影响世界的百位名人排名
1. 穆罕默德· 2.艾萨克·牛顿 · 3.耶 稣 · 4.释迦牟尼 · 5.孔 子 · 6.圣·保罗 · 7.蔡 伦 · 8.约翰·古腾堡 · 9.克里斯托弗·哥伦布 · 10.阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 · 11．卡尔·马克思 · 12.路易·巴斯德 · 13.伽俐留·伽俐略 · 14.亚里士多德 · 15.列 宁 · 16. 摩 西 · 17.查理·达尔文 · 18.秦始皇 · 19.奥古斯都·凯撒 · 20.毛 泽 东 · 21.成吉思汗 · 22. 欧几里德 · 23.马丁·路德 · 24. 尼古拉·哥白尼 · 25. 詹姆斯·瓦特 · 26. 君士坦丁大帝 · 27.乔治·华盛顿 · 28.迈克尔·法拉第 · 29. 詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦 · 30.奥维尔·莱特和威尔伯·莱特 · 31. 拉 瓦 泽 · 32. 西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 · 33. 亚历山大大帝 · 34.拿破仑·波拿巴 · 35. 阿道夫·希特勒 · 36.威廉·莎士比亚 · 37.亚当·斯密 · 38. 托马斯·爱迪生 · 39. 安东尼·万·雷汶胡克 · 40. 柏 拉 图 · 41.伽利尔摩·马可尼 · 42.路德维希·冯·贝多芬 · 43. 沃纳·海森堡 · 44.亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔 · 45.亚历山大·弗莱明 46.西蒙·玻利瓦尔 · 47.奥利弗·克伦威尔 · 48.约翰·洛克 49.米开朗基罗 · 50.乌尔班二世 · 51.欧 麦 尔 52.阿 育 王 · 53.圣·奥古斯丁 · 54.马克斯·普朗克 55.约翰·加尔文 · 56.威廉·T·G·莫顿 · 57.威廉·哈维 58. 安托万·亨利·贝克雷尔 · 59.格雷戈尔·孟德尔 · 60.约瑟夫·李斯特 61. 尼考罗斯·奥古斯特·奥托 · 62.路易·达盖尔 · 63.约瑟夫·斯大林” 64.勒内·笛卡尔 · 65.儒略·凯撒 · 66.弗朗西斯科·皮扎诺 67.荷南多·科尔特斯 · 68. 伊莎贝拉一世 · 69.威廉大帝 70.托马斯·杰佛逊 · 71.让·雅克卢梭 · 72.爱德华·詹纳 73.威廉·康拉德·伦琴 · 74.约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫 · 75.老 子 76.恩利克·费米 · 77.托马斯·马尔萨斯 · 78.弗朗西斯·培根 · 79.伏尔泰 · 80.约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪 · 81.格雷戈里·平卡斯 82.隋 文 帝 · 83.摩 尼 · 84.瓦斯科·达·伽马 85.查理曼 · 86.塞鲁士大帝 · 87.伦哈特·欧拉 88.尼克罗·马基维利亚 · 89.琐罗亚斯德 · 90.米尼兹 91.彼得大帝 · 92.孟子 · 93.约翰·道尔顿 94.荷马 · 95.伊丽莎白女王一世 · 96.查士丁尼一世 97.约翰尼斯·开普勒 · 98. 帕伯罗·毕加索 · 99. 玛哈维拉 100.尼尔斯·玻尔
“奥威尔式”指的是什么
关于两部作品已经贴在下面了，但是比较长，需要你再根据你的要求删减一部分。
Early lifeEric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903 to British parents[4] in Motihari, Bengal Presidency, British India. There, Blair's father, Richard Walmesley Blair, worked for the Opium Department of the Civil Service. His mother, Ida Mabel Blair (born Limouzin), brought him to England at the age of one. He did not see his father again until 1907, when Richard visited England for three months before leaving again. Eric had an older sister named Marjorie, and a younger sister named Avril. He would later describe his family's background as lower-upper-middle class.[5]EducationAt the age of six, Blair was sent to a small Anglican parish school in Henley-on-Thames, which his sister had attended before him. He never wrote of his recollections of it, but he must have impressed the teachers very favourably, for two years later, he was recommended to the headmaster of one of the most successful preparatory schools in England at the time: St Cyprian's School, in Eastbourne, Sussex. Blair attended St Cyprian's on a scholarship that allowed his parents to pay only half of the usual fees. Many years later, he would recall his time at St Cyprian's with biting resentment in the essay Such, Such Were the Joys. However, in his time at St. Cyprian's, the young Blair successfully earned scholarships to both Wellington and Eton.After one term at Wellington, Blair moved to Eton, where he was a King's Scholar from 1917 to 1921. Aldous Huxley was his French teacher for one term early in his time at Eton. Later in life he wrote that he had been relatively happy at Eton, which allowed its students considerable independence, but also that he ceased doing serious work after arriving there. Reports of his academic performance at Eton vary; some assert that he was a poor student, while others claim the contrary. He was clearly disliked by some of his teachers, who resented what they perceived as disrespect for their authority. During his time at the school, Blair formed lifelong friendships with a number of future British intellectuals such as Cyril Connolly, future editor of the magazine Horizon, in which many of Orwell's most famous essays were originally published.Burma and the early novelsAfter Blair finished his studies at Eton, his family could not pay for university and he had no prospect of winning a scholarship, so in 1922 he joined the Indian Imperial Police, serving at Katha and Moulmein in Burma. He came to hate imperialism, and when he returned to England on leave in 1927 he decided to resign and become a writer. He later used his Burmese experiences for the novel Burmese Days (1934) and in such essays as A Hanging (1931), and Shooting an Elephant (1936). Back in England he wrote to Ruth Pitter, a family acquaintance, and she and a friend found him a room in London, on the Portobello Road (a blue plaque is now on the outside of this house), where he started to write. It was from here that he sallied out one evening to Limehouse Causeway — following in the footsteps of Jack London — and spent his first night in a common lodging house, probably George Levy's 'kip'. For a while he went native in his own country, dressing like other tramps and making no concessions, and recording his experiences of low life in his first published essay, 'The Spike', and the latter half of Down and Out in Paris and London (1933).In the spring of 1928, he moved to Paris, where his Aunt Nellie lived and died, hoping to make a living as a freelance writer. In the autumn of 1929, his lack of success reduced Blair to taking menial jobs as a dishwasher for a few weeks, principally in a fashionable hotel (the Hotel X) on the rue de Rivoli, which he later described in his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London, although there is no indication that he had the book in mind at the time.Ill and broke, he moved back to England in 1929, using his parents' house in Southwold, Suffolk, as a base. Writing what became Burmese Days, he made frequent forays into tramping as part of what had by now become a book project on the life of the poorest people in society. Meanwhile, he became a regular contributor to John Middleton Murry's New Adelphi magazine.Blair completed Down and Out in 1932, and it was published early the next year while he was working briefly as a schoolteacher at a private school called Frays College near Hayes, Middlesex. He took the job as an escape from dire poverty and it was during this period that he managed to obtain a literary agent called Leonard Moore. Blair also adopted the pen name George Orwell just before Down and Out was published. In a November 15 letter to Leonard Moore, his agent, he left the choice of a pseudonym to Moore and to Victor Gollancz, the publisher. Four days later, Blair wrote Moore and suggested P. S. Burton, a name he used when tramping, adding three other possibilities: Kenneth Miles, George Orwell, and H. Lewis Allways.[6]Orwell drew on his work as a teacher and on his life in Southwold for the novel A Clergyman's Daughter (1935), which he wrote at his parents' house in 1934 after ill-health — and the urgings of his parents — forced him to give up teaching. From late 1934 to early 1936 he worked part-time as an assistant in a second-hand bookshop, Booklover's Corner, in Hampstead. Having led a lonely and very solitary existence, he wanted to enjoy the company of other young writers, and Hampstead was a place for intellectuals, as well as having many houses with cheap bedsitters. He worked his experiences into the novel Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936).World War II and Animal FarmAfter the ordeals of Spain and writing the book about it, most of Orwell's formative experiences were over. His finest writing, his best essays and his great fame lay ahead. In 1940, Orwell closed up his house in Wallington and he and Eileen moved into 18 Dorset Chambers, Chagford Street, NW1. He supported himself by writing freelance reviews, mainly for the New English Weekly but also for Time and Tide and the New Statesman. He joined the British Home Guard soon after the war began (and was later awarded the British Campaign Medals\\\/Defence medal).In 1941 Orwell took a job at the BBC Eastern Service, supervising broadcasts to India aimed at stimulating Indian interest in the war effort, at a time when the Japanese army was at India's doorstep. He was well aware that he was engaged in propaganda, and wrote that he felt like an orange that's been trodden on by a very dirty boot.The wartime Ministry of Information, which was based at Senate House University of London, was the inspiration for the Ministry of Truth in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Nonetheless, Orwell devoted a good deal of effort to his BBC work, which gave him an opportunity to work closely with people like T. S. Eliot, E. M. Forster, Mulk Raj Anand and William Empson.Orwell's decision to resign from the BBC followed a report confirming his fears about the broadcasts: very few Indians were listening. He wanted to become a war correspondent and also seems to have been impatient to begin work on Animal Farm.Despite the good salary, he resigned in September 1943 and in November became the literary editor of Tribune, the left-wing weekly then edited by Aneurin Bevan and Jon Kimche (it was Kimche who had been Box to Orwell's Cox when they both worked as half-time assistants in the Hampstead bookshop in 1934–35). Orwell was on the staff until early 1945, contributing a regular column titled As I Please. Anthony Powell and Malcolm Muggeridge had returned from overseas to finish the war in London. All three took to lunching regularly, usually at the Bodega just off the Strand or the Bourgogne in Soho, sometimes joined by Julian Symons (who seemed at the time to be Orwell's true disciple), and David Astor, editor\\\/owner of The Observer.In 1944, Orwell finished his anti-Stalinist allegory Animal Farm, which was first published in Britain on 17 August 1945 and in the U.S.A on the 26 August 1946 with great critical and popular success. Frank Morley, an editor at Harcourt Brace, had come to Britain as soon as he could at the end of the War to see what readers were currently interested in. He asked to serve a week or so in Bowes and Bowes, the Cambridge bookshop. On his first day there customers kept asking for a book that had sold out — the second impression of Animal Farm. He left the counter, read the single copy left in the postal orders' department, went to London and bought the American rights. The royalties from Animal Farm were to provide Orwell with a comfortable income for the first time in his adult life.While Animal Farm was at the printer, and with the end of the War in sight, Orwell felt his old desire growing to be somehow in the thick of the action. David Astor asked him to act as a war correspondent for the Observer to cover the liberation of France and the early occupation of Germany, so Orwell left Tribune to become a war correspondent. Orwell was a close friend of Astor (some say the model for the wealthy publisher in Keep the Aspidistra Flying), and his ideas had a strong influence on Astor's editorial policies. Astor, who died in 2001, is buried in the grave next to Orwell.Nineteen Eighty-Four and final yearsOrwell was taken ill again in Cologne in spring 1945. While he was sick there, his wife died during an operation in Newcastle to remove a tumor (they had recently adopted a baby boy, Richard Horatio Blair, who was born in May 1944). She had not told him about this operation due to concerns on the cost and the fact that she thought she would make a speedy recovery.For the next four years Orwell mixed journalistic work — mainly for Tribune, the Observer and the Manchester Evening News, though he also contributed to many small-circulation political and literary magazines — with writing his best-known work, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which was published in 1949. Originally, Orwell was undecided between titling the book The Last Man in Europe and Nineteen Eighty-Four but his publisher, Fredric Warburg, helped him choose. The title was not the year Orwell had initially intended. He first set his story in 1980, but, as the time taken to write the book dragged on (partly because of his illness), that was changed to 1982 and, later, to 1984. See Nineteen Eighty-Four for more information.[8]He wrote much of the novel while living at Barnhill,[9] a remote farmhouse on the island of Jura, which lies in the Gulf stream off the west coast of Scotland. It was an abandoned farmhouse with outbuildings near to the northern end of the island, lying at the end of a five-mile heavily rutted track from Ardlussa, where the laird or landowner, Margaret Fletcher, lived and where the paved road, the only road on the island, came to an end.In 1948, he co-edited a collection entitled British Pamphleteers with Reginald Reynolds.In 1949, Orwell was approached by a friend, Celia Kirwan, who had just started working for a Foreign Office unit, the Information Research Department, which the Labour government had set up to publish anti-communist propaganda. He gave her a list of 37 writers and artists he considered to be unsuitable as IRD authors because of their pro-communist leanings. The list, not published until 2003, consists mainly of journalists (among them the editor of the New Statesman, Kingsley Martin) but also includes the actors Michael Redgrave and Charlie Chaplin. Orwell's motives for handing over the list are unclear, but the most likely explanation is the simplest: that he was helping a friend in a cause — anti-Stalinism — that they both supported. There is no indication that Orwell abandoned the democratic socialism that he consistently promoted in his later writings — or that he believed the writers he named should be suppressed. Orwell's list was also accurate: the people on it had all made pro-Soviet or pro-communist public pronouncements. In fact, one of the people on the list, Peter Smollett, the head of the Soviet section in the British Ministry of Information, was later (after the opening of KGB archives) proved to be a Soviet agent, recruited by Kim Philby, and almost certainly the person on whose advice the publisher Jonathan Cape turned down Animal Farm as an unhealthily anti-Soviet text, although Orwell was unaware of this.[1
战争即和平；自由即奴役；无知即力量 想看看大家的理解
刻划了一个令人感到窒息和恐怖的，以追逐权力为最终目标的假想的极权主义社会，通过对这个社会中一个普通人生活的细致刻画，揭示了任何形式下的极权主义必将导致人民甚至整个国家成为悲剧。
《〈1984〉过去 〈美丽新世界〉到来》 书评人： 我读的《一九八四》，迄今已经二十四年了，其间读过不止一遍。
每当有人问对我影响最大的书时，我总是举出这本，因为觉得在中国从未受到足够重视，而它理应受到这种重视。
记得一次朋友聚会，有位老先生非常兴奋地谈论《往事并不如烟》。
当时我说，在您感兴趣的那个方向上，走到头是百分之百，《往事并不如烟》大概写了百分之一，藉此我们可以想到百分之五。
我告诉您有一本书，早已写到了百分之百，就是的《一九八四》。
您一辈子都想不透的，它早已替您解决了。
有关这个问题，真是不能再说有什么《一九八四》未曾揭示过的东西了。
我读《一九八四》，觉得最重要的不是具体写到什么，尽管那些描写惊心动魄。
关键是它从本质上揭示了一切。
《一九八四》的历史意义在于，当人们虚幻地以为看到了世界的希望时，奥威尔指出，那是一条极其危险的路。
这本书涉及科学问题，而科学进步的速度和程度是包括奥威尔在内的所有人都难以想象的。
如果只是盯着书中“电幕”一类东西，那么现实中没有“电幕”时，对人的监控就真的不存在了么。
而现代科学技术早已把“电幕”完善到了无法察觉和不留任何死角。
《一九八四》出版后引起很大轰动。
却给作者写信说，《一九八四》所写其实是发生在我的《美丽新世界》之前的事情。
这很。
说，真正的极权国家是要讲效率的。
达到这种效率并非通过强制手段，而是人人自觉自愿使然。
《美丽新世界》中，人们幸福地追求着效率，或者说追求着幸福的效率。
《一九八四》不过是把“旧世界”写到极致了，之后还有一个“美丽新世界”。
我强调《一九八四》，是因为我们缺少这一课，应该补上，不然至少思想方面会有很大漏洞。
但是如果仅仅出于现实的考虑，《一九八四》未必非读不可。
《美丽新世界》就不同了，它所描写的是正逐渐出现在我们面前的事情。
在我看来，我们正处在“一九八四”和“美丽新世界”之间。
而且大家从不同地方、不同国度和不同体制下共同地在往这个方向努力。
“一九八四”是一种局部选择，却有可能对整个人类造成威胁，而“美丽新世界”则是“阳光普照大地”。
在《一九八四》中，温斯顿之所以是温斯顿，是因为他有思想，尽管从来没有谁给过他思考的权利，只是他自己偷偷保留了一点而已。
最终他把这种权利放弃了，把思想放弃了，“他战胜了自己。
他热爱老大哥。
”这正是奥勃良所要求的。
这其实是他们之间达成的一种共识：温斯顿心甘情愿地不再思想。
于是一个人的思想融入了一群人的思想，而一群人的思想根本不是思想。
思想只有在“我”的意义上才成立。
随着科学技术的进步，人们越来越易于实现自己的物质愿望，因此像温斯顿那样对社会不满的人越来越少。
在《美丽新世界》中，根本没有思想这回事。
如果要在《美丽新世界》和《一九八四》之间加以比较，我会说《美丽新世界》更深刻。
我不认为“一九八四”有可能百分之百实现，因为毕竟过分违背人类本性；但是裹挟其中，还是感到孤独无助。
然而“美丽新世界”完全让人无可奈何。
对“美丽新世界”我们似乎只能接受，因为一个人能够抵御痛苦，但却不能抵御幸福。
书中约翰说道：“我要的不是这样的舒服。
我需要上帝
诗
真正的冒险
自由
善
甚至是罪恶
”总统答道：“实际上你是在要求受苦受难的权利。
”有谁把受苦受难当成一种权利呢。
包括的《我们》、《美丽新世界》和《一九八四》在内的“反乌托邦三部曲”，有着共同的一点，即所描写的都是秩序的世界。
秩序之外什么都不允许存在。
但只有在《美丽新世界》中，秩序与人的愿望达成了一致，虽然它是在更高层次上泯灭人性。
“美丽新世界”是真正终结“一九八四”的。
“一九八四”不是靠温斯顿偷偷摸摸写点什么就可以动摇的，它终结于“美丽新世界”。
这就是那句话的真正意义：你的《一九八四》终将过去，我的《美丽新世界》定会取而代之。
[5]《漫谈1984》 书评人：老白 《一九八四》的伟大是不用任何废话的，因为它本身就是一个伟大的预言。
甚至有人称这本书为“社会政治幻想小说”。
和我对《动物庄园》的评价一样，中国人喜欢《一九八四》是不言而喻的，因为他们有着非常切身的体会。
以至于我总是怀疑，《一九八四》能够在中国出版，都是一件令人难以捉摸的事情。
我读的《一九八四》是2001出版的版本，在这本书的封三，有关于本书的推荐： 一九八零年，我在大学里读到了.奥威尔的《一九八四》，这是一个终身难忘的经历。
这本书和赫胥黎的《美丽新世界》、扎米亚金的《我们》并称“反面乌托邦三部曲”，但是对我来说，它已经不是乌托邦，而是历史了。
一部书可以被人们看作预言，同时又看作是历史，这本书一定掌握了一种亘古不变的精神，否则，怎么能如此放之四海而皆准
刘韧认为《一九八四》的伟大在于思想。
的确，这本书中随便找几句话，就够我们咀嚼一辈子的了，例如： 谁控制过去，谁就控制未来；谁控制现在，谁就控制过去。
思想犯罪不会招来死亡，思想犯罪本身就是死亡。
他们不到觉悟的时候，他们就用不会造反，他们不造反，他们就不会觉悟。
不过，在我看这本书的同时，除了恐惧之外，还有迷茫。
奥威尔在书中借助戈尔德斯坦因的书写道： 这个世界上永远存在三种人，上等人、中等人、下等人。
他们扮演的角色是上等人捍卫自己的权利和地位；中等人希望和上等人交换位置，下等人浑浑噩噩，但是是被利用的广大群体。
正如书中主人公温斯顿在日记中写道：如果有希望的话，它在无产者身上。
不过，奥威尔似乎又悲观的意识到：人类的历史就是三种人地位的变换，周而复始，无穷无尽。
同样是在戈尔德斯坦因的书中，奥威尔说： 统治集团只有在四种情况下才会丧失权力：或者是被外部力量所征服；或者是统治无能，群众起来造反；或者是让一个强大而不满的中等人集团出现；或者是自己丧失了统治的信心和意志。
这四个原因并不单个起作用，在某种程度上总是同时存在。
统治阶级如能防止这四个原因的产生就能永久当权。
最终的决定性因素是统治阶级本身的精神状态。
当然，造成我的迷茫还包括这边书的灰色结尾。
然而，最终让我想清楚的一件事是：这本书并不是战斗的宣言，它只是让你更清楚地明白一些道理。
最简单的结论是，没有人愿意生活在恐惧之中、没有人愿意生活在贫困之中，只要他们能够认识到，造反可以在一定时间内解决问题，他们会觉悟的。
只要他们认识到，统治集团是需要监督和批判的，他们就能维护、保证自己拥有的一点可怜权利。
如果，今天有人愿意模仿奥威尔写一部新的小说，把戈尔德斯坦因的书换成《一九八四》，那么这部小说的结尾是灰色的、还是光明的呢
[6]经典名言 “战争即和平；自由即奴役；无知即力量。
” “谁控制过去就控制未来，谁控制现在就控制过去。
” “老大哥在看着你
” “所谓自由就是可以说二加二等于四的自由。
” “思想罪不会带来死亡；思想罪本身就是死亡。
” “在遮阴的栗树下，你出卖了我，我出卖了你。
”
