副词性连接词
副词性质的连接词不能象连词一样分句或主从复合句之间用逗号连接。也就是说它们不能连接两个分句或引导从句。它们引导的句子与前面的句子之间要用分号或句号，而它们与引导的句子之间往往用逗号。副词性质的连接词在写作中常常使用，主要分为以下几类：
1.表示顺序的'，如first, in the first place, then, finally, inthe end等等。尤其要注意then. 如：
误：He graduated from college in 2003, then hefound a job.
正：He graduated from college in 2003, and thenhe found a job.
Hegraduated from college in 2003. Then he found a job.
2.表示递进关系的，如in addition, what is more, furthermore,moreover等。注意in addition 与in addition to 的区别：inaddition 是副词性质;而in addition to 是介词性质，后面必须接宾语。
3.表示转折关系的，如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on thecontrary, in contrast, 等等。要注意不要把however 当成连词：
误：In 2003, the United States launched the waron Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMD),however, no WMD has been found in Iraq so far.
正：In 2003, the United States launched the waron Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction(WMD). However, no WMD has been found inIraqso far.
主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。今天我们就一起来看看英语八大从句类型总结吧!
英语八大从句类型总结
从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即 名词性从句 (包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句)、 形容词性从句 (即定语从句)、 副词性从句 (即状语从句，包括时间、条件、结果、目
从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句(包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句，包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
主语从句用作主语，如：：
That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。
宾语从句用作宾语。如：
Do you know where he lives?
表语从句用作表语，如：
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。
同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：
The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明the fact)
定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：
The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John.
状语从句相当于一个副词，如：
When it rains， I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)
If he comes tomorrow， you will see him. 如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。(if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if +状语从句，+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。(结果状语，结果状语只是仅限于learn(得知)，find(发现)，see，hear，to be told(被告知)，make(使得)等具有界限含义的动词。)
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大声说话，才能让所有人听到你说话。(目的状语，可以由that， so that， in order that， lest， for fear that， in case等词引导。)
Since /As the weather is so bad， we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。 (原因状语从句，常用 because， since， as， for fear ( 恐怕 )， seeing that ( 既然 ) ， now that (=since)， considering that ( 考虑到 ) 等引导。)
Though/Though he was worn out， (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。 (让步状语从句，引导的连词主要有以下这些：though， although， as; even if， even though; whether…or…; no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever.)
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。(地点状语从句，通常由where， wherever 引导。)
As water is to fish， so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。(方式状语从句通常由as， (just) as…so…， as if， as though引导。)
主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语，后面常接宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语，若谓语是系动词，则系动词后的部分是表语。如：
I am a teacher. 其中，I 是主语，am是谓语，a teacher 是表语。
He likes playing football very much. 其中，he是主语，likes是谓语，playing football是宾语，very much是状语。
从句是相对于主句而言的'，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句(包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句，包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
主语从句用作主语，如：：
That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。
宾语从句用作宾语。如：
Do you know where he lives?
表语从句用作表语，如：
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。
同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：
The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明the fact)
定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：
The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John.
状语从句相当于一个副词，如：
When it rains， I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)
If he comes tomorrow， you will see him. 如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。(if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if +状语从句，+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。(结果状语，结果状语只是仅限于learn(得知)，find(发现)，see，hear，to be told(被告知)，make(使得)等具有界限含义的动词。)
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大声说话，才能让所有人听到你说话。(目的状语，可以由that， so that， in order that， lest， for fear that， in case等词引导。)
Since /As the weather is so bad， we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。 (原因状语从句，常用 because， since， as， for fear ( 恐怕 )， seeing that ( 既然 ) ， now that (=since)， considering that ( 考虑到 ) 等引导。)
Though/Though he was worn out， (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。 (让步状语从句，引导的连词主要有以下这些：though， although， as; even if， even though; whether…or…; no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever.)
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。(地点状语从句，通常由where， wherever 引导。)
As water is to fish， so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。(方式状语从句通常由as， (just) as…so…， as if， as though引导。)
在复合句中修饰名词和代词的从句叫做定语从句.
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词.
引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whose, whom, which, that, as ;
引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why;
关系代词在定语从句中做主语,宾语,定语.
关系副词在定语从句中做状语.
一.由 who, 引导的定语从句,who在从句中做主语(口语中也可做宾语),
修饰表示人的先行词. 例如:
This is the man who helped me.
Do you know the comrade who spoke just now ?
The boy who//whom we saw yesterday is John’s brother.
二.whom引导的定语从句,whom在从句中作宾语,修饰表示人的先行词,
口语中可以省略.
The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room.
The person (whom) you just talked to is Mr. Li.
=The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. (介词后 whom不能省略)
The babies whom the nurses are looking for are very healthy.
(固定短语中的介词一般不省略,介词仍放在动词之后)
三.whose引导的定语从句,whose在从句中作定语,修饰表示人或物的先行词.
Do you know the woman whose name is Mary.
Pass me the dictionary whose cover is black.
四.that引导的定语从句,that在从句中做主语或宾语,修饰表示人或物的先行词,
作宾语时可省略,不能放在介词后面作宾语.
The letter (that//which) I received was from my father.
I can’t find the letter that//which came this morning.
Do you still remember the days (that//which)we spent together ?
This is the man that//who helped me.
The house (that//which) we live in is not large.
=The house in which we live is not large.
The doctor (that//whom //who)you are looking for is in the room.
五. which引导的定语从句,which在从句中做主语,也可做宾语,或介词的宾语,
修饰表示物的先行词. 先行词可以是词、短语、句子.
This is the book (which/that ) you want.
The building which//that stands near the river is our school.
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.(介词后面的which不能省略)
The house (which/that) we live in is not large.
This is the watch (which/that ) he was looking for.
(在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在动词之后,不能放在which之前 )
六、that 和which 都可以修饰表示物的先行词, 但是下列情况只能用that.
①. 先行词为不定冠词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等.
All (that) you have to do is to practise every day.
There isn’t much (that) I can do.
②. 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时.
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
This is the best film (that ) I have ever seen.
③. 先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修饰时.
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
④. 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时.
The white flower is the only one that I really like.
This is the very book that I want to read.
This is the same book that I want to read. (同一本书)
----This is the same book as I want to read.
⑤. 当主句以who或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时,定语从句that 引导.
Who is the man that is standing there ?
Which of us that knows something about physics doesn’t know this ?
⑥先行词既有人又有物时.
We talked about the persons and things that we could remember.
⑦time做先行词,前面如果有序数词或 last 来修饰时,定语从句用 that 来引导或省略；如果没有序数词或 last 来修饰时,既可用 when 也可用that来引导.
This is the last time ( that ) I shall give you a lesson.
The first time ( that ) I saw him was in 1972.
It’s time ( that ) we got up.
七、as 引导的定语从句,
as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句,在从句中作主语、定语、表语、或状语,常与the same … as; such… as , so… as , as… as 连用.
I like the same book as you do.
I want to have such a dictionary as he has.
I shall do it in the same way as you did.
He is the same age as you ( are ).
He will give you such information as will help you.
Such students as you have mentioned should be criticized.
=Students such as you have mentioned should be criticized.
在the same…后也可用that引导定语从句,但意义有所不同：
that 引出的定语从句,指的是与先行词同一事物；而 as引出的定语从句是与先行词相似的'同类事物.
I want to use the same tool that I used yesterday.
I want to use the same tool as I used yesterday.
八、由when 引导的定语从句,修饰表示时间的先行词,when为关系副词,
做定语从句的时间状语.
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.
( 介词＋which可以代替 when)
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
[I remember the days which//that we spent together.]
九、由where 引导的定语从句,修饰表示地点的先行词,where为关系副词,
做定语从句的地点状语.
This is the place where we lived for five years.
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.
The factory in which his father works is in the west of the city.
( 介词＋which可以代替where)
[ This is a place which//that I wanted to visit. ]
十、Why引导的定语从句,why做原因状语.
I know the reason why he came late.
The reason why he was late was that he was ill.
非限定性定语从句
1. who 指人,做主语.
Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.
2. whom 指人, 作宾语.
He had many friends, many of whom had been in the universities.
3. whose 指人, 作定语.
The Chairman’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave Tom a smile.
4. which 指物, 做主语,宾语.
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The speech, which he had written on the paper, seemed endless.
5. where 指地点, 作状语.
Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.
6. when 指时间,作状语.
The meeting will be put off till next month, when we will have made all the preparations.
7. as 做主语,表语,宾语; 先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
As we all know, he studies very hard.
As 引导的定语从句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后.在很多情况下已经
构成固定搭配.
As everybody can see as was usual
As can be seen as I expected
As is known to all, as may be imagined
as you know as is expected
as has been said before as is reported
as is often said as is announced
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别：
限定性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义.这种从句和主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开.
非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切,只是对先行词作些附加的说明,如果去掉,主句的意思依然清楚.这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,一般不用that 引导.
as和 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的比较：
1. 非限定性定语从句位于句未,而且as 和which 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时可互换.
He is a farmer, as/which is clear from his manner.
This elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see.
2.which 引导的非限定性定语从句一般放在句未,而as 引导的非限定性定语从句可放在句未,也可放在句中、句首. 放在句首时不能用which 替换.
Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sad
Taiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all.
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
3.as引导非限定性定语从句时,意为“这一点、这件事”,常与 see, hope,expect,know,guess等动词搭配；而which引导非限定性定语从句时与主句有一种因果关系,可译为“所以……”.
Cyprus, as you all know, is in the Mediterranean.
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.
4. as引导非限定性定语从句并在从句中作主语时,其后面的谓语动词大多数必须是连系动词.如果从句谓语动词是行为动词,则必须用which.
He married her, as was natural.
She refused to take the medicine, which made her mother angry.
