts. The posthumously published Essays on Philosophical Subjects, a history of astronomy down to Smith's own era, plus some thoughts on ancient physics and metaphysics, probably contain parts of what would have been the latter treatise. Lectures on Jurisprudence were notes taken from Smith's early lectures, plus an early draft of The Wealth of Nations, published as part of the 1976 Glasgow Edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith.Other works, including some published posthumously, include Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms (1763) (first published in 1896); A Treatise on Public Opulence (1764) (first published in 1937); and Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795).
亚当·斯密在国富论(The Wealth of Nations)里很有名的一句话,原句英文在哪里?请给链接,万分感谢.
你说ADAM SMITH是吧???It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages.应该是吧\\\/\\\/\\\/All for ourselves and nothing for other people seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of mankind.这个是给一学.
阅读英文版亚当斯密的《道德情操论》需要怎样的英语水平
收录的《国富论》\\\/《国富论》经典语句\\\/摘1、人天生，并且永是自私的动物。
——亚当·斯密《国富论》2、我们会经常发现，在世界上具有伟大人性但是却缺乏自我控制的人，在追求最高荣誉时，一旦碰到困难和危险，就懒惰，犹豫，容易沮丧；相反，我们也常常发现能够完善地进行自我控制的人，没有任何困难可以吓到倒他们的勇气，没有任何危险能够惊骇他们，但同时，他们对有关正义或人性的全部感觉似乎无动于衷。
——亚当·斯密《国富论》3、我们不能借着肉贩，啤酒商或面包师的善行而获得晚餐，而是源于他们对自身利益的看重。
4、It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest.——亚当·斯密《国富论》5、交换倾向出于自利的动机，并且引发了分工。
——亚当·斯密《国富论》6、财富是交换劳动的权力。
——亚当·斯密《国富论》7、从来不向他人乞求怜悯，而是诉诸他们的自利之心；从来不向他人谈自己的需要，而是只谈对他们的好处——亚当·斯密《国富论》8、劳动分工是提高劳动生产率的主要原因。
——亚当·斯密《国富论》9、每个人都不断努力为自己所能支配的资本找到最有利的用途。
当然，他所考虑的是自身的利益。
但是，他对自身利益的关注自然会，或者说，必然会使他青睐最利于社会的用途。
这就像“有一只无形的手”在引导着他去尽力达到一个他并不想要达到的目的。
——亚当斯密《国富论》10、世界各国的君主都是贪婪而偏私的，他们欺骗臣民，次第消减货币最初所含金属的真实分量。
——亚当斯密《国富论》
亚当斯密的国富论
《国富论》的中心思想是看起来似乎杂乱无章的自由市场实际上是个自行调整机制，自动倾向于生产社会最迫切需要的货品种类的数量。
例如，如果某种需要的产品供应短缺，其价格自然上升，价格上升会使生产商获得较高的利润，由于利润高，其他生产商也想要生产这种产品。
生产增加的结果会缓和原来的供应短缺，而且随着各个生产商之间的竞争，供应增长会使商品的价格降到“自然价格”即其生产成本。
谁都不是有目的地通过消除短缺来帮助社会，但是问题却解决了。
用亚当斯密的话来说，每个人“只想得到自己的利益”，但是又好象“被一只无形的手牵着去实现一种他根本无意要实现的目的，……他们促进社会的利益，其效果往往比他们真正想要实现的还要好。
”（《国富论》，第四卷第二章） 但是如果自由竞争受到阻障，那只“无形的手”就不会把工作做得恰到好处。
因而亚当斯密相信自由贸易，为坚决反对高关税而申辩。
事实上他坚决反对政府对商业和自由市场的干涉。
他声言这样的干涉几乎总要降低经济效率，最终使公众付出较高的代价。
亚当斯密虽然没有发明“放任政策”这个术语，但是他为建立这个概念所做的工作比任何其他人都多。
有些人认为亚当·斯密只不过是一位商业利益的辩护士，但是这种看法是不正确的。
他经常反复用最强烈的言辞痛斥垄断商的活动，坚决要求将其消灭。
亚当斯密对现实的商业活动的认识也并非天真幼稚。
《国富论》中记有这样一个典型观察：“同行人很少聚会，但是他们会谈不是策划出一个对付公众的阴谋就是炮制出一个掩人耳目提高物价的计划。
” 亚当·斯密的经济思想体系结构严密，论证有力，使经济思想学派在几十年内就被抛弃了。
实际上亚当·斯密把他们所有的优点都吸入进了自己的体系，同时也系统地披露了他们的缺点。
亚当斯密的接班人，包括象托马斯·马尔萨斯和大卫·李嘉图这样著名的经济学家对他的体系进行了精心的充实和修正（没有改变基本纲要），今天被称为经典经济学体系。
虽然现代经济学说又增加了新的概念和方法，但这些大体说来是经典经济学的自然产物。
在一定意义上来说，甚至卡尔·马克思的经济学说（自然不是他的政治学说）都可以看作是经典经济学说的继续。
在《国富论》中，亚当斯密在一定程度上预见到了马尔萨斯人口过剩的观点。
虽然李嘉图和卡尔·马克思都坚持认为人口负担会阻碍工资高出维持生计的水平（所谓的“工资钢铁定律”），但是亚当斯密指出在增加生产的情况下工资就会增长。
事实已经十分清楚地表明亚当斯密在这一点上正确，而李嘉图和马克思是错的。
除了亚当斯密观点的正确性及对后来理论家的影响之外就是他对立法和政府政策的影响。
《国富论》一书技巧高超，文笔清晰，拥有广泛的读者。
亚当斯密反对政府干涉商业和商业事务、赞成低关税和自由贸易的观点在整个十九世纪对政府政策都有决定性的影响。
事实上他对这些政策的影响今天人们仍能感觉出来。
自从亚当斯密以来经济学有了突飞猛进的发展以致他的一些思想已被搁置一边，因而人们容易低估他的重要性。
但实际上他是使经济学说成为一门系统科学的主要创立人，因而是人类思想史上的主要人物。
亚当.斯密在《道德情操论》里的名言,温总理在剑桥大学演讲时所引用的!!
首先，你能对斯密经典著作如此认真而执着的阅读我很感动，读书人，栋梁啊。
其次，你可能是年理论经济学的大学生，应该知道国富论，道与国类似都强调了私人的自由的市场经济的哲学，来取代国家政治对经济的管束，认为大众的自由竞争将会产生帕累托最优状态。
我国以前是计划经济，权力高度集中在中央，当然所谓成果就掌握在中央手里，现在的大方向是改革到市场经济，所以温总理搬出了斯密的古典自由主义经济的观点，强调经济的自由性，私人性，也是向世界表明中国改革开放的坚定的决心。
话可以变着法的说，但道理是那么个道理，我们看书应该灵活抓住主要的观点，不要拘泥于字句的说法不同，一千个人可以把上面的道理翻译成一千个版本，难道你都读一遍不成
额，论文要精确到译者，不是死板，就是名牌大学的
补充：《道德情操论》作者:亚当-斯密 译者:韩巍 出版社:中国城市出版社出版时间:2008-05-01，ISBN：9787507419795出版的最好。
翻译简介凝练，恰如其分。
亚当-斯密耗费毕生的心血把这些思考写成了这本十分罕见的，也可以说是至今唯一的一本全面、系统分析人类情感的作品，他想告诉读者，人在追求物质利益的同时，要受道德感念的约束，不要去伤害别人，而是要帮助别人，这种“利他”的道德情操永远地种植在人的心灵里。
全书共分为三卷：第一卷：行为的适当。
第二卷优点与缺点：或奖赏与惩罚的对象。
第三卷：我们评判自己的情感和行为的基础已及责任感。
如想网上阅读可访问这里有个链接，当当网认为是个版本。
作 者： （英）斯密 著，谢宗林 译出 版 社： 中央编译出版社出版时间： 2008-8-1 字 数： 380000版本很多，如果你真的非得精确到译者，那么你查查以上两个版本。
个人认为第二个更准一些。
