大家帮忙写一篇演讲稿 主题是:明是非,辩美丑,做合格中学声生.难度不要太大,三分钟左右.
说实话我是COPY的.你看看能不能用把.A religion is a system of human thought which usually includes a set of narratives, symbols, beliefs and practices that give meaning to the practitioner's experiences of life through reference to a higher power, deity or deities, or ultimate truth.[1] Religion is commonly identified by the practitioner's prayer, ritual, meditation, music and art, among other things, and is often interwoven with society and politics. It may focus on specific supernatural, metaphysical, and moral claims about reality (the cosmos and human nature) which may yield a set of religious laws, ethics, and a particular lifestyle. Religion also encompasses ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as personal faith and religious experience.The term religion refers to both the personal practices related to communal faith and to group rituals and communication stemming from shared conviction. Religion is sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system,[2] but it is more socially defined than personal convictions, and it entails specific behaviors, respectively.In the frame of western religious thought,[3] religions present a common quality, the hallmark of patriarchal religious thought: the division of the world in two comprehensive domains, one sacred, the other profane.[4] According to the futurist Raymond Kurzweil, The primary role of traditional religion is deathist rationalization—that is, rationalizing the tragedy of death as a good thing.[5] Religion is often described as a communal system for the coherence of belief focusing on a system of thought, unseen being, person, or object, that is considered to be supernatural, sacred, divine, or of the highest truth. Moral codes, practices, values, institutions, tradition, rituals, and scriptures are often traditionally associated with the core belief, and these may have some overlap with concepts in secular philosophy. Religion is also often described as a way of life or a life stance Religion and the body politicA good understanding of the meaning of Christianity before the word religion came into common usage can be found in St. Augustine's writing. For Augustine, Christianity was a disciplina, a rule just like that of the Roman Empire. Christianity was therefore a power structure opposing and superseding human institutions, a literal Kingdom of Heaven. Rather than calling one to self-discipline through symbols, it was itself the discipline taught by one's family, school, church, and city authorities.[11] However at this point the root of the English word religion, the Latin religio, was in use only to mean reverence for God or the gods, careful pondering of divine things, piety (which Cicero further derived to mean diligence[12]); in other words, there was no sense of a system nor even of the Christian power structure but only of spirituality.[13] Max Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, and India, as having a similar power structure at this point in history. What we would call religion today, they would only call law.[14]As Christianity became commonplace, the charismatic authority identified by Augustine, a quality we might today call religiousness, had a commanding influence at the local level. This system persisted in the Byzantine Empire following the East-West Schism, while Western Europe regulated unpredictable expressions of charisma through the Roman Catholic Church. However, as the Church lost its dominance during the Protestant Reformation and Christianity became closely tied to political structures, religion was recast as the basis of national sovereignty, and religious identity gradually became a less universal sense of spirituality and more divisive, locally defined, and tied to nationality.[15] It was at this point that religion was dissociated with universal beliefs and moved closer to dogma in both meaning and practice. However there was not yet the idea of dogma as personal choice, only of established churches.Religious freedomIn the Age of Enlightenment, the idea of Christianity as the purest expression of spirituality was supplanted by the concept of religion as a worldwide practice.[16] This caused such ideas as religious freedom, a reexamination of classical philosophy as an alternative to Christian thought, and more radically Deism among intellectuals such as Voltaire. Much like Christianity, the idea of religious freedom was exported around the world as a civilizing technique, even to regions like India that had never treated spirituality as a matter of political identity.[17] In Japan, where Buddhism was still seen as a philosophy of natural law,[18] the concept of religion and religious freedom as separate from other power structures was unnecessary until Christian missionaries demanded free access to conversion, and when Japanese Christians refused to engage in patriotic events.[19]With the Enlightenment religion lost its attachment to nationality, but rather than being a universal social attitude, it was now a personal feeling, or emotion.[20] Friedrich Schleiermacher in the late 18th century defined religion as das schlechthinnige Abhängigkeitsgefühl, commonly translated as a feeling of absolute dependence.[21] His contemporary Hegel disagreed thoroughly, defining religion as the Divine Spirit becoming conscious of Himself through the finite spirit.[22] William James is an especially notable 19th century subscriber to the theory of religion as feeling.Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are one, a painting in the litang style portraying three men laughing by a river stream, 12th century, Song DynastyModern currents in religionReligious studiesWith the recognition of religion as a category separate from culture and society came the rise of religious studies. Clifford Geertz's definition of religion as a cultural system was dominant for most of the 20th century and continues to be widely accepted today.Sociologists and anthropologists tend to see religion as an abstract set of ideas, values, or experiences developed as part of a cultural matrix. For example, in Lindbeck's Nature of Doctrine, religion does not refer to belief in God or a transcendent Absolute. Instead, Lindbeck defines religion as, a kind of cultural and\\\/or linguistic framework or medium that shapes the entirety of life and thought… it is similar to an idiom that makes possible the description of realities, the formulation of beliefs, and the experiencing of inner attitudes, feelings, and sentiments.”[23] According to this definition, religion refers to one's primary worldview and how this dictates one's thoughts and actions. Thus religion is considered by some sources to extend to causes, principles, or activities believed in with zeal or conscientious devotion concerning points or matters of ethics or conscience, and not necessarily including belief in the supernatural.[24]Although evolutionists had previously sought to understand and explain religion in terms of a cultural attribute which might conceivably confer biological advantages to its adherents, Richard Dawkins called for a re-analysis of religion in terms of the evolution of self-replicating ideas apart from any resulting biological advantages they might bestow. He argued that the role of key replicator in cultural evolution belongs not to genes, but to memes replicating thought from person to person by means of imitation. These replicators respond to selective pressures that may or may not affect biological reproduction or survival.[25] Susan Blackmore regards religions as particularly tenacious memes.[26] Chris Hedges, however, regards meme theory as a misleading imposition of genetics onto psychology.Interfaith cooperationBecause religion continues to be recognized in Western thought as a universal impulse, many religious practitioners have aimed to band together in interfaith dialogue and cooperation. The first major dialogue was the Parliament of the World's Religions at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, which remains notable even today both in affirming universal values and recognition of the diversity of practices among different cultures. The 20th century has been especially fruitful in use of interfaith dialogue as a means of solving ethnic, political, or even religious conflict, with Christian-Jewish reconciliation representing a complete reverse in the attitudes of many Christian communities towards Jews.Secularism and criticism of religionMain articles: Criticism of religion, Antireligion, Secularism, Agnosticism, and AtheismAs religion became a more personal matter, discussions of society found a new focus on political and scientific meaning, and religious attitudes were increasingly seen as irrelevant for the needs of the European world. On the political side, Ludwig Feuerbach recast Christian beliefs in light of humanism, paving the way for Karl Marx's famous characterization of religion as the opiate of the masses. Meanwhile, in the scientific community, T.H. Huxley in 1869 coined the term agnostic, a term subsequently adopted by such figures as Robert Ingersoll. Later, Bertrand Russell told the world Why I Am Not a Christian.Atheists have developed a critique of religious systems as well as personal faith. Modern-day critics focus on religion's lack of utility in human society, faulting religion as being irrational.[27] Some assert that dogmatic religions are in effect morally deficient, elevating to moral status ancient, arbitrary, and ill-informed rules—taboos on eating pork, for example, as well as dress codes and sexual practices[28]—possibly designed for reasons of hygiene or even mere politics in a bygone era.In North America and Western Europe the social fallout of the 9\\\/11 attacks contributed in part to the appearance of numerous pro-secularist books, such as The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins, The End of Faith by Sam Harris, and God is not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything by Christopher Hitchens. This criticism is largely, but not entirely, focused on the monotheistic Abrahamic traditions.Religious beliefCentral Asian (Tocharian) and East-Asian Buddhist monks, Bezeklik, Eastern Tarim Basin, 9th-10th centuryMain article: Religious beliefReligious belief usually relates to the existence, nature and worship of a deity or deities and divine involvement in the universe and human life. Alternately, it may also relate to values and practices transmitted by a spiritual leader. Unlike other belief systems, which may be passed on orally, religious belief tends to be codified in literate societies (religion in non-literate societies is still largely passed on orally[29]). In some religions, like the Abrahamic religions, it is held that most of the core beliefs have been divinely revealed.Religious belief can also involve causes, principles or activities believed in with zeal or conscientious devotion concerning points or matters of ethics or conscience, not necessarily limited to organized religions
需一篇以“英雄中国”为主题演讲稿
英雄中国 大地还在痉挛，灾难还在延续，每时每刻，都可能有同胞牺牲。
生命在危机中，祖国在危机中。
但是，我们已经走出恐惧，因为我们已经看到希望。
救人高于一切，救灾高于一切，已经成为整个国家的最强音。
必须以举国之力拯救一切可以拯救的生命，已经成为全民族的共识。
于是，十万救灾大军雷霆出击；于是，国家领导人冒着余震不断的风险，相继奔赴救灾第一线；于是，公共娱乐暂停，奥运火炬暂停，一切为救灾让路，一切为救人让路。
这其实是对生命的礼遇。
这种对生命的礼遇，在国家哀悼日达到了最高峰。
地无分南北，人无分老幼，所有的人都同时向逝者的亡灵默哀，所有的人都同时向生命的尊严低头。
那一声声警报，是呜咽，是抽泣，但更是呼唤，呼唤我们重新体认人的尊严，呼唤我们重新体认生命的价值。
从雪灾到胶济惨案，从胶济惨案到四川大地震，灾难不但突如其来，而且一次比一次暴虐，一次比一次惨烈。
我们原本以为物质上的金汤之城，足以让我们长治久安。
但大自然的灾害却不以人的意志为转移。
既然山川可以瞬间崩裂，既然道路可以瞬间扭断，既然城镇可以瞬间毁灭，在大自然无边的力量面前，既然一切物质的力量都现出了原形，都那么脆弱，都那么不堪——我们过去对于物质力量的迷信，就不免显得幼稚可笑。
这是新的抗战，这是全民族抗战。
它要保卫的主要不是土地，而是无数无辜的生命。
面对大自然强加的这场战争，我们注定不可能是胜利者。
已经逝去的生命不可能重来，尤其是天使般的孩子们的夭折，应该让我们每念及此，都有锥心之痛。
所以无论我们怎样努力，将来都没有资格去庆功。
但我们的确可以从灾难中学习。
生灵涂炭，满目疮痍。
悲壮的牺牲应该让我们清醒，单纯的物质上的强大并不足恃。
如果连生命都无法保障，一切就都没有意义，物质上的强大就不过是沙滩上的建筑而已。
在泪眼之间，良知复苏；在废墟之上，人性挺立。
大地震震掉了我们心灵的尘垢，震碎了我们日常的面具。
不能等到埋到瓦砾下才去爱，每个人都是幸存者，每个人都值得爱。
大地震让我们重新发现人本身，重新回到人本身。
所有的冷漠，所有的骄矜，所有的轻狂，这时都不再时尚。
我们彼此珍惜，我们携手同心。
原来中国人并不丑陋，原来中国人可以这么友善，原来社会可以这么脉脉温情。
