初二英语语法总结
初二英语语法总结1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。
例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的
2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。
例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。
3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。
例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京
2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道
Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚
should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。
我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。
此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。
例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。
2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。
例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。
should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。
例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。
She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。
3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。
如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的
该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。
如： ---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特
---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。
2. What...?是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制；而 Which...?是特指，所指的事物有范围的限制。
如： What color do you like best? （所有颜色） 你最喜爱什么颜色
Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? （有特定的范围） 你最喜爱哪一种颜色
3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。
如： Which pictures are from China? 哪些图片来自中国
4) 频度副词的位置 1.常见的频度副词有以下这些： always（总是，一直） usually（通常） often（常常，经常） sometimes（有时候） never（从不） 2.频度副词的位置： a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。
如： David is often arrives late for school. 大卫上学经常迟到。
b.放在行为动词前。
如： We usually go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天经常在7：10去上学。
c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。
如： Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike. 有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。
3.never放在句首时，主语、谓语动词要倒装。
如： Never have I been there. 5) every day 与 everyday 1. every day 作状语，译为“每一天”。
如： We go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天7：10去上学。
I decide to read English every day. 我决定每天读英语。
2. everyday 作定语，译为“日常的”。
She watches everyday English on TV after dinner. 她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。
What's your everyday activity? 你的日常活动是什么
6) 什么是助动词 1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。
被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如： He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义） 2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来： a. 表示时态，例如： He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如： He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如： Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗
Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如： I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如： Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3.最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 7) forget doing\\\/to do与remember doing\\\/to do 1.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。
(未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。
(已做) The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。
(没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。
( 已做过关灯的动作) Don't forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。
(to come动作未做) 典型例题 ---- The light in the office is still on. ---- Oh，I forgot___. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。
由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。
此处不符合题意。
2.remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做) remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做) Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 8) It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
3.for 与of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。
如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。
如： You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。
) 9) 对两个句子的提问 新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势，现在采取的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。
例如： 句子：The boy in blue has three pens. 提问：1.Who has three pens? 2.Which boy has three pens? 3.What does the boy in blue have? 4.How many pens does the boy in blue have? 很显然，学生多了更多的回答角度，也体现了考试的灵活性。
再如： 句子：He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday. 提问：1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 2.Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 3.What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 4.With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday? 5.What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday? 6.When does he usually go to the park with his friends? 10) so、such与不定冠词的使用 1.so与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“so+形容词+a\\\/an+名词”。
如： He is so funny a boy. Jim has so big a house. 2.such与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“such+a\\\/an+形容词+名词”。
如： It is such a nice day. That was such an interesting story. 11) 使用-ing分词的几种情况 1.在进行时态中。
如： He is watching TV in the room. They were dancing at nine o'clock last night. 2.在there be结构中。
如： There is a boy swimming in the river. 3.在have fun\\\/problems结构中。
如： We have fun learning English this term. They had problems getting to the top of the mountain. 4.在介词后面。
如： Thanks for helping me. Are you good at playing basketball.
英文中不定式是什么意思
I want to go away.to go away就是不定式不定式一般指to do这种结构，一般表示目的==========================================详细的介绍如下：参考来源：[编辑本段][（动词）不定式的简介] 1. 不定式定义:由to＋动词构成。
不定式是一种非限定性动词。
而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词，可分为不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。
2.用途： 在句中不能作谓语。
它具有动词的性质，本身可以带宾语和状语。
【动词不定式】 1.定义：动词 + 不定式 2.用途： 动词不定式在句中可以作句子任何成分。
动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。
[编辑本段][动词不定式的时态、语态] 动词不定式可以作以上各种成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性 动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语，虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出。
这一使动者我们称之为 逻辑主语，其形式如下： 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 （not) to make （not) to be made 完成式 （not) to have made ( not) to have been made 进行式 （not) to be making （not） to have been making (1)语态 如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。
如： It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语） It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语） Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语） 在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。
如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) (2)时态 1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成进行时： She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.[编辑本段][疑问词＋不定式结构] 疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。
如： ①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. （不定式在句子中做主语） ②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. （不定式在句子中做宾语） ③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. （不定式在句子中做间接宾语） ④The question was where to get the medicine needed. （不定式在句子中表语） 以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。
如：①When we shall leave…③…how I could learn… 经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
[编辑本段][动词不定式的语法功能] 一、作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。
如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。
如： ①It＋be＋名词＋to do It's our duty to take good care of the old. ②It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? ③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. ④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. ⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。
在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。
这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. (3)举例 1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型 (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see. 二、作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式 afford. aim. appear. agree. arrange . ask . be . decide. bother . care . choose . come. dare. demand. desire. determine . expect. elect . endeavor .hope. fail . happen . help . hesitate .learn . long . mean. manage . offer . ought. plan . prepare. pretend . promise. refuse. seem. tend. wait . wish. undertake. 举例： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
4)以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。
如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,learn,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare, pretend,promise,refuse,wish 等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。
如： I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 5)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。
如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 三、作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句： a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。
find后也可带一个从句。
此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例题: The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。
现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：A. 由consider to dosth. 排除B、D。
. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。
而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
四、作表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. ②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. ③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。
当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定 式说明主语的内容。
④Our work is serving the people. ⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. ④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。
五、作状语 1）目的状语 To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you. 典型例题 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
当动词与介词连用时，常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。
六、作定语 ⒈不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。
如： ①The next train to arrive is from Washington. ②Have you anything to be taken to your sister? ③Do you have anything to say on the question? ④Would you please give me some paper to write on? ⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例①）。
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。
(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。
[编辑本段][省to 的动词不定式] 1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)： 2） 使役动词 let, have, make： 3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 4） 表示个人意愿或倾向的would rather，had better，might(just) as well：rather than置于句首时。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bike. 5） Why… \\\/ why not…： 6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth： 7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： 9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be： He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
10）but作介词，后接不定式结构时，前面谓语动词部分若含有do的形式时，but后的不定式要省去to，否则要带to。
He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 11）当两个或多个不定时短语由连词and，but或or连接时，后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略。
但若表示对比、对照关系时，则不能省略。
He wants to move to France and marry the girl. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult. 12）不定式做表语时，一般要带to，但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，符号to可省去。
We've missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home. 典型例题 1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
[编辑本段][动词不定式的否定式] Tell him not to shut the window… She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题 1）Tell him ___ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案：B。
tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 答案：A。
pretend 后应接不定式。
其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A。
warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案：A。
not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。
可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。
及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案：C。
warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
[编辑本段][不定式的特殊句型] 1、不定式的特殊句型so as to 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
2、 Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议 为什么不……? 干吗不……? 例如： Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 3、It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。
如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。
如： You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。
) 4、不定式的特殊句型too…to… 1）too…to 太…以至于… He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。
这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。
谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为不太。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。
...更多更复杂的可以去百度百科看一下 ======================简单来说I want to go away.to go away就是不定式不定式一般指to do这种结构，一般表示目的
虚拟语气的表达法
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一.虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测.Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件,是虚拟条件最普通的方式.① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would\\\/ should\\\/ could\\\/ might +动词原形,例如：If I were in your position I would marry her.② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词,主句用would \\\/ should \\\/ could \\\/ might + have +过去分词,例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种,但并不排除存在条件和后果中,一个和现在情况相反,另一个和过去情况相反,例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高.④ 但是,如果后果用了虚拟语气,而条件却用陈述语气,这种用法是错的.⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外,if从句还可以表示对将来的推测,由于是将来还没有发生的,所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的,只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大.一般情况下,可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测,这个事实是完全可能发生的.If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to \\\/ should +动词原形,主句用would \\\/ should \\\/could\\\/ might +动词原形,例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题）⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构,这时候,如果出现not等否定词,否定词需放在主语后面.这种结构在口语中很少使用,但频频出现在各类考试中出现,例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达,但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达,副词otherwise等表达出来.例如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四级第46题）值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式,但包含without等短语的句子,谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气.⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来,而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里,于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里,如果主句没有用虚拟语气,或者从句用了虚拟语气,都是错的.Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中,需用虚拟语气.（wish后的that 常省略）,根据主句时态,从句谓语时态相应退后一位,例如：How she wished his family could go with him.⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用(should) +动词原形.值得注意的是,如果宾语从句的动词是否定的,否定词not的位置应在动词之前,而不是动词之后.例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表达“暗示”,insist表示“坚持某种说法”时,后面的从句不用虚拟语气,例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.除此之外,上述动词也要求用虚拟式① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词,其后所跟的主语从句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词,其后的表语从句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中,如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.⒊ would （had）rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反,例如：I would rather he went right now.Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后,that主语从句中虚拟形式使用,这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.⒉ 在It's (high\\\/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用过去式,例如It is high time that you went to school⒊ 虚拟语气在as if \\\/ as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑,谓语动词用过去式.例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况,谓语动词用过去完成式.⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词多用虚拟语气,(should )+ 动词原形.例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.（1998年1月四级第38题）⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式.例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
定语从句翻译器在线
你好，这句话可以用定语从句这样翻译:he is a boy who is handsome and loves hip-hop.谢谢提问，望采纳哦。
she is taller than before对吗
【被动表主动】1.be seated坐着,就座,(＝seat oneself)2.be hidden躲藏 (＝hide oneself)3.be lost迷路 4.be drunk喝醉 5.be dressed穿着6.be faced with面对7.be fed up with对…极其讨厌8.be taken ill生病 9.be located\\\/situated at\\\/in\\\/on坐落于,位于(in是在范围之内,on是接壤,at也是在范围之内,不过一般指很小的地区)【eg】1.He is seated on a bench.→He seats himself on a bench.他坐在凳子上.Please be seated,ladies and gentlemen!女士们,先生们,请就座!2.He was hidden behind the door.→ He hid himself behind the door.他藏在门后.3.He was lost in the forest.他在森林里迷路了.4.It's not respectable to be drunk on the street.在大街上醉倒是不体面的.5.The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.这个女孩穿着一件红色的短裙.6.We are faced with a lot of problems but we'll win through in the end.我们面临许多问题,但终将获得成功.7.I am fed up with his laziness and carelessness.我受够了他的懒惰和粗心.8.She fell ill\\\/was taken ill suddenly.她突然病了.【介词to＋V-ing.的短语】1.动词+介词to+动名词(1)admit to doing sth承认做了某事(2)apply to doing sth适用于做某事(3)object to doing sth反对做某事(4)see to doing sth负责做某事(5)stick to doing sth坚持做某事(6)take to doing sth喜欢上做某事,逐渐习惯做某事(7)be addicted to doing 沉溺于,对…上瘾2.动词+宾语+介词to+动名词(1)apply oneself to doing sth专心致力于做某事(2)devote sthto doing sth把…献给做某事(3)devote oneself to doing sth献身于做某事(4)limit sthto doing sth把…限制在做某事的范围内(5)reduce sb.to doing sth使某人沦为做某事3.动词+名词+介词to+动名词(1)give one's life to doing sth献身于做某事(2)give one's mind to doing sth专心做某事(3)have a dislike to doing sth厌恶做某事(4)have an eye to doing sth注意做某事(5)have an objection to doing sth反对\\\/反感做某事(6)pay attention to doing sth注意做某事(7)set one's mind to doing sth决心做某事4.be+形容词+介词to+动名词(1)be equal to doing sth等于做某事,能胜任做某事(2)be used to doing sth习惯于做某事(3)be opposed to doing sth反对做某事(4)be reduced to doing sth使某人沦为做某事(5)be devoted to doing sth把时间\\\/钱\\\/精力等献给 (6)be limited to doing sth把…限制在做某事的范围内5.其他结构+介词to+动名词(1)get down to doing sth开始做某事,认真处理某事(2)look forward to doing sth盼望做某事(3)What do you say to doing sth?你认为做某事如何
【主动表被动】1.一些动词(如burn\\\/clean\\\/close\\\/cook\\\/cut\\\/drink\\\/drive\\\/fill\\\/keep\\\/lock\\\/move\\\/number\\\/open\\\/pay\\\/peel\\\/prove\\\/read\\\/sell\\\/shut\\\/translate\\\/wash\\\/wear\\\/weigh\\\/write)用作不及物动词与副词(如slowly\\\/quickly\\\/well\\\/easily\\\/perfectly(十分地))连用,描会事物的特性,表示主语的品质\\\/状态,结构是(主语+动词+副词)【eg】Meat won't keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久.The book sells well.这种书很畅销.The car drives well.这辆车很好开.The cloth washes well.这种布好洗.The dictionary sells for 50 yuan.The matter will keep until morning.The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅.The window won't open.窗子打不开了.This cheese doesn't cut easily.It's too soft.这乳酪不容易切,太软了.This kind of cloth washes well.这种布耐洗.This kind of skirt sells well here.这种样式的衬衫很好卖.This knife cuts well.这把刀好切.This orange peels easily.这个橘子很容易剥皮.This shirt will wear very long.这衬衫可以穿很久.【注1】不过在某些特殊情况下也可用被动语态,只是含义稍有不同(用主动形式表示主语的属性,用被动形式表示动作执行者所执行的动作)：The sentences read clearly.这些句子读起来很清楚.(即这句子没有歧义).The sentences are read clearly.这些句子被读得很清楚.(指读的人读得好).【注2】The door won't shut.这门关不上.The supermarket doors shut automatically.超市的门是自动关的.该用法的不及物动词通常与can't,won't 等连用,注意它与用被动语态含义不同：The window won't shut.这窗户关不上.(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了)The window won't be shut.这窗户将不用关上.(窗户本身没问题,只是不用关)【注3】有时可能用主动和被动形式均可,只是强调重点稍有不同：Suddenly the door opened.突然门开了.(不强调动作执行者)The door was suddenly opened.门突然被打开了.(强调动作执行者)【注4】有时也可能用于进行时态：The vegetables are cooking.蔬菜正在煮着.Is the book selling well? 这书销售情况如何?2.系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义.(系动词：be\\\/become\\\/feel\\\/get\\\/go\\\/grow\\\/keep\\\/look\\\/prove\\\/remain\\\/seem\\\/smell\\\/sound\\\/stay\\\/taste\\\/turn)【eg】Your reason sounds reasonable.你的理由听起来很合理.Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.良药苦口.He looked fine.他气色好.The food tastes delicious.这食物味道很好.That dog looks dangerous.那只狗看起来很危险.Your idea sounds a good one.你的想法听起来很好.My advice proved to be wrong.我的意见证实是错的.Uniforms look ugly on us.我们穿着制服很难看.Mooncakes taste delicious.月饼尝起来很好.The song sounds wonderful.这首歌听上去极棒.Silk feels soft and smooth.绸子摸起来柔软光滑.He is not such a fool as he looks.他并不像他看起来那么傻.3.在be worth doing中,doing表被动意义(不能用be worth being done,可用be worthy of being done)【eg】This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读.The topic is well worth talking about.这个话题很值得讨论.The football match is well worth watching.这场足球赛很值得观看.4.want,need,require等动词表示“需要”,后面可接V-ing表被动,或直接用to be done.deserve(应受到)亦然.【eg】The man deserves punishing.＝The man deserves to be punished.他这个人是罪有应得.My bike needs repairing.＝My bike needs to be repaired.我的自行车需要修理.Your hair wants cutting.＝Your hair wants to be cut.你的头发该理了.The room needs cleaning.＝The room needs to be cleaned.这个房间需要打扫.5.当break out,take place,shut off,turn off,work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时表主动.(凡是表示“发生”的动词\\\/动词短语都没有被动语态)【eg】The plan worked out successfully.计划很切实可行.An earthquake took place in Tangshan in 1976.1976年唐山发生地震.6.不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时,结构：主语+系动词+形容词+不定式；动词+宾语+形容词+不定式.如果形容词是表示难易、利弊等含义,如(hard\\\/difficult\\\/easy\\\/heavy\\\/fit\\\/good\\\/comfortable\\\/convenient\\\/impossible\\\/hard\\\/cheap\\\/expensive),则不定式用主动表被动.【eg】The problem is easy to do.The question is difficult to answer.The box is heavy to carry.The project is impossible to complete in a year.The question is difficult to answer.这个问题很难回答.The work is easy to do.这项工作很好做.I found the car comfortable to ride in.我觉得这种车很好坐.That makes poetry difficult to write.那就使得诗很难写.7.在“there be”句型中,现在分词主动表被动.【eg】There is nothing doing these days.这些天没事干.I see there's a good idea planning.我知道又在打好主意.8.不定式用于修饰“there be+名词”中的名词时,可用主动式,也可用被动式,有时含义差不多：There is too much work to do [to be done].要做的工作太多了.但有时含义有差别(不定式用主动式可视为其前省略了for sb,用被动式可视为其后省略了by sb)：【eg】There is nothing to do.无事可做.(含有无聊之意)There is nothing to be done.不能做什么了.(指没有办法了)There is nothing to see.没什么可看的.(即不值一看)There is nothing to be seen.没看见什么.(指没东西看)In the past,there were too many people to feed.在过去需要养起来的人太多了.There are many clothes to wash today.今天要洗的衣服太多了.9.consist of,belong to,sb be to blame用主表被.10.不定式用于某些动词(如have\\\/havegot\\\/get\\\/want\\\/need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义.【eg】Do you have time to help us? 你有时间帮助我们吗?I have some clothes to wash.我有一些衣服要洗.I want something to drink.我想喝点什么.【注】若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,则应用被动式,比较：I have something to type.我有些东西要打(字).(指自己打字)I have something to be typed.我有些东西要打(字).(指请人打字)11.某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义.【eg】The book is difficult to understand.这书很难懂.The music isn't pleasant to listen to.这音乐不好听.The picture is interesting to look at.这幅画看起来挺有趣的.【注】这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语,按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式,但习惯上却要用主动表被动.这类形容词常见的有:convenient\\\/dangerous\\\/difficult\\\/easy\\\/hard\\\/impossible\\\/interesting\\\/nice\\\/pleasant\\\/safe\\\/tough\\\/tricky\\\/unpleasant等.
