人教版九年级上册语文 要背的文言文和古诗
我是应届毕业生，文言文部分我们老师只叫我们背九年级上册的《出师表》，不知道你们老师要求如何呢
而古诗部分就要全部。
-----------------------【文言文】 出师表 诸葛亮先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。
然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。
诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。
宫中府中，俱为一体，陟罚臧否，不宜异同。
若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使内外异法也。
侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下。
愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。
将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰能，是以众议举宠为督。
愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。
亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。
先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。
侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。
臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。
先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。
后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。
先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。
受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐付托不效，以伤先帝之明，故五月渡泸，深入不毛。
今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。
此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。
至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。
愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。
若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言。
深追先帝遗诏，臣不胜受恩感激。
今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。
-----------------------------------------------【古诗】《望江南》温庭筠（九上课内）梳洗罢，独倚望江楼。
过尽千帆皆不是，斜晖脉脉水悠悠。
肠断白苹洲。
《渔家傲》范仲淹（九上课内）塞下秋来风景异，衡阳雁去无留意。
四面边声连角起，千嶂里，长烟落日孤城闭。
浊酒一杯家万里，燕然未勒归无计。
羌管悠悠霜满地，人不寐，将军白发征夫泪。
《江城子》苏轼（九上课内）老夫聊发少年狂，左牵黄，右擎苍，锦帽貂裘，千骑卷平冈。
为报倾城随太守，亲射虎，看孙郎。
酒酣胸胆尚开张。
鬓微霜，又何妨
持节云中，何日遣冯唐
会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼。
《武陵春》李清照（九上课内）风住尘香花已尽，日晚倦梳头。
物是人非事事休，欲语泪先流。
闻说双溪春尚好，也拟泛轻舟，只恐双溪舴艋舟，载不动许多愁。
《破阵子•为陈同甫赋壮词以寄之》辛弃疾（九上课内）醉里挑灯看剑，梦回吹角连营。
八百里分麾下炙，五十弦翻塞外声，沙场秋点兵。
马作的卢飞快，弓如霹雳弦惊。
了却君王天下事，赢得生前身后名。
可怜白发生
《观刈麦》白居易（九上课外）田家少闲月，五月人倍忙。
夜来南风起，小麦覆陇黄。
妇姑荷箪食，童稚携壶浆，相随饷田去，丁壮在南冈。
足蒸暑土气，背灼炎天光。
力尽不知热，但惜夏日长。
复有贫妇人，抱子在其旁。
右手秉遗穗，左臂悬敝筐。
听其相顾言，闻者为悲伤。
家田输税尽，拾此充饥肠。
今我何功德，曾不事农桑。
吏禄三百石，岁晏有余粮。
念此私自愧，尽日不能忘。
《月夜》刘方平（九上课外）更深月色半人家，北斗阑干南斗斜。
今夜偏知春气暖，虫声新透绿窗纱。
《商山早行》温庭筠（九上课外）晨起动征铎，客行悲故乡。
鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。
槲叶落山路，枳花照驿墙。
因思杜陵梦，凫雁满回塘。
《卜算子•咏梅》陆游（九上课外）驿外断桥边，寂寞开无主。
已是黄昏独自愁，更著风和雨。
无意苦争春，一任群芳妒。
零落成泥碾作尘，只有香如故。
《破阵子》晏殊（九上课外）燕子来时新社，梨花落后清明。
池上碧苔三四点，叶底黄鹂一两声，日长飞絮轻。
巧笑东邻女伴，采桑径里逢迎。
疑怪昨宵春梦好，原是今朝斗草赢，笑从双脸生。
《浣溪沙》苏轼（九上课外）簌簌衣巾落枣花，村南村北响缲车。
牛衣古柳卖黄瓜。
酒困路长惟欲睡，日高人渴漫思茶。
敲门试问野人家。
《醉花阴》李清照（九上课外）薄雾浓云愁永昼，瑞脑消金兽。
佳节又重阳，玉枕纱厨，半夜凉初透。
东篱把酒黄昏后，有暗香盈袖。
莫道不消魂，帘卷西风，人比黄花瘦。
《南乡子•登京口北固亭有怀》辛弃疾（九上课外）何处望神州
满眼风光北固楼。
千古兴亡多少事
悠悠。
不尽长江滚滚流。
年少万兜鍪，坐断东南战未休。
天下英雄谁敌手
曹刘。
生子当如孙仲谋。
《山坡羊•骊山怀古》张养浩（九上课外）骊山四顾，阿房一炬，当时奢侈今何处
只见草萧疏，水萦纡。
至今遗恨迷烟树。
列国周齐秦汉楚，赢，都变做了土；输，都变做了土。
《朝天子•咏喇叭》王磐（九上课外）喇叭，唢呐，曲儿小，腔儿大。
官船来往乱如麻，全仗你抬身价。
军听了军愁，民听了民怕， 哪里去辨甚么真共假
眼见的吹翻了这家，吹伤了那家，只吹的水尽鹅飞罢
仍怜故乡水,万里送行舟的拼音
仍reng 第二声怜 lian 第二声故乡gu 第四声 xiang 第一声水 shui 第三声万里wan第四声 li 第三声送song 第四声行舟xing第二声 zhou 第一声
高适写的别董大其一这首诗的意思
千里黄云白日曛 北风吹雁雪纷纷。
莫愁前路己， 天下不识君。
黄沙千遮天蔽日，到处灰蒙蒙，连灿烂的阳光都昏暗了；大雪纷纷扬扬地飘落，群雁排着整齐的队形向南飞去。
朋友，此去你不要担心遇不到知己，天下哪个不知道你（董庭兰）啊
急需一篇济南的英文介绍
Jinan (Simplified Chinese: 济南; Traditional Chinese: 济南; pinyin: Jǐnán) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Located in western Shandong, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast and Tai'an to the south.AdministrationThe sub-provincial city of Jinan administers 10 county-level divisions, including 6 districts, 1 county-level city and 3 counties.Licheng District (历城区) Lixia District (历下区) Shizhong District (市中区) Huaiying District (槐荫区) Tianqiao District (天桥区) Changqing District (长清区) Zhangqiu City (章丘市) Pingyin County (平阴县) Jiyang County (济阳县) Shanghe County (商河县) These are further divided into 146 township-level divisions, including 65 towns, 27 townships and 54 subdistricts.Geography and climateLocation within ChinaJinan is located in the north-western part of Shandong province at 36° 40′ northern latitude and 116° 57′ east of Greenwich. Because its location falls within the warm temperate continental monsoon climate zone, Jinan has four distinct seasons. The city is dry and rainless in spring, hot and rainy in summer, crisp in autumn and dry and cold in winter. The average annual temperature is 14.2°C, and the annual rainfall is around 675 mm. January is the coldest and driest month, the monthly averages are -5.4°C for the daily minimum temperature, 3.6°C for the daily maximum temperature, and 6.6 mm for the rainfall. July is the warmest and wettest month, the corresponding numbers are 23.5°C, 32.6°C, and 190.9 mm (Source: The Global Historical Climatology Network, version 2 beta, covering 874 months between 1916 and 1990).HistoryJinan has been recognized by the State Council of China as a worthy cultural-historic city. The ancient site on which Jinan was erected was probably settled as early as the Shang Dynasty, 3,000 years ago. From its location, south of the ancient Ji Waters, comes Jinan's name, literally meaning South of Ji. Jinan slowly developed during the Zhou Dynasty; by the Jin Dynasty, Buddhism began to flourish in the area, and various temples were erected making Jinan the religious center of Shandong at the time. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Jinan became a prefecture and was called The nation of literature and the place of wealth. Jinan being one of the biggest tax-collecting zones in the kingdom.Jinan was home to China's oldest trademark bronze plate. This shows the fast industrial and commercial development in Jinan at the time. The Two An's of Jinan created a lot of famous poetry and literature during this period, and became famous representatives of China's literary elite. The city continued to develop throughout the Ming and Qing Dynasties, becoming one of the most important trading centers in its region of China by the late Qing.Industrial development thrived before the Japanese Invasion of China in 1933, during the times of the Republic. The city was damaged during World War II and was later rebuilt to a large extent. Since Deng Xiaoping's reforms, Jinan has strived to develop into a modern metropolis. Trade has opened up and Jinan's former industrial strengths have resurfaced.EconomyThe economic development of Jinan only came to speed since Deng Xiaoping's 1978 reforms, opening up to the outside world. The focus was on improving medium and large sized enterprises, thus improving the level of industrial competition. Technological developments were improved greatly. Jinan is known for various famous-brand products that come from the city. Jinan is moving towards specializing in industries such as social insurance, telecommunications, information, and tourism for economic development.Agriculture and the rural economy also got a huge boost since 1978. The old way of operating agricultre was being replaced by a newer, more modern method. More and more enterprises are seeking to rural area to do more business. The forest and fishing industries also thrive in the region. It is one of the top producers in China of cotton, peanuts, and fruit.Economic growth has been fast, at a pace of nearly 12% a year in the growth of GDP since 1990. The GDP per capita was ¥25192 (US$3042) in 2003, ranked no. 38 among 659 Chinese cities.DemographicsJinan's 2005 estimated population is 5.69 million in the whole city-jurisdiction area, with a total of 2.54 million living in urban areas. The population is predominantly Han (98.3%), with very small portions of Hui and Manchu Chinese.Language and cultureJinan is known for its Lu Cai (鲁菜),one stream out of the eight in China, sometimes hailed as China's No.1 Cuisine. Many people in Jinan like eating big, raw green onion, garlic, which minced are also common seasonings in the Lu Cai.Local residents in the city proper, as well as the surrounding area, have traditionally spoken a dialect that is relatively similar (as compared to southern dialects) to standard Mandarin Chinese, although a non-native speaker who would likely find it not so easy to understand. The people of Jinan are gradually speaking more Mandarin, although many elder residents still have strong Shandong dialect elements in their speech.TransportJinan is the hub of transport and communication network for Shandong province. The construction of the Jinan-Qingdao Expressway, the Jinan-Wangcun, Jinan-Weishan, Jinan-Handan and Jinan-Dezhou highway has formed a network connecting Jinan with the rest of the province and the country as a whole. Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport provides airline access to all of China, with more than 30 routes including to Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Fuzhou and other major Chines cities. It continues as a major crossroad for the Chinese railway system, as it is in the middle of the Jing-hu Railway and at the end of the Jiao-Ji Railway. Water travel on the Yellow River makes Jinan an important shipping center.TourismJinan is known for its beautiful natural sites, and is one of the greatest tourist destinations in Shandong. Jinan boasts a series of old and childhood homes of politicians, philosophers, dynastic officials, and artists. Furthermore, Jinan's purported picturesque scenery by the lake and ruddy waters that flow in and around the city make it more attractive to domestic tourists -- a lot of this was reflected by famous Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu. Sadly, industrialisation, pollution, unfortunate post revolution architecture and frequent dust storms reduce the allure of its once-spectacular beauty. There are more than a few natural scenery sites in Jinan. Just over an hour to the south, closer to Tai'an, is the famous Tai Shan, one of the five great Chinese mountains (Wu Yue). To the north are scenic blue-colored mountains, beside the Yellow River. Jinan is also known for its natural springs, which have only recently become functional again after the depleted and polluted water table was artificially replenished after decades of sluggish inactivity. However, for a great percentage of the year the city is extremely dry三大景区The Thousand Buddha Mountain is a hill located southeast of the city of Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province, China. It is renown for its numerous Buddha images which have been carved out of the hill's rock faces or erected free-standing since the times of the Sui Dynasty and its Xingguochan Temple.Daming Lake or Daming Hu, is one of the biggest lakes in the city of Jinan. Daming LakeLocated at the center of Jinan's urban area.It is one of the three major scenic spots of the city. The other two are Baotu Spring and Qianfo Mountain. Jinan is known as the City of Springs for its some 100 springs,72 of which are famous. The waters of the springs converge to form Daming Lake. The lake is filled from the south bank, and emptied through the North Water Gate built in the Song Dynasty about 1,000 years ago. With an impervious rock bottom, the lake keeps a constant level the whole year through. The lake is recorded as early as in The Annotated Book of Waters by Li Daoyuan who was active about 1,500 years ago. With a waterly picture and quite a number of historical cites in the urban landscape, it has always been a tourist attraction through the centuries.Beautiful Baotu Spring Park is located in the centre of Jinan City, and it is here that you will find the Baotu Spring. In the past, the Baotu Spring only covered 4 mu (about two thirds of an acre). The park itself was originally established in 1956 and more recently has been extended to 158 mu (about 26 acres). This highly valued facility represents the symbol of Jinan City and is regarded as one of the three major places of interest in Jinan. This park is highly regarded as a well known scenic spot which makes an ideal location for admirers of wonderful natural springs, culture and various constructions. Baotu Spring is located in the centre of Baotu Spring Park and is renowned as the best of the 72 springs in Jinan. Since ancient times, many famous poems and prose have been written relating to its unique beauty. According to experts' research, this spring has a history of 3,543 years, dating back to the Shang Dynasty (16th –11th BC). The special geographical structure in Jinan creates the special Baotu Spring. The spring pool is rectangular in shape, stretching about 30 meters (about 98 feet) west to east and about 18 meters (about 59 feet) north to south. Spring water pours out from the underground limestone cave throughout the night and day, sometimes reaching its maximum of 240,000 cubic meters per day. When water bursts out from the three outlets, the spring creates thunderous sounds and sprays water jets. Sometimes water columns are created that reach as high as 26.49 meters (about 86.9 feet), making a real spectacle. The spring retains its temperature at 18 degree Celsius (64.4 degree Fahrenheit) all year round. In cold winter, water mist rises and floats over the spring pool like clouds. Ancient pavilions and halls with colorful drawings and carvings reflect in the clear water creating a landscape virtually emulating paradise.Pure in quality and mellow in taste, the spring water is ideal for drinking and making tea. Tea tasting is a favorite past time here. There is a saying here that you will spoil your Jinan tour if you do not drink the tea brewed with Baotu Spring water. To the east of the spring is the famous Wangheting Teahouse, where you can recreate the moment when past Emperors sat there, tasting tea and enjoying the beautiful scenic delights of Baotu Spring.What's more, the traditional and very popular Lantern Festival and Chrysanthemum Show are also held here every year, which greatly highlights the cultural significance and importance of this beautiful and very impressive scenic spot. There's no doubt that visitor's will be struck with this very memorable place.摘抄一些希望能够帮助楼主
范畴与范围有什么区别呢?
范畴fànchóu〖category;domain〗领域,范围应当把可查明的事实与个人的意见这两个范畴区分清楚范围fànwéi〖scope;range;limits〗上下四周的界限活动范围势力范围
木兰诗 拼音版
唧(jī)唧复唧唧，木兰当户织。
不闻机杼(zhù)声，惟闻女叹息。
问女何所思，问女何所忆。
女亦无所思，女亦无所忆。
昨夜见军帖（tiě），可汗（kè hán）大点兵。
军书十二卷，卷卷有爷名。
阿爷无大儿，木兰无长兄。
愿为(wèi)市鞍(ān)马，从此替爷征。
东市买骏马，西市买鞍鞯（jiān），南市买辔（pèi）头，北市买长鞭。
旦辞爷娘去，暮宿黄河边。
不闻爷娘唤女声，但闻黄河流水鸣溅溅（jiān jiān）。
旦辞黄河去，暮至黑山头。
不闻爷娘唤女声，但闻燕山胡骑(jì)鸣啾啾(jiū jiū)。
万里赴戎(róng)机，关山度若飞。
朔（shuò)气传金柝（tuò），寒光照铁衣。
将军百战死，壮士十年归。
归来见天子，天子坐明堂。
策勋十二转，赏赐百千强(qiáng)。
可汗问所欲，木兰不用尚书郎，愿驰千里足，送儿还故乡。
爷娘闻女来，出郭相扶将（jiāng）；阿姊（zǐ）闻妹来，当户理红妆；小弟闻姊来，磨刀霍霍(huò huò）向猪羊。
开我东阁门，坐我西阁床。
脱我战时袍，著（zhuó)我旧时裳（cháng）。
当窗理云鬓(bìn)，对镜帖(tiē)花黄。
出门看火伴，火伴皆惊惶。
同行十二年，不知木兰是女郎。
雄兔脚扑朔，雌兔眼迷离；双兔傍(bàng)地走，安能辨我是雄雌
《木兰诗》诗意画 译文 叹息声一声接着一声传出，木兰对着房门织布。
听不见织布机织布的声音，只听见木兰在叹息。
问木兰在想什么
问木兰在惦记什么
（木兰答道）我也没有在想什么，也没有在惦记什么。
昨天晚上看见征兵文书，知道君主在大规模征兵，那么多卷征兵文册，每一卷上都有父亲的名字。
父亲没有大儿子，木兰（我）没有兄长，木兰愿意为此到集市上去买马鞍和马匹，就开始替代父亲去征战。
在集市各处购买马具。
第二天早晨离开父母，晚上宿营在黄河边，听不见父母呼唤女儿的声音，只能听到黄河水流水声。
第二天早晨离开黄河上路，晚上到达黑山头，听不见父母呼唤女儿的声音，只能听到燕山胡兵战马的啾啾的鸣叫声。
不远万里奔赴战场，翻越重重山峰就像飞起来那样迅速。
北方的寒气中传来打更声，月光映照着战士们的铠甲。
将士们身经百战，有的为国捐躯，有的转战多年胜利归来。
胜利归来朝见天子，天子坐在殿堂（论功行赏）。
给木兰记很大的功勋，得到的赏赐有千百金还有余。
天子问木兰有什么要求，木兰说不愿做尚书郎，希望骑上千里马，回到故乡。
父母听说女儿回来了，互相搀扶着到城外迎接她；姐姐听说妹妹回来了，对着门户梳妆打扮起来；弟弟听说姐姐回来了，忙着霍霍地磨刀杀猪宰羊。
每间房都打开了门进去看看，脱去打仗时穿的战袍，穿上以前女孩子的衣裳，当着窗子、对着镜子整理漂亮的头发，对着镜子在面部贴上装饰物。
走出去看一起打仗的伙伴，伙伴们很吃惊，（都说我们）同行数年之久，竟然不知木兰是女孩。
（提着兔子耳朵悬在半空中时）雄兔两只前脚时时动弹、雌兔两只眼睛时常眯着，所以容易分辨。
雄雌两兔一起并排跑，怎能分辨哪个是雄兔哪个是雌兔呢
