导游词天涯海角
天涯海角没啥好玩的只是一个可以漫步的公园而已然后走到公园的尽头你会看见两块大石头上分别刻着 天涯 海角只是写 天涯 海角的石头历代久远一般当官的人最忌讳去天涯海角的因为这样意味着官路走到尽头了但是天涯海角公园为了提升公园里的景观还设置了 天涯海角星 这个标志(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……如果没有去过的人肯定都想去看看因为天涯海角是海南的标志既然到了海南三亚那就进去看看喽反正去一趟海南不容易啊
园博园的导游词最最最少
尊敬的各位领导、来宾：大家好
欢迎来到美丽的重庆园博园观光游览。
我是你们今天的随行讲解员，我姓X ，大家可以叫我小X。
那我们即将开始今天的园博园之旅啦，首先请各位拉好扶手注意安全。
在不停车的情况下，此次游览需要历时一个小时左右，如果中途有需要停下来拍照休息之类的，可以随时吩咐停车。
首先出现在我们右手方呢这座仿明清风格的建筑是主展馆，整个建筑共5层，内设有办公室、会议室、展厅、多功能厅等，总高度为33米，它是园博园内最重要的标志性建筑和景点。
在主展馆的前方是主广场，占地面积达32100平方米，采用巴渝传统风格设计而成，构建了极具巴渝特色的大门牌坊，并且中间有大型的地景印章“重庆”二字。
（大家请看），周围有传统图示符号的铺地、整齐的草坪和树阵，以及规则的水景都体现出广场简洁大气和典雅的氛围，它与主展馆共同构成园博园入口处宏大的景观和开阔的视野。
重庆园博园是第八届中国重庆国际园林博览会的会址，位于重庆市北部新区鸳鸯镇龙景湖区域，总占地面积达3300亩，其中水体面积有800亩，是一个集自然景观和人文景观为一体的超大型城市公园。
园博会每两年举办一次，先后在大连、济南、深圳等城市开展，于2011年11月至2012年5月在我们重庆举办。
园区的主要建筑风格为古典风和传统风，因此在园内我们随处可以看到亭廊轩榭、楼塔书院等古香古色的建筑。
按功能分区，园内共设有入口区、景园区、展园区和生态区四大部分。
包含了10大展区，127个展园以及26大景点。
那位我左前方的是26景之一的湿地花溪景区。
湿地花溪是位于主入口与龙景书院之间的，区内主要设置有银杏小广场和亲水小平台，临水处中只有各种水生和湿生的植物，形成生趣盎然的湿地景观。
大斜坡处种植有香樟、银杏、紫荆花等数木和植被。
最大的特色是整座山体保留了原生态的竹林并人工种植了柑橘、枇杷等果树。
现在映入我们眼帘的这个湖叫龙景湖。
在建园之前它 仅是一个名叫赵家溪的小沟渠，建园时因人工修建大坝，蓄积天然的雨水而形成如今水波粼粼的800 亩湖面，贯穿整个园区。
从游览地图上看去，整个轮廓像是一只美丽的凤凰。
为使各个园区更好的连接起来，共在湖面上修建了7座中国古典石桥。
在我左手方的就是7座古典石桥之一的龙景桥了，它连接着巴渝园和龙景书院，桥的对面就是龙景书院，中央布局有奇石馆、书画摄影展和龙景书屋等，它以传统的空间结构向我们展示出中华传统文化的独特魅力。
接下来，前方映入大家眼前的这座高塔叫重云塔，重庆的重，云彩的云，塔高50.7米，是全园景观的制高点和点睛之笔。
有“巍巍高百丈，直入破重云”的意境。
在左边的是同心桥，连接着巴渝园和沐风幽廊景区。
我们正通过的这座桥是七座桥中最短的一座，仅34米，叫巴渝桥，是仿赵州桥风格修建而成的古典石桥。
穿过巴渝桥就来到了巴渝园，巴渝园位于园博园中部，面积约8万平米，采用巴渝传统的吊脚楼建筑手法，建造了10座各具特色的山地院落，形成“园中隐院，院融景园”的空间格局。
这些建筑依山伴水，飞檐翘角，高低错落，与湖面倒影形成了一抹空灵隽秀的美景，向我们营造出一幅“清风绕重楼，屋宇叠山丘”的优美画卷。
像这样的吊脚楼在我们重庆仅有三处，一处是磁器口，一处是洪崖洞，还有一处就是巴渝园了。
游客朋友们不仅可在此欣赏巴渝美景，亦能品尝到巴渝美食。
因为它也是园区的主要功能服务区，内设有茶楼餐饮等，可供游客在此休闲用餐。
在左前方又是另一个景点叫卧龙石景区，景区内有一天然的大巨石，长约120米，宽约30米，相传是龙歇息的地方，故而得名“卧龙石”，有“龙石卧山崖，千影映绝壁”之意境。
那么右手方的是云顶揽胜景区，位于主展馆后方的山体顶端，是全园内9座上体的制高点，面积约2万平米，景区设置有观景平台，可供游客在此凭栏远眺，是登高揽胜的绝佳景点。
在景区内还有一个重要景点——同心园，它是根据同心思想设计的，由中共重庆市委统战部牵头，精心打造的全国第一处以统战文化为主体的公园。
体现的是“同心同行，共建和谐”的主旨，同时也展示出中国共产党领导的多党合作制的精髓。
那么左下方的是露天剧场，它是园区内组织展示和表演活动的重要场所。
剧场的空间布局充分利用地形地貌，以中式的舞台加上西式的看台组成。
底层为表演准备间，顶层则形成背山面水的进水楼台，圆弧形的看台加上邻近的草坪可以容纳近一万三千名观众在此观看表演，所有这些宛若一把打开的中国折纸扇，使整个剧场形成了一道中西合璧的风景线。
那么，各位领导，现在我们呢是沿着贵宾通道围绕着主展馆游览了一周，又回到了主入口区域，那接着今天的游览。
在右手方是模纹世界景区，我们提取了中国传统的门窗元素作为模纹基本形，在其中镶嵌中国传统园林四大造景要素——山、水、树、人作为主题功能区展开演绎的一个植物迷宫式建筑，并且还引进了6只恐龙雕塑，当有游客走近的时候，还会发出恐龙特有的吼叫声并做出头部及尾部摆动的行为令游客特别是小朋友们非常喜欢。
右前方的是星光林，由历届振兴重庆争光贡献奖和感动重庆十大杰出人物的获奖者们在这里挥汗如雨，种下银杏、香樟、桂花、广玉兰等乔木。
星光林寓意时代先进思想的汇聚和闪光，激励着广大干部群众沿着先进人物的奋斗足迹前进，类似这样的在园内还有先辈林和先锋林。
前方即将参观的是国际园林展区，共设置了35个展园，按照多元简约的手法，展现欧、亚、非、美和澳洲各国异彩纷呈的园林风格。
左前方的白色建筑是美国休斯顿园，以天然及人工材料打造的树形顶盖，还原休斯顿海湾，重新诠释了人与自然和谐的普世价值。
接着是加拿大魁北克园，应用小舟和稻田等景观，并且融入了魁北克文化元素，意在展现其港口城市的自然风光。
然后是加拿大滑铁卢园，采用英式花圃植物，维多利亚露台和为多利亚式灯柱等园林建筑，彰显了维多利亚时代的浪漫风情。
接下来的是美国旧金山园，九曲花街式的游览步道及象征自由精神的浅水溪流，愚人之舵等景观串联起了金门水，利马豆的新精神，重构和解读了旧金山市特有的地貌特征和文化精神。
右手方的是重庆市市长国际经济顾问团园，由世界500强公司高层建设的，展示出他们的企业精神和提倡低碳节能的生活理念。
紧接着有飞机模型的是美国太空郡园，再现了宇宙空间天体沿既定轨迹运行的画面。
右手方的美国西雅图园，有着翡翠城之花园的称号，描绘了水从山峦流动到海湾的场景。
接着是澳大利亚布里斯班园，以澳式特色风情为主题，展现布里斯班热情的都市风貌以及当地居民的户外生活方式。
右边的是斐济劳托卡，以土著人民的茅草屋为主景，彰显其热带岛国的别样风情。
接着是韩国济州岛，用火山石堆砌而成的人物石像，讲述神奇之母和她的500个儿子的故事，阐释了去济州岛，女神之岛的自由理念。
现在右手方的是比利时安特卫普园，通过富有特色的主通道，郁金香亭，镜像、弗兰德式红墙等元素装点花园，向我们呈现出美丽的安特卫普花园风貌。
紧挨的是日本的广岛园，以沟渠、灌木们、平舞台及香樟等园林景观来展现广岛这个充满自然生态景色的城市形象。
在旁边的是乌克兰切尔卡园瑟，以水井配以小桥流水彰显其富有民族特色的农舍一角。
紧接着是匈牙利德布勒岑园，展园以牛拉牛车的场景还原其田园风光。
右手方的是埃及阿斯旺，里面有狮身羊面像，喷泉水景和热带植物展现埃及纯正的园林风格和埃及古城的历史文明。
左边是海天一色的越南下龙湾，和古巴何塞马蒂文化协会员，以及旁边的俄罗斯沃罗涅日园。
右边是日本福冈，以枯山水，里山人工植被等景观打造而成。
左边是韩国釜山广域园，以儿童游乐设施为主题，体现其充满活力的城市形象。
右边是韩国顺天园和旁边的由韩国东国大学姜太昊教授设计的沉静园，展现出韩国传统园林院落。
接着是有着咖啡之乡之称的埃塞俄比亚亚蒂斯亚贝巴园。
旁边的肯尼亚纳罗克园，其设计灵感来自于著名的马赛马拉野生动物园，里面有狮子大象豹子等动物的雕像。
右手边是美国的韦恩郡和韦恩斯伯勒园，韦恩斯伯勒提取美国两位总统华盛顿和麦迪逊的花园环境构建而成，体现出美国园林的规整、简洁和宏大的风格。
左边的匈牙利佩斯园，以猎人捕杀神鹿最后被神鹿的眼神征服了心灵的场景，体现人与自然和谐共生的理念。
在旁边的是泰国清迈园，里面有大象、熊猫和再现的兰纳谷仓一起彰显了清迈人简单随性的生活方式。
现在左边的是英国威尔士园，还原了普里斯里山上的巨石和花草，里面还有中国龙和英国翼龙来共同体现中英之间的友好关系。
紧接着的是德中同行园，以竹亭为载体，将中国传统的建筑材料与欧洲的设计理念融为一体打造而成。
在旁边的是法国图卢兹，以方形水池，纳博泥城墙等景观彰显出中世纪法国图卢兹的浪漫风情。
接着是德国杜赛尔多夫，以翻跟头的少年体现街头一角的场景，门口处还有德国诗人海涅的雕塑。
接着是由英国皇家园林协会副主席迈克尔先生设计的迈克尔花园，形象的展现出典型的英式花园的风貌。
最后是阿根廷科尔多瓦园，迷宫似的构图，抛光的不锈钢建筑和谐的与外墙结合，在里面有很多图像，表达了当地人民对图示和符号的崇拜。
好了，各位领导，现在我们已经参观完国际园林展区的35个展园了，将重复一小段路程到达现代园林展区。
现代园林展区共有16个展园，首先左边的是海南海口园，将热带雨林景观和海口骑楼建筑融为一体，充分展示南国的自然环境和优雅风韵。
右手边的是河南郑州园，以登封申遗成功的天地之中历史建筑群为背景，展现了郑州对文化遗产的完好保护。
紧接着是连云港园，以水帘洞天、扬帆出海为主题，彰显了其西游胜景、山海相拥的自然风貌。
紧接着是柳州园，以奇石之都，风情柳州为主题建造而成。
左前方的是园博园的一个标志性建筑“园圆缘”，采用简介明快的设计手法建造的，如果俯视看去是一个中国结的形状，平视看去，又像是祥云的图形。
三个yuan分别是园林、圆满和缘分，寓意和谐美好圆满之意。
右边的是新疆喀什园，以大漠绿舟、神秘喀什为主题，在景区中融入了绿洲、沙漠、高台民居和民俗文化等元素，展现南疆的少数民族风情。
右边的是西昌园，西昌是有名的卫星发射基地，因此我们打造了月城之星的花卉展厅，配以湿地景观来展现生态月城、航天城的独特魅力。
左边的是四川巴中园，以特定的人文、自然园林景观为载体，展现出巴中的山水画廊和红色文化。
左边的是避暑天堂之称的贵州毕节园，突出其洞天湖地，花海鹤乡的主题。
右边的是四川内江园，以人文内江、书画内江、科技内江为主题打造而成，展现其山水院落的文化内涵。
右边的是广东湛江园，以相约起航为主题，反映海上丝绸之路湛江的时代、地域和文化特色。
左边的是广东中山园，以中山盛名的菊花为灵感，突出其菊花、博爱、岭南的三大文化特色。
右手方是湖北武汉园，以废旧材料为主要元素，引起人们对节约资源、保护环境的思考。
右边是江苏淮安园，以梅韵鹤风等元素构建展园，寓意淮安人民继承周恩来总理遗志，努力建设发展新淮安。
左边的是湖北荆州园，以记忆荆州为主题，融楚文化、三国文化、水乡文化于现代园林之中。
接着是浙江温州园，又叫瓯园，瓯是当地一种有名的器物。
运用温州特有的山、江、岛梯田来展现它的深层次的庭院空间。
右边是美丽的三亚园，浓缩了著名的天涯海角和南天一柱等微缩景观，向我们传达了热带滨海休闲度假城市的浪漫风情。
好了，在此我们就参观完现代园林展区。
转过这个湾，来到的是龙景湖大坝，坝长245.8米，坝顶高308.6米，是整个龙景湖形成的基础，为了增强大坝的景观效果，我们特意修建了这座风雨廊桥，营造出“一种跨桥依凭栏，风雨不扰心”的意境。
在这里可南观龙景湖、巴渝园、荟萃园，北赏候鸟湿地景观，是园内不可多得的重要景点。
好，现在大家看前面又是另一处景点，叫双亭瀑布，瀑布分三级依山而下，融雄奇险秀为一体，瀑布之上建有一座双亭，游客不仅能在亭中观赏到瀑布飞流直下的气势，更能领略到园博园美丽的湖光山色。
瀑布之上的叠石也非常有特色，都是从具有喀斯特地貌的武隆经过挑选运过来搭建而成的。
前面是岭南园林2展区的三个展园，包含了珠海、佛山、广州园，首先是珠海园，以珠海渔女像和望海亭等标志性的园林景观，展现了珠海的人文历史和自然风貌。
接着是广东佛山园，又称有为园，表现出康有为、詹天佑先生等历史名人的家乡风貌和新兴气象。
挨着的是广州园，以广东音乐“步步高”为意境，营造“八和台”和“庆春亭”两个特色景点打造而成。
我们现在经过的是园区内七座古典石桥中最长的一座，叫凌云桥，全长125.5米，为九孔桥，因桥上建有4座亭子，又称为四亭桥。
穿过凌云桥，将会参观到的是荟萃园林展区，它集展园和景园为一体，展现出高塔耸立，阁宇相依的效果，展区汇集了国内最具代表性的园林城市在此设置展园，像我们展现出中华南北园林的精髓。
位于左上方的是北京园，以颐和园中”画中游”为主景，背靠墨绿群峦，顺山成势，面水而建，形成“江水一览画中游”的美景，体现出北京深厚的人文传统和皇家园林的恢宏大气。
在北京园旁边的是天津园，它以“一楼拥三庭，一径通帆台”的空间布局，以一个大戏台为主景，彰显出天津这个曲艺之乡和戏剧码头的文化内涵。
紧接着是太原园，提取晋祠中的元素，设立了宣扬母的的对越牌坊、胜赢楼和太原国民师范等景观，营造出独具太远特色的园林意境。
右边是上海园，以大型雨水循环建筑为主景，它既可以收集天然的雨水形成美丽的喷泉，又能利用喷泉灌溉周边的植物，充分展示出现代造园技术和低碳节能的设计理念。
那么左边的是山东济南园，大家都知道济南是有名的泉城，所以我们以水景为主线，叠山理水，配以花木奇石，曲径通幽来体现出泉城的独特魅力，在里面还有大明湖和黑虎泉的微缩景观。
右边是浙江宁波园，以中式的马头墙建筑和西式的亭子展现东方文明和西方文明的融合。
映入大家眼前的白墙青瓦的建筑是有名的苏州园了，以吴韵山居为主题，打造了苏园春熙和东吴胜景等景观，体现它“虽由人作，宛自天开”的艺术境界。
在右边是一片桂花林，每到农历的八月初，桂花开放，丹桂飘香，令人心旷神怡，因此吸引了很多游客来此观光。
这边有一双大手的雕塑，从这个角度看去，可以形成一幅托塔的形势，巧妙地利用借景的手法来展现。
那现在我们就来到了重云塔的下方，近观重云塔，“高塔压顶，巍峨雄伟”，塔高50.7米，共有7层，七在佛教中寓意胜造7级浮屠之意。
在旁边还有一幅刻有由重庆师范大学董未甘教授的园博园记，字里行间都透露出对园博园的赞美之情。
各位领导，现在我们是行驶在园博园中长约1500米的樱花大道，道路两旁种植的是日本的晚樱，共引进了300株，晚樱开花较晚，大约在每年的三月底四月初的时候开放，樱花开放，花团锦簇，整个荟萃园像是被一条粉色的丝带环绕着，吸引了很多游客到此拍照留影，届时也欢迎各位再次光临我们园博园欣赏美丽的樱花。
在左边有一个景点，叫悠园，悠是取自陶渊明的著名诗句“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”中的悠，有悠闲自在之意。
现在我们是行驶在园区中长12.8公里的环湖路上，另外还有25.2公里的登山步游道，总共38公里，如果步行游览是需要两到三天才能参观完。
在道路两旁种植的行道树也颇有特色，左边是桃树和柳树。
到了春季，桃花开放，柳树发芽，形成一幅桃红柳绿的美景，右边种植的是银杏树，银杏树堪称活化石，寿命很长，栽种30年才开始结果，果实即可食用也可入药，因而是一种非常珍贵的植物。
左前方的湖面上是环湖6景之一孤舟双亭，天然深入湖中的半岛，宛若一叶孤舟，亭与湖中的倒影形成双亭，有“平湖托孤舟，落影成双亭”的意境。
右边的是浙江绍兴园，绍兴是鲁迅先生的故乡，浓缩了黄酒飘香、乌蓬听音、咸亨酒店等景观，门口处还有鲁迅先生的一片名作从百草园到三味书屋，彰显绍兴深厚的历史文脉。
接下来，在右上方的是深圳园，依山就势，形成一景两廊，一景指的是梧桐三瀑，两廊则指沐风幽廊和绿道廊。
充分体现深圳所倡导的都市绿色和低碳理念。
转过这个湾就看到了又一个景点，叫绝壁仙弈，上面刻有第三届中日围棋大赛中中国选手聂卫平对阵大足英雄获胜的经典棋局。
它与对岸的龙景书院，形成了书香棋弈的呼应，可谓别具一格，耐人寻味。
好，在左前方我们可以观赏到枫香秋亭景区，在里面种植有各种三角枫，五角枫，鸡爪槭等色叶植物，到了深秋季节，形成一种秋风瑟瑟，层林尽然的意境。
那么现在穿过的是听雨桥，右边有一座美丽的喷泉，它既可以形成美丽的喷泉美化环境，那形成的喷泉又可以为水中的鱼儿等水生动物充氧。
小结：前方我们将参观到大中华园林展区，包括国内80多个城市设置的展园。
按区域分为岭南、北方、闽台、西部和江南园林展区。
道路两旁种植的行道树是国槐，因其枝繁叶茂，树干浓密，是一种北方有名的行道树。
左边的是汕头园，以海洋文化，华侨文化和潮商文化为主题建造而成。
那前方的白色建筑是广西南宁园，以朱槿构架，五象雕塑为主题，展现出南宁中国绿城，中国水城的独特魅力。
天涯海角导游词怎么作文400字
——天涯海角。
很久很久以前，我认为天涯海角不过是别人幻想中的世外桃源，不可信。
可是，现在我知道了天涯海角这个美丽的地方，对那里充满了向往。
尽管，天涯海角，不过是一块石头而已。
天之涯，海之角。
到过那里的人，都会有一种到了天地之尽头的感觉。
沙滩上，那一块小小的石头，就是天涯海角啊。
小时候，我和我最好的玩伴说，长大后，我们要一起去天涯海角。
可是现在，过去的，就只能变成回忆。
坐在电脑前，慢慢的输入“天涯海角”这四个字。
点击进入，一张张图片映入眼帘。
突然落泪。
曾经说好的，要一起去天涯海角，但是现在却是实现不了的诺言。
对，天涯海角，只不过是古人在石头上刻的字而已。
但是，我想刻字的那个人，也很向往“天涯海角”这个地方吧
希望，在天涯海角，找到自己的天地。
天牙山导游词600字，快告诉
给你找了两篇，你看喜欢哪个就用哪个吧
1 大家好
我是阳光旅行社的国家级导游，我姓X，今天，我将带您领略一番美景，那就是草原
大家看
草原上的小丘多美呀
一碧千里，翠色欲流，一片诗情画意的情境。
牧羊人，每天都会带着羊群在山上吃草，他们奔跑，羊儿和牧羊人欢快的融入这一片美丽的风景中，羊儿在草原上尽情舞蹈，一会儿跑到小丘上，一会儿又下到小丘来，羊儿们就像是茫茫大海中的几层波浪，是这片草海里面最活跃的精灵
遥望这一片草海，特色蒙古包，点缀在上面像一颗颗蘑菇。
这里的风景太让人陶醉了，青草鲜嫩，颜色青翠，似在流动，是一副富有生机的流动画面啊
…… 大草原不仅风景美，人更美。
您来到了这里，你看啊，蒙古族老乡穿着节日的盛装，策马疾驰，远迎您的到来。
蒙古人可真好客啊
他们让每个来到这里的人，带上哈达，送去他们最真挚，最诚意的问候
他们面对微笑，赞同着对这片草原的喜爱，这表现出了蒙古族同胞的淳朴热情和各个民族间的团结互助，相互关爱。
怎么样
您满意今天的旅程吗
欢迎您下次再来草原作客
2亲爱的朋友们： 大家好
你们见过草原吗
那一望无际的绿色，平地是绿的，小丘也是绿的。
一群群的羊在草原上奔跑着，走在哪里都像给无边的绿毯绣上了白色的大花，是那么的美
草原的空气是那么清鲜，天空是那么明朗，使人心旷神怡，在那种境界里即愿久立四望，又想坐下低吟一首奇丽的小诗，就连骏马和大牛都有时候静立不动，好像回味着草原无限乐趣。
来到蒙古包，又见我的同胞，主人迎客，群马领跑，少年套马，壮士摔跤，武士舞刀；主人举杯，老翁敬酒，少年献歌。
蒙古族同胞的纯朴热情，也证明了蒙汉情深。
“天苍苍，野茫茫，风吹草地现牛羊”也只有在这里才可以体会到，来到这里，会使你流连忘返，时时沉浸在草原的无限乐趣，站在草原上，你会觉得天是那么的蓝，大地一片绿色，会觉得自己也是这一片绿色的一员，仿佛自己是这片绿色中的一棵小草。
否则老舍先生也不会说“蒙汉情深何忍别，天涯碧草话斜阳” 求采纳
跪求
介绍海南旅游景点导游词(英文)
导游考文导游词Good morning ! My name is Can I begain?Attention,please.Ladies and gentlement .Welcome to beautiful city ,Nanjing ,I am the guide xuyi .Today, we are going to visit *****. On the way to ****,let me introduce the beautiful city ,Nanjing .Nanjing is the capital city of Jiangsu Province and the provincial political, economic and cultural center ,she is located in the lower reaches of Yangtze river,southwest of the province.The population of its urban area is about 3million.Nanjing is one of the historical and cultural cities rectified by the state.She bears the reputation of the capital of Wu, Easter Jin, Song,Qi,Liang,Chen,Southern Tang,Ming, Taiping Kingdom, and Republic of china subsequently.Nanjing is a place of celebrities and humanities, with a splendid cultrual heritage.The attraction of Nanjing consists in the combination of rich natural and cultrual heritages.With many a relics of the Republic of china era in particluar , Nanjing is recognized as the museum of modern Chinese history.DR.SUN YATSENS MAUSOLEUMAmong al the historical and cultural attractions in Nanjing, the most favored highlight is Dr.Sun Yaten’s Mausoleum.Dr.Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum sits on the southern slope of the pruple Mountain in the eatern subrub of the city. The construction began on March 12,1926 and was completed in 1929 when the remains of Dr.Sun Yatsen was transported from Beijing and buried at the present site on June,1.Dr.Sun Yatsen, also named Sun Wen or Sun Zhongshan, is considered as the forerunner of the Chinese democratic revolution.Dr.Sun Yatsen is a great man because he devoted 40 yeas of his life to pursuing his dream to overthrow the feudal monarchy and build a progressive, united and democratic Republic of china.Why was Dr.Sun Yatsen buried in Nanjing instead of in his hometown or Beijing where he died?The mausoleum site was first recommended to Dr.Sun Yatsen by the abbot of Linggu Temple for its good geomantic omen.One day in April, 1912, he went hunting at the site of present mausoleum with his friends.Dr.Sun Yatsen was really so amazed by the beautiful environment that he aid to them :I wish I could be bestowed a piece of land by people and be buried here after my death”.He once again expressed this desire in his sickbed in 1925.The architect named Lu Yanzhi .Dr.Sun Yasen’s Mausoleum is designed in the shape of a liberty bell, intending to remind people never to get self-contented. The park of mausoleum covers an area of 800000 square meters. The whole architecture ,from the gateway to the main entrance,tablet pavilion ,memorial hall and the tomb valult,lies on the north-south axis with 392 steps ans 10 platforms in between .The buildings are all constructed with natural granite and marbls and convered by blue glazed-title roofs.Opposite to the bronze incense-burner off the quare, stands the 12-meter high gateway of three arches with Dr.Sun Yatsen’s handwriting “Fraternity” carved on its front top. The 480-meter long tomb avenue, lined wih pine ,gingko and maple trees ,leads to the main entrance tower roofed by blue-glazed tile.Under the front eave of the tower, Dr.Sun Yatsen’s motto ‘The world belongs to people ‘ can be seen .Walking through it , the first building one will seee is the tablet pavilion which houses a huge tombstone which is engraved with ‘Premier Dr.Sun is buried here by the Chinese Koumingtang on Jone1,1929’. From there, a panoramic view of the memorial hall can be obtained. However, there are still 392 steps in 4 flight to go before tourists reach the memorial hall on the top , and a platform with stone benches at evry flight so as not to exhaust the climbers.The memorial hall stands 73.33 meters abov the ground. The lintel of the memorial hall is inscried with “nationalism, democratic rights and people’s livelihood” and a vertical plaque is carved with 4 characters “Hao qi chang cun ” meaning imperishable noble spirit. All these words are written in Dr.Sun’s own hand. In the center of the memorial hall sits the Italian white marble statue of Dr.Sun Yatsen mounted on a pedestal carved in bas-relief by a Polish sculptor about his revolutionary activities. The surrounding walls are inscribed with the national constitution written by Dr.Sun Yatsen. Beyond the memorial hall is the tomb vault .Standing by the side of the pool, as visitors look down, they bow to see Dr.Sun Yatsen’s reclining marble statue with his body buried 5 meters underneath. If one looks up, he will find the emblem of the nationalist Party on the ceiling.When one wraps up the homage tour and steps down, he will not only enjoy a bird’s eyeview of beautiful Nanjing , but also feel toally reliveed because he does not see any more of those 392 steps , but the platforms. Not until then, will he understand how great Dr.Sun Yatsen is.The whole mausoleum is an architectural complex in a typical and traditional Chinese style, and the layout is harmonious and rational.All the buildings are roofed with blue-glazed tiles. With pine trees and cypresses growing around ,the mausoleum looks magnificent and dignified.Dr.Sun’s Mausoleum attracts thousands of visitors everyday.XiaoLing Tomb of The Ming DynastyXiaoling Tomb,or the tomb of filial piety, built 600 years ago ,is the mausoleum of Zhu Yuan zhang , the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Lying at the southern foot of the Purple Mountain ,the tomb complex is one of the largest ancient mausoleums of the emperors in china.Zhu Yuanzhang began to have his tomb built in 1381 when his wife Empress Ma died. The empress was buried in the tomb in 1383.But Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang died in 1398 and was buried here in the same year.But the construction of the mausoleum lasted 38 years or more till 1431 when ‘the Steke if Sacred Neruts abd Virtues of Great Ming’ Filial Tomb’ was erected.The mausoleum consists of two major sections.The first section is from the Gateway of Dismounting Horse to the Lingxing Gate at the end of Sacred Way(tomb avenue), of which the approach is 1800 meters long. The second part is the tomb itself. Historical records indicate the mausoleum had a grand red wall, 22.5 kilometers long, enclosing the whole tomb area. The tomb conple was very large with many splendid buildings. 100000 pines were planted and 1000 deer raised in the park of mausoleum. Unfortunately, this large group of buildings was ruined by the wars in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and the war in which by the Qing Dynasty army. All the wooden structures wre destroyed. However we can still see the exquisite stone carvings from the stone bases and imagine how magnificent it looked like 600 years ago.The tomb gate known as grand golden gate was a traditional architecture and connected with the red wall. The gateway of Dismounting Horse locates about 750 meters south from here.This shows the absolute dignity of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang at that time.To the east of the gateway,there are two tablets:the holy Mountain Tablet and the Tablet of Mountain Forbidden Regulations decreeing the entrance of the ordinary people into the holy area was to be severely punished. The royal court dispatched troops here to atand as guards at the mausoleum in the years.that is why the site has been called Xiaolingwei meaning the Town of Filial guard.Northwards from the great golden gate, a huge roofless stone tablet pavilion canbe seen ,it is the Square Castle, as local people call it . Its top is gone but the surrounding walls and four archways still remain. In the middle of the building ,there stands ans 8.78 meters high stele called :The Stele of Sacred Merits and Virtues of Great Ming’s Filial Tomb.It was built in 1413 by the third emperor ,Zhu yuanzhang ‘s fourth son.The stele is inscribed altogether with 2746 Chinese characters in praise of the merits and virtues of Emperor Zhu yuanzhang .The sacred way is lined on both sides with 12 pairs of giant stone animals in 6 kiinds. For each kind of the animals, there are one pair standing and the other kneeling. The standing pair is working and the kneeling resting and they are on duty alternately. The real purpose of building these animals is to demonstrate the royal magnificence and the emperor’s dignity, to drive away evil spirits and guard the tomb. The first 2 pairs of animals are lions, king of the beasts symbolizing power.The second 2 pairs of animals are called Bixie, a unicorn-shaped mythical animal, said to e clever and capale of distinguishing between good and evil.The following pairs of animals include camels, elepahants, Kylins or chinese unicorns and horses. The camel is known as boat in the desert and symbol of prosperity. Each elephant , which is the largest and heaviest sculpture, weighs 80 tons and symbolizes peace. The kylin represents good luck as well as horse loyalty.In ancient times ,it was rather difficult to move these heavy stone animals. The fact is that workers splashed water on the ground in cold winter, and pushed the stone animals to the present locations on the surface of frozen ice.Two 6.25 meter-high stone pillars serve as alters for the sacrificial offerings. Both the hexagonal pillars are carved with the patterns of clouds and dragons arousing visitors’sreverence and worship to the emperor . The sacred avenue makes a right turn here just because the Plum Blossom Hill stands in the way. The hill is the tomb for Sun Quan , The first emperor of Eastern Wu kingdom. It is said that when the tomb was constructed,some ministers suggested that Sun Quan’s tomb should be moved away. But Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang commented that Sun Quan was a good fellow and should stay there to be the concierge of his tomb. The Plum Blossom hill now is popular excursion site for the local people in spring when the plum trees are in full blossom.Beyond the memorial pollars there are 4 pairs of stone WenZhongs,2 pairs each of court officials and warriors. Legend has it that there was a giant about 10meters tall of Qin Dynasty.The warriors,3.26meters high, are in armor with weapons in hands while court officials are in court ceremonial robe with writing board in hans to take notes of the emperor’s edict.Behind the statue, there used to be a gate named Lingxing Gate.About 270 meters away from the gate is the stone bridge spanning over a small stream, yet it is called the Imperial Moat Bridge.The bridge used to have 5 arches , but was renovated into 3 arches later in the Qing Dynasty. The bridge foundation and stone dykes are the original except the rail.About 200 meters north of the Imperial Moat Bridge is the front gate to the tomb. This area is the rear section of the tomb.The arch gate has 5 doorways, with yellow glazed tiles, red walls and doors . The lintel of the middle gate is engraved with 3 Chinese characters Meaning ‘Xiaoling Tomb of Ming Dynasty’. Or “Ming’s Filial Tomb” given by the emperor himself but Ming was added actually later in the Qing timees. It reflects the emperor’s idea to administer the country with filial piety which is the very instruction of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher.At the right of the gate, there is a table stone on which is inscribed with ‘The Special Notice’ written in 6 foreign languages of Japanese,German, English, French, Italian and Russian respectivel to reaffirm the attention to the protection of the filial tomb in the late Qing years.Inside the gate is an entrance hall, of which in the middle is ‘the Stele of Administering the ountry well as the Tang and Song dynasties’. The tablet stone is engraved with the handwriting of Emperor Kangxi when he was paying his homage to the entombed emperor during his third inspection tour to the area in 1699.Standing behind the hall is the Filial Hall or Sacrificial hall ,which is one of the major buildings in the mausoleum employed to enshrine Emperor Zhun Yuanzhang and his empress.But the original was destroyed in the wars, and the present one was rebuilt and twice restored in the Qing Dynasty.The citadel of Treasures is the last building on the ground, 16.25meters high, 75 meters wide and 31 meters in depth. Ascending a flight of 54 stone stairs from an archway of the citadel is the tomb proper covered by a large earthen mound 400 meters in diameter. Under the mound rest the emperor and his consorts , and as the records testify, 50 or more concubines and maids of honor were buried alive for company. Their families were ensured holy titles, but these young lives became the eternal victims of feudal sacrifice system.The tomb is at the foot of Purple Mountain. It has not been excavated because of the technical reasons of preservation.Linggu TempleLinggu Temple park lies about one and half kilometers to the east of Dr.Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum. It was called Jiangshan Temple in ancient time and its original site was in Dulongfu at the foot of the purple Mountain. However, in the early days of the Ming Dynast(1368-1644),Emperor Zhun Yuanzhang chose that place to build his tomb, thus the temple had to be moved and rebuilt at the present site and was renamed as the Linggu Temple with an inscription “The Fist Buddhist Forest” at the entrance there is a secluded footpath with thousands of pine trees, verdant and luxuriant , so it is called the “Valley of Spirit Deep in Pines”. It is one of the 48 attractions in Nanjing . Main attractions in the park include LInggu Temple , the gateway of officers and men killed in action, Beamless hall,Pine and Wind Pavilion, Linggu Pagoda, Monk Baogong Pagoda and Table of three Great Artists, etc.The first major attracton is the gate way of officials and men killed in action. In November 1928, when Chiang Kaishek’s Kuomintang government made a decision to turn the Linggu temple into a crmetery of officials and men killed in battles, the original entrance to the temple was rebuilt into a three-arch gateway for the dead officials and men. The gateway has 5 principle colums made of concrete cement. The gate has its foundation inlaid with granite on surface and roofed by blue-glazed tile. The lintel of the middle door is carved with 4 Chinese characters “great Justice and Virtue” in front face and “Salvation of the Nation and People” on the back. The side lintels of the gate are decorated with the emblems of the Kmt party.Inside the park there is the Beamless Hall built in 1381 in the Ming dynast. The hall,53.8 meters long, 37.85 meters wide and 22meters high, was built entirely of bricks and stones from top to bottom without a piece of wood, hence the name. There are nine ouverlapping redges and three dagobas decorating the top reges. In terms of size, the Beamless Hall stands first and formost of its kind in china. It was built more than 200 years earlier than the other same kind Hall in other ares.No wonder it is considered a masterpiece of Chinese stone-brick buildings. The diffculty involved in its construction and the complexity of techniques adopted testify the wisdom of the architects of that time in china.In 1928, the KMT government turned the hall into a sacrificial memorial hall to hold memorial ceremony for the martyrs, and a stand in the main lobby of the hall for worshipping the Boundless Longevity Buddha was turned into sacrificial platform. The middle of the three tablets on the hall is engraved with characters reading “The Bier of the National Revolutionary Martys”.”Dying Words of the State father” inscribed on the right and national antem of the Republic of china on left.The names of 33000 officials and men died in the North Expedition War against Warlords and the War of Resistance against Japan are carved on the black marble tablets inlaid in the walls. All these remain intact as they were in the 1930s.An irregular and zigzag enclosure wall is built between the Beamless Hall and the Pine and Wind Pavilion, symbolizing the rim of KMT Blussky and Dayright Flag. A tree planted in the middle of a circle symbolizes the Sun with brick made halo around.No.1 cemetery is in between the two sacrificial pillars standing near the hall. The other two cemeteries locate on both west and east of the Beamless Hall.The whole design seems that the cemetery is under the bluesky and Daybright Flag.The Pine and Wind Pavilion was built in 1929, as the memorial hall of the officials and men killed in the action with the things left behind by the martyrs.The pavilion was damaged in the war of Resistance against Japan and restored agter 1949. The present name Pine and wind Pavilion was given after its restoration. Beyond the Pavilion is and ancient two-layered tripod , on which is inscribed 4 characters “Engraved Trepod for Memory of Merits”Linggu Pagoda was built in 1933 as a memorial pagoda for the officials and men killed in wars. The ninestoreyed ovtagonal, is over sixty-meter-high, with a corridor encircled by stone rails on each story. The pagoda was designed by the famous architects Mao Fei and Dong Dayou . 3 characters “Linggupagoda” are inscribed on the lintel of the front door and “where there is a will there’s a way” on the lintel of the back door. On the exterior wall there are 4 characters “Faithful Dedication to the Service of the nation” which is the handwriting of Chiang Kaishek. Inside the pagoda a spiral staircase of 252 steps winds to the top through the nine stories. The inner walls from the second floor to the forth are inlaid with Dr.Sun’s farewell speech made in Whangpoa Military Academy on November 30,1924 just before the starting of the North Expedition War. The inner walls from fifth to the eighth are inlaid with Dr.Sun’s opening speech for Whangpoa Militray Academy made on June 16,1924. When one gets to the top story and gazes into the distance, one can get panoramic view of the entire area with fantastic scenery.In the bushes west of Pine and Pavilion there lies a tomb pagoda “Baogong Pagoda” named after the eminent Monk Baozhi of the southern Dynasties.The linggu Temple was relocated to the present site in the Ming dynasty and Linggu Buddhist Monastery by Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. The present temple is much small than it used to be .In the temple there is the Treasure Hll of the Great Sage. In the east of the hall , there is a chamber , which used to be called the Goddesso fo mercy Hall. But it is turned to bhe memorial hll of Master Xuan zang, who went on a pilgrimage to India in the 7th century and brought back with him large quantities of Buddhist sutras. Then he devoted to the translation of these sutras and greatly enriched the Chinese Buddhist culture in the Tang Dynasty.City wall of Ming DynastyThe building of the wall began in 1366, ordered by Zhu Yuanzhang who adopted the suggestion of “building the high wall” by one of his staff and founded the Ming Dynasty two years later.More than 200000 people were employed on the project and many of them died befor the wall was completed in 1386.The wall was 33.678 kilomters in circumference and 14.21 meters high on average. The base of the wall is 14meters wide and the top of the wall is 7meters wide.It was the ongest city wall in the world and the city enclosed by it remained the world’s largest until the 17th century. Great part of the wall base is made of granite or rectangular slabs of lime stone,and both sides of the wall are laid with huge bricks. Each brick is 45 centimeters long, 20 centimeters wide and 10 centimeters thick with a weight of 15 kilograms. The bricks were cemented in with a mortar of lime mixed with tung oil and glutinous rice gruel. In order to guarantee the quality of the wall, Zhu Yuanzhang had tight control over the making of all bricks. The brick-makeers and the officials were responsible for overseeing the quality. In case a brick was found not up to the standard, all of them were supposed to be punished. Therefore many parts of the wall are
