英语中什么叫做宾语从句
在充当宾语的句子,可用that,when等如何判断：一个句子有主谓宾。
比如：ilikedogs.i 是主语 like是谓语，dogs是。
这里的dogs不是一个从句。
而宾语从句指的是：用一个句子做宾语。
例如：iknowthatyouareastudent.i 是主语。
know是谓语。
thatyou are a student。
是宾语。
但是you are a student。
是一个句子，只是它用来做整个句子的宾语了，所以叫宾语从句
宾语从句的三要点为：（1）时态主从句时态要一致1.当主句是一般现在时，宾语从句可以根据实际需要用各种时态。
如：hesaysthatjimisn”tlazy.2.如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，则宾语从句须用过去的某种时态。
（1）如果宾语从句的动作和主句动作紧接发生，则从句用一般过去时。
如：shesaidshemissedusverymuch.（2）如果宾语从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，则从句用过去进行时。
如：hesaidthathewasworkinghardonhischinese.（3）如果宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，则从句用过去完成时。
如：sheaskedifihadbeentoengland.（4）如果宾语从句动作发生在主句动作之后，则从句用过去将来时。
如：liuyingaskedmewhowouldgiveusthetalk.（5）如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理，其谓语动词仍用一般现在时。
如：hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.（2）从句语序为陈述句语序（3）引导词that通常可以省略。
英语格言求翻译与语法，语法细致点
Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more. 成功的秘诀就是四个简单的字：多一点点。
多一点努力，多一点自律，多一点实践，多一点疯狂。
多一点点就能创造奇迹
你今天学英语了吗
举出5个翻译的例子来说明中英文的不同。
英汉句子的对比一,重形与重意合1 (hypotaxis)与意合(parataxis)反映了两种不同的现象.形合是:在复合句中分句或主从句之间需要用连词或关联词这种方式来明示它们之间的句法关系.意合则不同,分句之间不用连词,而是通过分句的顺序来隐含它们之间的语义关联.句与句(含联合关系或偏正关系)之间有没有连词或关联词则是形合或意合的重要标志. 英汉句子的对比1.As the weather was fine,We decided to the mountain .2.屡战屡败& 屡败屡战( We fought over and over again though we were repeatedly defeated & We were repeatedly defeated though we fought over and over again)英汉句子的对比2,在形合与意合的表现形式中,英语与汉语的意义重心是不同的,英语一般是前重心,把主要信息放在主句中,放在句子的开头,英语主从复合句的常规是主句在前,从句在后;而汉语则与之相反,一般是后重心,把次要的部分放在句首,从句在前,主句在后.翻译时准确地把握这一特点,而不必拘泥于原文的语序.小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能够战胜大国的侵略.译文:The people of a small country can certain1y defeat aggression from a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.英汉句子的对比3,英语虽重形合,是一种形式的语言,但是也不乏意合手段,例如用介词或分词短语取代从句等.同样,汉语在必要时,也使用形合句,连词的用不用,修辞上是有体裁色彩的……细致地来探讨这些关系,是修辞上要注意的.语法上只须点明,不生岐义的,可用意合法;否则宁多'钉些钉子'也不要追求词句的简练,而招致语意的不明她坐在那儿,双手交叉抱在胸前,面带微笑,凝视着年迈的丈夫,丈夫也以微笑回报.上帝:我要的100比索(pesos),只收到70.请把剩下的给我,我非常需要这些钱.不过别再邮寄了,邮局的人是一帮贼(a bunch of crooks).God: of the money that I asked for, only seventy pesos reached me. Send me the rest, since I need it very much. But don't send it to me through the mail, because the post-office employees are a bunch of crooks.There she sat—her hands folded in front of her, and a smile upon her face, as she gazed at her old husband and he smiled back at her in return.英汉句子的对比二,重前饰与重后饰英语与汉语的基本语序是比较固定的,而且通常都采用主语+谓语+宾语(SVO)的线性排列顺序.但是修饰语(定语或状语)的位置就大不相同了.汉语的修饰语总是在被修饰的成分之前,而英语的修饰语可以出现在被修饰语的前面或后面,具体地说单个形容词作修饰语通常是前置的,如果是短语或分句,则需位于被修饰语的成分之后.因此,可以说,就修饰语的语序而言,英语和汉语的区别在于前者重后饰,后者重前饰. 译文①:现在是只争朝夕的时候了,是我们两国人民攀登那种可以缔造一个新的,更美好的世界的伟大精神境界的高峰的时候了.译文②:现在是只争朝夕的时候了,是我们两国人民攀登崇高精神的高峰的时候了.本着这种精神,我们可以缔造一个更新更美好的世界.This is the hour, this is the day for our two people to rise to the heights of greatness which can build a new and a better world.英汉句子的对比三,重意念形态与重屈折形态汉语不具备繁复和屈折形态变化体系,其语义结构呈图象化,造型化,简约化.汉字作为语言符号系统直接承载语义信息和参与表意功能,汉语主语与谓语之间不存在人称与数的变化手段的意念流,可以隐去一切可以隐去的替代,领属,转折,时体与数的标志. 译文:半个天空,洁净无瑕; 风已转从西面吹来,一朵朵云彩成群地让风吹着,变成一条条银色的长柱,排着纵队向东方飘去. .Half heaven was pure and stainless : the clouds, now trooping before the wind, which had shifted to the west,were filing off eastward in long, silvered culms .(《简·爱》Jane Eyre 1'288 )How long have you been here 我和丈夫共同生活了50年,一直寻求着幸福却未能找到;… …I have lived with my husband for fifty years--seeking happiness, and never finding it; ……你来这里多久了 名词从句的翻译方法英语名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句.翻译这类从句时,大多数可按原文的语序翻译,也可以按其他方法处理.此处先介绍前两种从句的处理方法. 主语从句翻译以what, whatever, whoever 等代词引导的主语从句时, 一般可按原文顺序翻译.如果用形式主语it 引出真正的主语从句,翻译时视情况而定,可以提前,也可以保持原来的语序. 他告诉我的只是些亦真亦假的东西而已.Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.此行所见所闻给他留下了深刻印象.What he told me was only half-truth.It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.飞机坠毁后,飞行员居然还活着,这看来真是不可思议.(提前)It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪,她竟然没有看出自己的缺点.(不提前)宾语从句将that,what,how等引导的宾语从句译成汉语时,一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序.如果用形式宾语it引出真正的宾语从句,翻译时视情况而定,可以提前,也可以保持原来的语序. 我告诉他,由于最后那个条件,我不得已只能谢绝.He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.他再三提醒大家,决定此事的不只他一人,还有其他许多人.I told him that because of the last condition, I'd have to turn it down.I take it for granted that you will come and talk the matter over with him.我想你会来跟他谈此事.(不提前)Anyhow, old friend, I owe it to you that I'm here.不管怎么说,老朋友,我现在还能在这儿,全靠你.(提前)表语从句表语从句跟宾语从句一样,一般可按原文顺序翻译,这个技巧比较好掌握. 他对新闻界的看法是,记者们不是支持他,就是反对他.The fact is that the old lady believed Rebecca to be the most lovely creature in the world.事实是,老太太认为丽贝卡是天下最可爱的小家伙.This is what he is eager to do.这就是他所渴望做的.His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.同位语从句一般用同位语来对名词(或代词)作进一步解释.同位语可以是单词,短语或从句,这里只介绍英语同位语从句的译法.翻译同位语从句有三种方法,即提前,保持不变和增加 即(或以为),或用冒号,破折号分开. As an obedient son, I had accepted my father's decision that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all.作为一个孝顺的儿子,我接受了父亲的决定,当一名医生,虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣.(不提前)Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而,从一开始,我仍然活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了.(提前) But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.但是现实地考虑一下,我们不得不正视这样的事实:我们的前景并不妙.(冒号)And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.而且有这种可能性——一个小小的电火花,可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设计的线路.(破折号)
定语从句 宾语从句 主语从句 状语从句 表语从句 同位语从句的区别
定语从句,作用相当于名词,通常由 that (既用余物又可用于人),which(一般只用来指物),who\\\/whom(只用于指人)e.g. I deserve more than the grade that\\\/which I have been given. The girl who is giggling over there is a beauty if her head were sacked.宾语从句,相当于名词做宾语,由that引导,也可由连接代词或连接副词,还有whate.g. We suspended that it was a trick to get our money. Only you can decide who is the best chioce. Tell me what you are thinking ahout the plan.状语从句,作用相当于副词,是最复杂的一类从句,在句中的位置比较灵活,具体的引导词要根据不同类型的状语从句来定.具体有以下几类:1.时间状语从句,可由when,after,before,till(untill),since (这些是比较常用的)等来引导,有时状语从句也可以不由引导词来引导,而直接跟在一些表时间,频率的副词后.e.g. When she pressed the button the lift stopped. I have had another baby since I saw last time. The boy didn't go to sleep untill his Dad came back. I found the letter long after he had gone away.(要去睡觉了,后面的,我以后在来接着写.或者推荐一本语法书<张道真实用英语法>)
英语：什么是名词性从句
详细
名词性从句名词性从句：其功能相当于名词，根据其在句中充当的成分可分为主语，宾语，表语和同位语从句．名词性从句必须用陈述语序. 常见引导词：1. that 无意义，在名词性从句中不充当成分；2. whether\\\/if “是否” , 在从句中不充当成分；3. who “谁”，在从句中作主语, 口语中可作宾语, 表语;4. whom “谁”，在从句中作宾语, 表语;5. whose “谁的”，在从句中作定语,表语;6. what “什么”，“…的”，在从句中作主语,宾语, 表语, 定语，含义没有明确的范围;7. which “哪个，哪些”，在从句中作主语,宾语, 表语, 定语，含义有明确的范围;8. when “何时”，在从句中作时间状语，表语；9. where“何地”，在从句中作地点状语，表语；10. why “为什么”，在从句中作原因状语，表语；11. how “怎样，怎么”在从句中作方式状语，表语。
由how组成的短语也可引导名词性从句, 在从句中作状语，如how many, how long , how soon, how often, how far…12. because “因为”，在从句中作原因状语；13. as if\\\/as though “好像，似乎”，在从句中不充当成分；14. whoever “无论谁”，在主句和从句中都可作主语，宾语，表语；15. whomever “无论谁”，在主句和从句中都可作宾语，表语；16. whatever “无论什么”，在主句和从句中都可作主语，宾语，表语，定语；17. whichever “无论哪个”，在主句和从句中都可作主语，宾语，表语，定语，含义有明确的范围；一、主语从句用作主语的从句。
常见引导词：that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how, how much, how many, how long, how far, how soon, how often, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever;1. ________ the teacher said today was quite right.2. _______ they are badly in need of help is quite clear. 3. ________ they will sell the house is not yet decided.4. _________ was said here must be kept secret. 5. _________ makes mistakes must correct them. 6. It is a pity ______ she has made such a mistake.7. ______ we will start is not decided yet.8. ______ surprised me most was his manner.9. ______ he was chosen monitor is clear.10. _______ he has gone is still unknown.注: 1、主语从句做主语，谓语用单数；但两个以上的从句做主语，谓语用复数； What he says and what he does disagree.2、可用“it”做形式主语，把主语从句放在后面； 主要有下列句型： 1) It +v.+ adj. \\\/ n. +从句 It is a shame that we missed the last train. It is important that we should learn a foreign language. It’s a pleasure that we’re going to have a party.注：It is important \\\/necessary\\\/ natural\\\/ a pity\\\/strange\\\/ impossible that sb. \\\/ sth. (should) do… It is necessary that you not sleep in class.2) It +不及物动词+从句 It seems\\\/appears that he is from the USA. It happened that his parents were out when he called.3) It + be +过去分词+从句 It is said that... 据说…… It is known to all that... 众所周知…… It is reported that... 据报道…… It is believed that... 据信……;人们相信…… It is suggested that... 有人建议…… It is hoped that… 人们希望… … It must be pointed out that... 必须指出…… It has been proved that... 已证明…….It is said that Tom once studied in the USA.It is reported that a storm is on the way.It has been proved that the theory is correct.3、在主语从句中，“that”放在句首时不能省略，若“it”做形式主语，“that”从句放在后面在口语中，可以省略“that”;二、宾语从句放在某个动词，介词或形容词后做宾语。
常见引导词：that, whether, if, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how, how much, how many, how long, how far, how soon, how often, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever;1. I think ________ a healthy diet should contain a lot of green vegetables and fruit.2. I wonder ________ you can do me a favor.3. It depends on _________ the manager will agree to the plan or not.4. The teacher asked little Tom _______ first discovered America.5. He asked me ________ pronunciation was the best in our class.6. He told me ________ had happened on his way to school. 7. Do you think _______ team will win the match?8. You can do ____________ you like.9. I’ll give the job to ___________ has much work experience.10. I don’t know __________ he will leave for America. 注：1. 含宾补时，常用下面句型： 主语＋动词＋it+宾补+宾语从句; I find it necessary that we should ask him for advice. 2. 介词后常接wh-词引导的从句,很少接that引导的(介词but, except, in 除外), 若介词后的从句由 that引导,则须用it作形式宾语After what seemed a long time, he returned home.You may depend on it that they will support you.She was fortunate in that she had friends to help her. 3. 在“be+adj.”后,常可接that引导的宾语从句,也可把其称为原因状语从句. I’m afraid that I can’t accept your invitation. She’s happy that her daughter had passed the exams.4. 否定转移：“think, believe, suppose, guess, expect, imagine”等词所接的宾语从句若为否定式，常把否定词提前到在主句中。
He doesn’t believe we have finished our work. I don’t think he cares about it, does he?5. “that”引导的宾语从句做某动词或形容词宾语时,“that”可省略，但若有两个并列的“that”从句，后一个“that”不可省略； I hear Tom is good at soccer and that he joined the club last week. 6. 宾语从句的时态特点①主句若用现在时(含一般现在时,一般将来时，现在完成时),从句根据情况可用任何相应时态； I hear they will be back in a week. Do you know why he left without a word? I’m not sure whether he has been to the Great Wall before.②主句用过去式时,从句要用相应的过去时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）；She hesitated whether she would take our advice.He told me his son was watching TV.He said that he had been in London for two days. 注：当从句表示“真理，格言，谚语，科学事实”时，从句用现在时态；My grandpa told me that the earth is round.三、表语从句表语从句放在系动词后，如be, seem, look等,用来说明，解释主语，使其具体化；常见引导词：that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how, how much, how many, how long, whoever, how far, how soon, how often, whomever, whatever, whichever, because, as if\\\/as though; 1. What she wants to know is _______ computer she should buy.2. The problem was ______ could do the work.3. What I want to know is _________ answers are right.4. He is late for school today; it is ________ he missed the first bus.5. It seems _________ he is from the USA.6. The trouble is _______ he has no work experience.7. The question is ________ we should ask them for help.8. He missed the first bus today; that is ________ he was late for school.9. This is ________ you made the mistakes.10. The problem is _______ he can get food and clothing.注：1. 引导词通常不省略； 2. 当“reason”做主语时，表语从句用 “that”引导；The reason for his illness is that he was caught in a heavy rain. 3. The truth\\\/fact is that… The trouble\\\/difficulty\\\/problem is that… The fact is that he has never been there before.The trouble is that we are short of money and technology.四、同位语从句同位语从句放在某名词后，对其进一步解释，说明该名词的具体内容。
常见引导词：that, when, where, whether, why, who, whom, whose, how… 同位语从句常放在下列名词后: news, word, idea, fact, truth, reason, thought, doubt, belief, hope, promise, possibility, order, proposal, advice, suggestion, demand…There was little hope that they would survive.Word came that our team had won.I have no idea why she left.They had the question whether he could pass the final exam. He didn’t take my advice that we should set off earlier.
英语帮忙
if,whether之间有什么区别whether和if的用法区别 1)whether和if常用来引导宾语从句，这时两者的含义区别很小，一般可通用。
例如： ①I don't know whether\\\/if they will come to help us. 我不知道他们是否来帮助我们。
②I am not sure whether\\\/if I'll have time to go with you. 我很难说我们是否有时间跟你们一起去。
上面两句无区别。
但是，当whether与or not连成一个词组时，whether不可换用if。
例如： ③I don't know whether or not they will come for our help. 我不知道他们是否要来求我们支援。
【注意】若whether和or not不连在一起，在日语中可以用if取代whether，当然也可以用whether。
例如： ④I am not certain if\\\/whether the train will arrive on time. 我没有把握火车是否准时到达。
⑤I don't care if\\\/whether your car breaks down or not. 我不在乎您的车是否是会出故障。
此外，还有三种情况值得注意： (1)在介词后面只能用whether，不能用if。
例如： ①This depends upon whether we are determined to do it. 这件事要看我们是否有决心去做。
②It depends on whether he is ready. 这件事要看他是否有准备。
③I am not interested in whether you'll come or not. 你来不来我不感兴趣。
④We haven't settled the question of whether we'll renew our supplies of coal for factory. 是否要为我们工厂补充一些煤，这个问题我们还没有决定。
(2)在动词不定式之前，只能用whether，不能用if。
例如： ①He doesn't know whether to stay or not. 他不能知道是否要留下来。
②She doesn't knows whether to get married now or wait. 是否现在结婚或是等待她不知道。
(3)在及物运动discuss后的宾语从句中，只能用whether，不能用if。
例如： ①We discussed whether we should make a change in our plan. 我们讨论了是不是要对我们的计划作一些修改。
②We were discussing whether we should discuss the business with them. 我们正在讨论我们是否要和他们谈这个生意。
2)引导主语从句时，只能用whether，不能用if。
例如： ①It is unknown whether he will come. 他是否来还不知道。
②Whether the news is true remains a question. 这个消息是否真实仍然是个问题。
3)引导表语从句时，只能用whether，不能用if。
例如： ①What we want to know is whether he will come to speak to us tomorrow. 我们想知道的是他明天是否来给我们讲话。
②The question is whether they can take our advice. 问题是他们是否能接受我们的意见。
4)引导同位语从句时，常用whether。
例如： ①The question whether we'll build another lecture building hasn't been settled. 是否要另建一幢教学楼的问题还未决定。
②The question whether he'll come is unknown. 他是否来的问题还不知道。
5)可以用来引导一个否定的宾语从句，whether则不能用来引导否定的宾语从句，因为它表示正反两方面的选择意义比较强。
例如： ①Tell me if it is not going to rain, please. 请告诉我明天是否不会下雨。
②He considered if he shouldn't tell her the secret. 他考虑他是否不该告诉她这个秘密。
6)if除引导宾语从句外，还可以引导条件状语从句，作“是否”解。
在容易引起混淆产生歧义的情况下，就不可用if，而须用whether。
例如： ①Please let me know if you intend to come.这个句子有两种解释： A：“请让我们知道你是否想来。
” B：“如果你打算来，请让我们知道。
” 第一种解释是把if引导的从句看作宾语从句，把动词know视为及物动词(vt．)；第二种解释是把if引导的从句当作条件状语从句，把动词know看作不及物动词(vi．)。
在口语中，我们可以通过语调来表示两者的区别；但是，在书面语中，无上下文(如一张便条上写着这句话)，那就含混不清了。
如果我们想表达的第一种含义，就得用whether来改写第一句。
①Please let me know whether you intend to come. 又如： ②Let me know whether he has left for Shanghai. 告诉我他是否已经去上海了。
③Let me know if he has left for Shanghai. 如果他去上海，请告诉我一声。
此外，whether还可以引导让步状语从句，作“无论、不管”解，这儿就略而不谈1. 现在一般时与现在完成时1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）2) You read very well. (强调能力）You've read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）3) I forget.(一时想不起来了）I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态）The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）Every time I have seen him, he's been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行）6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间）7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出开始时）He won't come till the play has begun.（戏已开始） 8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （两个动作紧密相接）After I have left school, I'll go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）9) It is a long time since I saw you last. It's been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）10) Where are you? (在哪）Where have you been?(去了哪）2. 现在一般时与现在进行时1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么）3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰）The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）4) I forget him name. I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了）5) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大）You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比较固定，不宜改变）The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改变）7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备）8)Tom goes to college now. Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你）I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）10) He always sleeps in the afternoon. He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令）I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉转）12) What do you say? What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果） I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到）13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)14) He always thinks of others. He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后) Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)16) I hope you'll give us some advice. I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)17) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了)18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)3. 现在完成时与过去一般时1) I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里) I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)2) Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗)Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗? 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。
)5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气）What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。
） 6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样
强调结果）How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的
强调干活的方式）7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约）He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）8) He has been called a thinker. He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家）9) You've heard what I said. (你听见我的话了）You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。
）10) I've lost my pen. (笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪）He was already there.（当时在哪）12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了）13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）4. 过去完成时与过去一般时1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔) I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)2) I waited till I saw him. I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来) We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次)I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵) Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实) Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友) They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了)8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间) He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完)9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了)I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了)10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下)When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确) I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完)12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人)I have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时)5. 过去进行时与过去一般时1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)2) The guests arrived.(客人已到) The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了) John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服) They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说)7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实) The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停)8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了)9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)6. 将来一般时与现在进行时1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)How long will you stay here?(表示打算)3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)4) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)7. 现在一般时与过去一般式1) Do you wish to see me? Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)2) That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些) That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)How did you like the film?(看完电影后)4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说)It was so nice to see you.(离别时说)5) I never like him. (没时间性)I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过)6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时)I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)7) Who is that? (哪人还在) Who was that?(人已不在场了)8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕)This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话) Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)2) I've read the novel.(已读完) I've been reading the novel.(还没读完)3) He has lived here for six weeks. e has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)4) Have you met her lately? Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)5) Who's eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了)Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)9.现在一般时与过去完成时1) I hope that he'll come.I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose) 1．现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。
2．强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。
常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。
I have already seen the film.Have you decided yet?3．刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days\\\/weeks注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。
I have just phoned him?I have visited my parents recently.4．从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：since, （可用作介词和连词）for 注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。
I have lived here for 20 years.I have lived here since I came to this cityI have learned English since 10 years ago.He hasn't come to visit us for a few months.5．从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life注意：这两句话的区别I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午)I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了)We have learned so many things from you so far.I have seen any bird like this in my life.6．对过去的体验和经历。
常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times注意：这两句话的区别I have been to Beijing （去过北京）I have gone to Beijing（去北京了，人还没回来〕Have you seen tiger before?I have been to Shanghai many times.
英汉两种语言的异同
Differences between English and Chinese language 英汉词汇对比 词是语言的基本单位。
现代汉语对词的一般定义为：词是语言中最小的、能独立运用的、形体和意义都固定化的造句单位。
两种语言中关于词的描述是比较相近的: 1都有稳定的结构形式 2都有相对独立的概念 3是句子的结构要素 差异: 1读音上 2书写上 构词对比 词是语言的基本单位，但并不是最小的有意义的单位，还可以分成更小的单位。
常用英语构词法：加缀法(affixation)、复合法(composition, compounding)、缩略法(shortening)，还有拼缀法(blending)、转类法(conversion)、和逆构法(backformation )。
现代汉语常见构词法：重叠法、加缀法、复合法、缩略法。
1.1 加缀法 在英语中，异常活跃。
Eg. Nation 派生词 汉语中表示词类的词缀明显不如英语多，也不如英语词缀能产。
Eg. 老乡，老虎，闹哄哄，酸溜溜 1.2 复合法compounds& compounding 汉语：构词顺序主要受逻辑因果关系和句法结构关系制约 古今，打倒，善恶，亲朋，搁浅，雪白，展开 英语：受词的形态变化的因素制约，尽量让后一个词来体现复合词的词性 hot line, hard-liner不妥协者，brain-wash, heart-broken stress pattern: `highchair—the chair babies sit in high`chair—noun phrase 1.3 缩略法clipping 英语：1去掉词的某一部分，留下的部分在书写形式和读音上更为简洁，词义和词性与原词一般保持不变。
由这种方式构成的词叫clipped word。
2 acronyms: 3 Alphabetic abbreviations 汉语：1将复杂名词压缩为一个简单名词，有的简称已经固定，逐渐变成新词。
如，知青，解放军，化工 2用数字概括一组词汇的特点或成分构成新词。
如，五谷，四化。
1.4 重叠法 英语：叠音词，多为模拟声音的词。
汉语：叠音词比较活跃。
除了具有某种情感意义外，叠音词的使用还可以带来音韵节律和谐的效果，渲染衬托气氛，增强语言的表现力。
(1) The tick-tack of sleet on frosted windowpanes aroused me from sleep. (2)Everything was heaped higgledy-piggledy on the luggage racks. (3) 润土说着，又叫水生来打拱，那孩子却害羞，紧紧地只贴在他背后。
(4)科学是老老实实的学问，来不得半点虚假，需要付出艰辛的劳动。
重叠词 是汉语独特的现象，各类实词几乎都可以重叠使用。
汉语动词、形容词的重叠形式在英语中无对应形式，汉译英时往往较困难。
(5)那只猴子接连跳了好几跳，始终未能够着苹果。
(6)他退了休以后，平常看看书，下下棋，和老朋友聊聊天，倒也不寂寞。
词类对比 英汉两种语言的词汇传统上被分为实词和虚词两大类，在根据它们的搭配组合特点，又细分为不同类别。
词类划分是基本相同的。
但，同一种词类在两种语言中的搭配能力却不尽相同，在巨资中所担任的成分也不尽一致。
英语属综合—分析语，词有形态变化。
汉语属典型的分析语，词没有形态变化。
另外，两种语言中都有一定量的虚词，它们不但在分类上不尽一致，而且在使用上还存在很大差异。
此部分主要对名词、动词、形容词、副词、连词和介词进行对比，找出各对应词类在英汉语中使用上的异同。
2.1 名词对比 分类对比 英语：可数和不可数名词；汉语：无数的变化 英语中可直接用可数名词的复数形式来表达模糊的数量关系，而汉语中，则要用其他手段，如用数量词组、副词、重叠形式等。
如， Changes have happened to him since we were separated. 在毕业典礼上，一句句千叮万嘱的话语使这些不羁的学子也有些动容了。
翻译实例： (1) Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. (2) There’re canteens around the campus. (3) Adversaries are powerful without question. (4) 这个古旧的小镇坐落在清秀的群山之中。
(5) 冷清的夜空繁星密布。
构词对比 (6) The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. (7) 参加学术讨论会是十分必要的。
(8) The hard facts have shown the objectivity and correctness of the report. (9) 加热器可防止车窗上形成雾。
语法功能对比 英语名词不能做谓语用，汉语名词可以。
限于表示时间、天气以及籍贯等的名词。
(10) Today is Friday. We’ll be free tomorrow. (11) 大米两块钱一斤。
修饰语对比 英语一般不接受副词的修饰。
There is a man on the top of the hill on which an old pine tree is standing against the searing sun that has just come out of the thick clouds which frightens the farmers cutting the wheat in the field and three pedestrians on the way home. 汉语也同样。
修饰语与中心词的位置关系 (12) The man to take part in our party is a professor from a famous university abroad. (13) 那个讲起话来没完没了的是个什么人物
(14) The man who stands at the corner is Tom’s brother. 数量修饰语 (15) Flowers bloom all over the yard. (16) The road was packed with men and women. (17) The lion is the king of animals. (18) 三个月过去了，还是没有他们的任何消息。
从句修饰语 英语：定语从句、同位语从句 (19) The inspired churchman that teaches him the sanctity of life and the importance of conduct is sent away empty. (20) He insisted on buying another coat, which he had no use for. (21) We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. (22) There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. (23) He passed in the middle of the garden, exercising his fingers, which are slightly numbed by her greeting. 2.2 动词对比 差异很多： 最大的区别是英语动词有语法形态变化，表示各种语法意义；汉语动词无形态变化，词形本身不能表示语法意义。
英语动词是英语句子的核心；汉语句子可以没有动词。
及物动词带不带宾语 英语动词不如汉语动词频繁。
英汉动词语法意义对比 英语动词涉及人称person、数number、时tense、体aspect、态voice、式\\\/语气mood等六个语法范畴。
汉语动词没有形态变化，语法意义的实现由上下文、词汇（时间词、副词、助词等）、语调等体现。
动词对表示语法意义手段的选择是灵活的. 这种差异应重视。
I was a middle school teacher and my dream was to teach college students. He had known of you. I’ll be lying in my bed when you are at home. 我这般年纪的人，哪个没吃过苦，受过难? 小伙子们正玩得起劲，忽然，噼哩啪啦，电线着火了。
英汉动词造句功能对比 英语造句，一个分句（clause）一般至少包含一个主谓结构，谓语必须由动词词组担任，动词是造句的核心。
汉语造句以意和为主，动词并非必需。
除了动词为语句外，形容词谓语句、名词谓语句和主谓谓语句比比皆是。
英汉动词及物性对比 英语及物动词带宾语具有强制性，汉语及物动词的宾语常常不出现。
例句： 我的讲话如有错误，敬请指正。
那家伙靠借钱度日。
后面的同学听得清楚吗
If you have got the answer, please write it on the blackboard. 英汉动词使用频率对比 语言内部，英语中动词使用的频率要低于名词，汉语反之 汉语动词的使用频率高于英语动词。
例句： Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。
那些小偷意识到警察已经发现了他们。
2.3 形容词对比 作补语的对比 汉语形容词作谓语（英语不能） 作主语和宾语的对比 a. 作补语的对比 在形容词作补语的SVOC结构中，动词主要表“致使”、“认为”等意义的动词，与汉语“把”字句和主谓短语作宾语的句型极为相似。
例句： She dyed her white hair black. She found the child fast sleep. 汉语形容词作补语，其语义指向极为复杂，可以是句子主语、宾语或谓语动词等。
例句： 把桌子擦干净。
大家商量好了，这次全依你的。
b. 汉语形容词作谓语 例句： 屋里乱哄哄的。
他的办公桌干干净净的，文件也整整齐齐的，真是个爱整洁的小伙子。
孩子安静下来了。
天渐渐暗了下来。
c. 作主语和宾语的对比 例句： A policy requires many unemployed either to find a job or to accept full-time training or higher education. 谦虚使人进步。
工作着是美丽的。
2.4 副词对比 口语中，英语简单副词使用超过了60%，在书面语中也超过30%；而-ly副词在口语中使用率为20%，在书面语中超过55%。
汉语语体色彩不如英语那么明显。
比如：He seldom calls on me. That’s pretty good. He is physically weak but mentally sound. What film will be on this evening? 这孩子高兴得很。
2.5 连词对比 区别1：英语连词必须用，汉语有时可省略，靠语序来体现逻辑关系。
并列连词 He is Jack of all trades but master of none. The teacher unfolded his lecture draft and began reading as usual. They’ve finished half of it, and that’s not bad. 从属连词 As the police put it, anything you say may be used as evidence against you. 抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。
区别2： 英语从属连词只能引导从句(subordinate clause)，汉语连词主从句都可引导。
（虽然）我会开车，但技术还不够精。
I found that she was not as nice as she pretend to be. 区别3： 英语从句可在主句前（表示强调），也可在主句后（通常情况下）；汉语分句位置一般比较固定：偏句在前，正句在后。
试比较： a.（虽然）我会开车，但技术还不够精。
b. *但技术还不够精，(虽然)我会开车。
a. He didn’t go with us because he was busy. b. Because he was busy, he didn’t go with us. 区别4： 英语除了少数几个从属连词可以和某些副词配合使用，强调主从句之间的关系，以及某些固定的关联从属连词外，从属连词一般单独使用；汉语偏正连词通常成对使用。
If .. then, so… that…, although … yet… You are not as dumb as you look, are you? 虽然\\\/但是，如果\\\/就，即使\\\/也 区别5： 英语从属连词一词多义、多功能现象较多，汉语偏正连词一般一词一义，功能比较固定。
That contemporary American English is exuberantly vigorous is undeniable. She hoped that he would arrive on time. He was saddened that she felt so little for him. 2.6 介词对比 区别1： 英语介词搭配范围广、搭配能力强、用法非常复杂。
主要因为英语介词，尤其是简单介词，一般为多义词，而每一种意义都要在具体搭配中才能显现出来，而这种搭配通常是固定的。
另外，作为一种连接手段，英语介词一般不能随意省略，否则会出现语法不通的句子，具有强制性。
汉语介词词义不那么丰富，很多情况下介词可以省略而不影响意义的表达。
区别2： 英语介词后可跟分句和副词作宾语，汉语不可以。
Until now You can take anything with you except what has been mentioned previously. 区别3： 英语介词可以构成固定搭配，汉语没有类似固定短语 at ease, at school, at hand, at table, by chance … 这些短语只能靠学习过程中积累并熟记，不是简单的一两条规则就可以解决的。
Faulty construction was responsible for the crash. · The police are responsible for the preservation of public order and security. A people’s government is responsible to the people. 区别4： 英语介词有的表示隐含比较意义和否定意义。
表示隐含比较意义的介词通常是表示时间或方位的介词。
He graduated one year after me. The economy of far inland areas is at least twenty years behind that of the coastline areas. I’ll pay nothing beyond the stated price. His performance is far beyond our imagination. 表示否定意义的介词通常也是表示时间或方位的介词。
To make such a decision is above his power. This translation is still off perfection. 词义对比 3.1 指称意义对比 指称意义：designative meaning \\\/ denotative meaning 由于不同历史、不同文化背景、不同的思维方式，不同的民族认识和描述客观世界的方式和角度不尽相同。
A. 英汉语指称意义完全对等的现象 常见于专用词汇、科技术语或自然现象 the United Nations 联合国 The Pacific Ocean 太平洋 earthquake 地震 B. 英汉语指称意义部分对应的现象 词语在各自语言中所涵盖的意义不尽相同，其中仅有一个或若干个词义对应相同，而在其他方面所指意义截然不同。
•英语中词的概念或涵义范围比相应的汉语词宽泛。
The river runs clear. His nose is running. He runs the bookstore. He ran through his money. The ship ran on a rock. The novel has run into ten editions. •英语中词的概念或涵义范围比相应的汉语词狭窄。
错误分析： 你能给我介绍一本书吗
Could you introduce me a book? 以eat一词为例，词典上提供的汉语释义通常为“吃”。
但eat一般仅限于吃食物之类的东西，而汉语中的“吃”的许多其他用法往往都不能译作eat，这正如下列例子所示： 吃药 吃后悔药 吃惊 吃苦 吃亏 吃老本 吃香 他已订了去北京的火车票。
双方订了停火协议。
他们已订了明年的生产计划。
她给自己订了块比萨饼。
C. 英汉语指称意义完全不对应的现象 这类词汇常常是承载某一民族极其独特的文化内涵，或具有特殊的背景。
如：water gate做普通名词用时，汉语与之对应的词义是“水闸，闸口”，而作专用名词Watergate时，指1972年6月发生于美国民主党总部所在地水门大厦的泄密丑闻，因汉语无与之对应的词，故以释义方式译为“水门事件或丑闻”。
再比如： 3.2 联想意义对比 又称为内涵意义，connotative meaning，指的是词汇在不同上下文，或不同语篇中，或为不同身份的说话者使用时所表现出的特殊信息、价值或情感态度等。
在语言学习过程中，确定某一词汇的联想意义要比确定指称意义更为困难，因为词汇的联想意义主要衍生与各类语境中，常常是微妙而又难于捉摸；任何词典都不可能囊括词汇可能产生的联想意义。
这不仅要求学习者掌握足够的语言知识，而且要广泛了解相关的背景知识。
A. 英汉语联想意义相像的现象 人类思维的共性 “猪”:低劣、愚蠢、粗俗而又肮脏的动物，可能由于猪的饲养环境及生活禀性而造成人们对其产生不美、甚而厌恶的联想。
to bring one’s pigs to the wrong market to buy a pig in a poke (sack袋子) to live like pigs in clover to teach a pig to play on a flute Pigs might fly (if they had wings). We might win! Pigs might fly. 汉语中：有哪些和“猪”相关的表达
联想意义的相像还多见于谚语中： to fish in troubled waters to add fuel to the fire Walls have ears. Strike while the iron is hot. B. 英汉语联想意义相悖的现象 人类思维的个性 例如：“暴风雨中的海燕” DOG Every dog his its\\\/ his day. Help a lame dog over a stile. Clever dog Lucky dog 鲁迅的“丧家犬”“落水狗”若译成homeless dog, dog in water, 你感觉怎么样
句法对比 英语重形合，强调句子结构的完整性，注重结构形式的规范。
汉语重意合，强调逻辑性。
英语句子成份的前后都可有修饰词语，主句与从句之间有明确的关联，短语套短语形成重叠式多级短语，由此构成的句子犹如一棵“参天大树，枝杈横生。
” 汉语常用短句，小句与小句之间常常省略关联词，句子的逻辑关系和语义由小句的前后顺序来体现；名词不允许带后置定语，而前置定语又不宜太长。
由此产生的句子犹似“万顷碧波，层层推进”。
基本句型对比 相同处: 都按主谓顺序排列 不同处：英语要求完整的主谓结构，位于必定含有一个限定形谓语动词；汉语两者都不一定非有。
句子结构层次 英语复句中，分句间为句法上的层级关系， 由一个分句担任上一级分句的句子成分，例： He is the person we mentioned at the meeting. 句子结构层次 汉语复句的分句间存在逻辑语义关系，而句法关系是独立的平等并列关系，而不是英语的层级关系 例：尽管他学识渊博，可是学生们并不大喜欢他，因为他老是斜眼看人。
(因果关系) 句子构成元素 主语和谓语动词是构成英语句子的基本要素。
而汉语句子可分为主谓句和非主谓句，主谓句中几乎所有词类皆可作谓语。
He twenty-five years old. She very beautiful. But in Chinese: 今天我生日。
这儿的风景真美。
明天考英语 。
刮风了。
出太阳了
英汉主语对比 无灵主语与有灵主语 主谓句与无主句 状化主语 无灵主语和有灵主语 有灵句：以人或动物为施事主体 无灵句：以无生命的事物为施事主体（在汉语中出现不多） 无灵句在英语中大量出现，大致分为：拟人化，半拟人化和无修辞色彩三种 拟人化无灵句考虑到原句的修辞色彩，可以直接转移成汉语的拟人化句子 使语言生动形象，尤其是谚语和格言中。
但有些英语动词很难在汉语中找到相应的动词，只能采用拟人化以外其他方式 半拟人化无灵句 某些无灵句虽然能给人带来一定的联想，但拟人化色彩已淡化，这类句子常以see, witness等动词作谓语，表示某种经历。
半拟人化无灵句 这类句子常以时间地点作主语，而汉译时，时间地点常作状语 偶尔变换主语原则可以有例外 无修辞色彩无灵句 某些无灵句已丧失拟人化的修辞色彩，此类句子常见动词有：find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, happen, occur等 英语句子常以事物或抽象名词作主语，结构严谨，言简意赅，语气含蓄，令人回味，体现西方人的幽默感，汉语一般以具体名词或人作主语，翻译时把英语中无灵句译成汉语中有灵句---有灵化原则（principle of animation) 主谓句与无主句 汉语无主句多，英语除祈使句外，都要求有主谓语。
汉语无主句分五类 1） “有”作谓语动词 例：有几个学生在操场上打球。
2）表存在、出现或消失 例：院子里栽着许多花。
3）表自然现象 （包括时间、季节）例：下冰雹了。
4）口号、标语 例：禁止吸烟
5）谚语和格言。
留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
1） “有”作谓语动词相当于there be…doing\\\/done\\\/to do 有辆车子等在外面。
有扇窗户被孩子砸碎了。
2)表存在、出现或消失—一般有三种译法 河上新修了一座桥。
今晚有新片上映。
3）表自然现象，一般用it作主语 那时已是深秋。
现在是早晨八点钟 4）标语口号 若出现在标题或标语中，通常以非谓语形式出现 禁止吸烟
全力以赴克服困难。
·若出现在文章中，通常以句子形式出现 5）谚语和格言，或以短语、祈使句或以完整句子处理 主语通常为动作的执行者或谓语所陈述的对象，然而在某些英语句子中，主语含有状语意义，含义时往往可采用主语状化原则。
当result from, stem from, be due to 等作谓语时，主语表结果，而谓语后面的部分表原因，这样的句子汉语常用因果句表示。
英汉谓语对比 1）名词作动词充当谓语 2）形容词作动词充当谓语 3）含使役意义的动词的充当谓语 4）静化谓语 1）名词作动词充当谓语 英语中虽不能用名词直接充当谓语，但大量名词可转化成动词作谓语，使语言更简洁紧凑，生动形象，常用于比喻。
·有时名词转换成动词是一种隐喻，汉译时变成明喻如“象…一样、犹如” 2）形容词作动词充当谓语，译为”变得，或使…变得” 3）含使役意义的动词的充当谓语 英语中某些谓语动词的行为者不是主语，而是宾语，主语只是促使某一动作得以实施。
此类句子相当于make+复合宾语，汉译时通常译成兼语式。
4）静化谓语 汉语中动词没有词形变化，除了作谓语，还可作主、定、状、补、宾语，英语中动词只能充当谓语，充当其他成分需用它的名词、形容词、副词或非谓语形式。
汉语动词出现较多，呈动态特征，英语中动词出现频率低，并常用弱式动词(be, become)和虚化动词(have, make, take, bring 等)使英语呈静态特征。
英语中常常以弱式动词替代具体的动作性较强的动词 用虚化动词更符合英语习惯。
虚化动词大多是一些多义动词，作谓语时，词义削弱，而其后的动作性名词动词词义增强 Be + adj. + n.从逻辑上讲，形容词其副词修饰动词的作用 He is a good performer. He was considered a poor loser. My family are all early risers. He is known as a maker of many enemies. He is a heavy smoker. He is a good listener and they like to talk with him. I’m not much of a sailor. Be + adj. + n We should adopt this pattern in Chinese-English translation 她衣着时髦。
She is a sharp dresser. 我怕坐飞机。
I’m a nervous flier. 他这个人说话一向直来直去。
He has always been a straight talker. To one’s + n.这一结构具有使役意义 英汉宾语对比 同源宾语 特殊的动宾结构 汉语“把”字结构与英语复合宾语 英汉宾语表达形式上的差异 1同源宾语 英语中有一类不及物动词，可以带它的名词形式作宾语，称同源宾语，汉语中无类似语法现象，英译中时须注意汉语习惯 同源宾语须带形容词 2特殊的动宾结构 英语中有一类动词后接“物主代词+动作性名词”，这类动词虽在句中充当谓语，作用相当于方式状语，翻译时须作调整。
She smiled her thanks. 3汉语“把”字结构与英语复合宾语 汉语“把”字结构相当于英语中“get”句式，和“have sth done”（动作是其他人干的） 汉语中的“把”字句在英语中可采用各种形式来表示 1).我们还没把长远规划搞出来。
2).一天的辛劳把我累得够呛。
表“把A当作B”时，英语可用“treat…as…,regard…as…等” 一开始我们都把他看成胆小鬼，不久我们发现自己看错了。
带双宾语的把字句 汉语中常把表物的宾语提到动词前，把指人的宾语留在动词后，英语中通常把两个宾语都放于动词后 4英汉宾语表达形式上的差异 主格和宾格 反身代词作宾语 “相互”表示法 形式宾语it too…to 句型 主格和宾格 汉语中代词无形态变化及主宾格之分，英语则相反。
反身代词作宾语 相互表示法 each other\\\/one another\\\/mutual 形式宾语it 他的及时帮助使我们能够获得成功。
too…to 句型 这件衣服太小（我）穿不上。
英汉定语对比 定语位置对比 状化定语从句 分隔定语 双重所有格 定语位置对比 英语中的定语可分为前置和后置定语，汉语中定语一律在被修饰的名词前 前置如：Stone bridge; large room; wounded soldier; sleeping child 后置如：books important to students; the so
