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用英文描写瘦的句子集锦50句

时间:2017-12-12 06:06

减肥的英语作文1

there is no doubt that obesity has become a disturbing problem which is considered as harmful to our health. however, when it comes to the ways to fight against obesity, different people have different views. some people think we could eat less so that we will absorb less, while the rest of them argue that we could do more exercise as well as eating healthily. personally, i agree with the later one.

毫无疑问,肥胖已经成为一个危害健康的令人烦恼的问题了。然而,每当说到减肥这个问题。不同的人有不同的观点。有些人认为我们可以少吃,这样就能少吸收一些,有些人争论说我们可以吃健康的食品,但做更多的运动。就我个人而言,我同意后面的观点。

the reasons can be listed as follows. firstly, obesity comes form our unhealthy eating habit like eat too much high-energy food, which leads to the accumulation of fat in our body. so, the first step to lose weight is to keep a good habit of eating healthily, and learn to control your mouth, keep yourself away from the high-energy food. secondly, with most of us engaging in stationary work, we are deprived of the chances to exercise, which also contributes a lot of overweight. we could get up half an hour early in the morning, and do some exercise, and also do some simple sport during the break time in the workplace.

理由有以下这些。第一,肥胖是因为我们不健康的饮食习惯,像吃太多的高热量食物,这会让身体堆积很多脂肪。所以,减肥的第一步,就是要养成健康的饮食习惯,然后学着去管住自己的嘴巴,让自己远离那些高热量的食物。第二,我们很多人的工作都是坐在固定的一个地方,没有多少机会去运动,这也会让我们超重。我们可以早上起早半个小时,做一些运动,还有在工作的地方,休息时间做一些简单的小运动。

in a word, a good habit is necessary if we want to have a good figure. i believe that after forming a good eating habit and exercising regularly, we can reach our goal of losing weight with our perseverance. only when we keep on doing healthy diet and exercising, can we keep a good figure and keep fit.

总之,如果我们想保持良好的体型,有个健康的好习惯是必要的。我相信在规划了健康的饮食习惯和定期的运动之后,我们就能靠我们的毅力达到减肥的目的。只有我们有了健康的饮食习惯和运动,我们才能有好的体型然后继续保持下去。

减肥的英语作文2

Losing Weight

During the Spring Festival, I ate delicious meal almost every day, so that my weight gained a lot and my body looked fatter. When I came back to school in the new term, all myclassmates are so surprised to see my huge body and round face. I finally realized that I must lose weight. And then I made a plan. To begin with, I must eat less for breakfast and supper than before. At breakfast, I drink milk and have a piece of bread and an egg. I have a bowl of soup and some fruits for dinner. I do not eat sugar anymore, because it will make me fatter. Besides, I keep doing exercises everyday. I go to running after school or play basketball with my classmates. At weekend, I often go to swim. After a month of hard work, I lost five kilograms, but its not enough. I still have to stick to my plan and lose more weight to an appropriate number.

春节期间,我几乎每天都吃了好吃的饭菜,因此我长胖了很多,而且身材看上去更肥了。当新学期回到学校的时候,我所有的同学看到我肥胖的身材和圆圆的脸蛋都感到很惊讶。我最终意识到我必须减肥了。接着我就制定了一个计划。首先,我早餐和晚餐要比以前少吃了。早餐,我喝一杯牛奶,吃一块面包和一个鸡蛋。晚上喝一碗汤和吃些水果。我不再吃糖了,因为它会使我更胖。此外,我坚持每天做运动。放学后我去跑步或者和同学打篮球。周末,我经常去游泳。经过一个月的努力,我减掉了5公斤,但是这还不够。我仍然需要坚持我的计划,减掉更多以达到一个合适的数字。

减肥的英语作文3

"going on a diet" means being moderate in eating and drinking.

as we know,our body is a balanced system which needs a reasonable diet.a reasonable or balanced diet can help people keep fit because it not only prevents them from eating too much fat which may cause many diseases but aisc provides them with sufficient nutrition to guarantee that their body operates properly.besides,going on a diet can aisc help people,especially young ladies keep a slender figure,which will of course beautify their life.however,every coin has two sides.going on a diet is no exception.if carried to extremes,going on a diet may even become dangerous to our health.as we know,eating too much will result in corpulence,while eating too little wili lead to malnutrition,which is also the cause of many diseases,obviously,going on a diet doesnt mean eating too little,such a misunderstanding must be avoided.

in my judgement,not everybody needs to go on a diet.good health should be our primary concern.if your purpose is to have a slender figure,a diet should be carried only to the extent that your health is not affected.

减肥的英语作文4

当今女性减肥已成为一种时尚。减肥的方法层出不穷,有的`采用节食减肥,有的进行运动减肥,有的利用药物减肥,有的甚至进行手术减肥。市场上一时出现了不少的减肥药、减肥茶、减肥器械及减肥内衣等。然而,各种减肥的方法效果不一,有的甚至带来副作用。

请你谈谈减肥的这一现象和你认为较好的减肥方法,并陈述理由。

About Weight-losing

Nowadays weight-losing has become popular among young and middle-aged women. In order to make themselves pretty-looking, they try many different ways of losing weight. Some go on a diet, some take exercise,some eat medicine ,others even turn to operation for help. As a result,a lot of products have come into being,such as special medicines, tea and equipment. They are used in different ways and work differently, but some have side effects.

In my opinion, it‘s understandable that women seek beauty, but they should do it in a proper way. Taking exercise is the way that I most favor. But the other methods are likely to do harm to people‘s health more or less.

减肥的英语作文5

In recent years, losing weight has become a hot topic in our life, especially in women’s community. However, losing weight has aroused people’s attention as many problems has appeared.

近几年,减肥已经成为我们生活中一个热烈的话题,尤其是在妇女群。然而,随着很多问题的出现,减肥已经引起了人们的关注。

There are many ways in losing weight. Some people lose their weight by persisting in doing exercise regularly. Some people take medicine to cut their weight. Furthermore, some turn to operation for help, especially the young. Therefore, all kinds of product have been sold in the market, such as special medicine, tea and equipment.

减肥的方式有很多种。有的人通过坚持有规律的运动来减肥。有的人通过吃药来减肥。另外,还有一些人通过手术寻求帮助。因此,各种各样的产品在市场上出售,比如特殊药品,茶和设备。

It’s understandable for human to pay much attention to their good-look. However, many side effects have come into being when some people are losing weight. For example, some people have lost their weight by taking medicine, but at the same time, their digestion systems have been injured. Thus, we should pay more attention to our physical coordination when we choose the way to cut our weight.

人们注意外貌是可以理解的。但是,当有的人减肥的时候,很多副作用就出现了。比如,有的人通过吃药来减肥,但是同时他们的消化系统也已经受损。因而,当选择减肥方式的时候,我们应该更加注意我们的身体协调。

In my opinion, doing exercise is the best way to lose weight. On the one hand, we can train our bodies by taking exercise and become healthier. On the other hand, our mind will be clearer if we do exercise often.

在我看来,做运动是减肥的最佳方法。一方面,通过运动我们可以锻炼身体变得更健康。另一方面,如果我们经常锻炼,我们的思维就会更清晰。

减肥的英语作文6

Perhapsbecause of heredity, I was born to fat. My parents are overweight. Even though Ididn’t eat too much, I couldn’t loss my weight. Therefore, I was laughed at bymy classmates sometimes, which made me self-abased. Therefore, I decided tolose weight after graduating from primary school. For the sake of my health, myparents supported me a lot.

They even made a plan for me. For example, I mustget up six thirty and do some running for about forty minutes. In theafternoon, I went to swim for about half and an hour. This was the only thing Iexpected.

I like swimming. I can’t eat much in lunch and dinner.

The food wasmainly vegetables. It was so hard, because I liked hamburger, meat, anddessert.

I had to say no to them all. Besides, I couldn’t sit down within anhour after a meal. Luckily, after two and half months, I lost ten kilograms andI had no discomfort. I felt like I live in a rebirth. My friends were so surprisedthat I changed so much. The most important is that I became much more confidentand healthy.

可能是因为遗传,我生来就胖,我的父母体重也超重。即使我吃得很少,我的体重也降不下去。

因此,我有时候会被同学嘲笑,这让我觉得自卑。所以,小学毕业后我决定减肥。为了我的健康着想,我的爸爸妈妈也很支持我,他们甚至为我制定了减肥计划。

比如,早上六点半我就必须起床了,然后慢跑四十分钟。下午,我会去游泳,大概游两个半小时。游泳是我唯一期待的事情了,因为我喜欢游泳。

午餐和晚餐我都不能多吃,食物以蔬菜为主,这让我觉得很艰难,因为我喜欢吃汉堡,吃肉还有甜食,但是那些东西我都不能再吃了。还有,饭后一小时内我都不能坐下。幸运的是,经过两个半月的努力,我减掉了十公斤,而且我的身体并没有任何不适。我感觉自己获得了重生,朋友们都惊叹我变化如此之大。最重要的是,我比以前自信了很多,也健康了很多。

减肥的英语作文7

in recent years, the number of people who try their best to lose weight has been increased, especially female. however, some people are so desired to be slim that they get some disease. so there is no doubt that it is important to find scientific and functional ways to lose weight. here are some tips which can be followed.

first, have an optimistic attitude towards your weight and you should believe that after some efforts you will lose weight. do not too long for being slim because it is a process and nobody can succeed during one night.

second, it is essential to keep on a diet. going on a diet in a scientific way will do something good for your final goal. for instance, enrich the breakfast and eat less at lunch and dinner. besides, eating some fruits and more vegetable is helpful.

third, do regular exercise. regular exercise will not only make you healthy but also provide you a good mood. remember, doing regular exercise is one of the most important tips for losing weight.

so these are three tips for losing weight and they will do well in losing weight. if you follow them, you can achieve your final goal sooner or later.

减肥的英语作文8

When we walk on the street, we are easy to be attracted by the young and skinny girls. They are thought to have the perfect body shape, which makes them stand out. The commerical ads also implant people the idea that only the skinny body shape can make them beautiful. Thus a lot of people try to lose weight by all means.

当我们走在街上的时候,很容易会被年轻、身材苗条的女孩子吸引。人们认为她们拥有完美体型从而脱颖而出。一些商业广告也给人们灌输了只有瘦的体型才能够使她们漂亮的想法。因此很多人用尽一切手段来减肥。

To be skinny, a lot of young girls choose to eat less food, some even refuse to eat food. When they are hungry, they are doing other things to distract their attention. It is known to all that having no breakfast will do harm to people’s health. It is not worth to keep thin at the cost of damaging health.

为了变得瘦,很多年轻女孩选择少进食,有些人甚至拒绝吃饭。当她们饿了,就做其他事情来分散注意力。众所周知,不吃早餐会损害人们的健康。为了瘦而以健康为代价的减肥是不值得的。

Some people may say that the celebrities show them the good example of eating less food. But they ignore the fact that these people are under the experts’ direction. Even though they eat less, they keep balanced diet. That’s the secret to keep them beautiful.

有些人可能会说名人们向他们展示了少进食的好榜样。但是他们忽略了一个事实,这些人都是在专家的指导下进行少食的。尽管他们少吃,但是他们还是可以保持均衡的饮食。这就是保持美丽的秘密。

Young girls should be wise and accept who they are. The healthy and confident image bring charm.

年轻女孩应该理智点,接受本来的自己。健康和自信的形象才会带来魅力。

减肥的英语作文9

Nowadays weight-losing has become popular among young and middle-aged women. in order to make themselves pretty-looking, they try many different ways of losing weight.

Some go on a diet, some take eercise,some eat medicine ,others even turn to operation for help. as a result,a lot of products have come into being,such as special medicines, tea and equipment. they are used in different ways and work differently, but some have side effects.

In my opinion, its understandable that women seek beauty, but they should do it in a proper way. taking eercise is the way that i most favor. but the other methods are likely to do harm to peoples health more or less.

减肥的英语作文10

with the development of the morden living standard,more and more people are becoming fat. so losing weight has become a popular topic in people’s dialy lives.many media such as books,magines,newspapers are talking about losing weight.in my opinion,jogging and dieting are very helpful ways of losing weight.

jogging is the easiest and cheapest way of shaping the body.you can do your exercises whenever and wherever you like and you don’t spend a lot of money losing your weight.

at the same time,dieting has become a common way.too.many people have little food therefore,lack of nutrition leads to weakness.

so if you want to lose weight,you should do according to the condition of yourself and do some exercises properly.

1、提起你还是会心酸却不再像从前一般。

Mention you will still feel sad but no longer as before.

2、当年你信口一誓,如今我空等一世。

When you have been an oath, now I wait forever.

3、有时候宁愿沉默都不愿意去挣扎所谓的坚持。

Sometimes prefer silence is not willing to go to the so-called struggle.

4、想念一个离你远去的人,鼻子会酸,眼睛会红。

Miss a person away from you, the nose will be sour, red eyes.

5、每一个微笑的表情,都有它藏匿的忧伤。

Every smile on the face, there are hidden sadness.

6、好像和谁关系很好又好像都只是泛泛之交。

It seems very good relationship and who seemed to have just a speaking acquaintance.

7、以为把故事当成笑话讲给旁人自己就不会难过。

Think the story as a joke to others will not be sad.

8、你说不离开可怎么手放开的那么快。

How can you say you can not let go so fast.

9、与其嫉妒别人的幸运不如感叹别人的付出。

Its better to be envious of others than to be jealous of others.

10、玩笑里常常藏着我的真心话,只是你不知道而已。

Jokes often hide my heart, but you do not know.

11、失望攒够了就放手,不打扰是我最后的温柔。

Disappointed enough to let go, do not disturb my last tender.

12、我们走过同一条街,却回到了两个世界。

We walked the same street, but returned to the two world.

13、有些事,不说是个结,说了是个疤。

Some things, not to say that a knot, said to be a scar.

14、已经学会用微笑掩饰伤口,一个人默默承担一切。

Have learned to cover the wound with a smile, a person silently bear all.

15、每次都在心里说就这样算了吧,却还是放不下。

Every time I say it in my mind, but still can not put down.

16、我也想单纯一点,不想懂这么多人情事故。

I would also like a little, do not want to understand so many human accidents.

17、我爱你,爱的.那么彻底。你伤我,伤的那么干脆。

I love you, love so thoroughly. You hurt me, hurt so simple.

18、我回首来时路的每一步都走得好孤独。

When I look back, every step of the way is good.

19、你没有错,我没有错,是一阵风吹熄了承诺。

You are not wrong, Im not wrong, is a gust of wind blew the commitment.

20、流年里的忧伤,开在了夏季阳光最明媚那一天。

Fleeting sadness, opened in the summer sun is the most beautiful day.

21、不哭泣并不代表我幸福,不言语不代表不在乎。

Dont cry doesnt mean Im happy, no words dont mean dont care.

22、或许你从不曾需要我,就像我从不曾拥有你。

Maybe you never needed me, like I never had you.

23、不分手的恋爱,原来只是一首歌的名字。

Do not break up the love, it was just a song name.

24、背叛总是都是最信任的人给的。

Betrayal is always the most trusted person to give.

25、我终生的等候,换不来你刹那的凝眸。

I am waiting for life, not for the moment you ningmou.

26、总不能怕黑就开灯,想念就联系,疲惫就放空。

Not afraid of the dark lights, Miss contact, exhaustion is empty.

27、太好听的话语,一脱口就过期。

Too good to hear the words, a mouth expired.

28、如果有一天我们变陌生了,那么我就重新认识你。

If one day we become strange, then I will know you.

29、为你擦干眼泪,自己却哭的泪流满面。

Wipe your tears for you, but their tears.

30、你何必着急放手,等失落攒够我就走。

Why are you anxious to let go, so I went to save lost.

31、我以为我够坚强,眼泪笑我说了谎。

I thought I was strong enough, tears laugh I lied.

32、心里有一个不能做情侣,却又不甘心当朋友的人。

There is a heart can not be lovers, but not willing to be friends.

33、总有一个人的名字,是你的硬伤。

There is a name, you are flawed.

34、有时,为了自己爱的人,等待何尝不是一种幸福。

Sometimes, in order to love their own people, waiting is not a kind of happiness.

35、我喜欢笑,因为我想把悲伤融合在我的笑容里。

I like to laugh, because I want to put the sadness in my smile.

36、我们的关系多像积木啊不堪一击却又千变万化。

Our relationship is like building blocks, but they are all over the world.

37、原谅我温暖不了自己,却还想做你的太阳。

Forgive me I cant warm myself, but I want to be your sun.

38、曾用一颗赤诚之心,喂养了一只虚情假意的chu生。

With a sincere heart, fed a false display of affection.

39、一直以来,我都觉得自己不够好,但我很真很真。

All along, I feel like Im not good enough, but Im so real.

40、想起爱上你的那一刻,days would be long. in this world are renzouchaliang.

51、逝去的年华,流水般度过,逝去的永远不再回来。

The passing of time, like the water, the dead will never come back.

52、有一种单身,只为了等一个人。

There is a single, just to wait for a person.

53、实曾经的我很可爱,至少笃定着天长地久。

Actually I have been very cute, at least with certainty enduring as the universe.

54、我赢了所有人,却输掉了你。

I won all but lost you.

55、分开后,你我一起走过的日子在手上镌刻成曲线。

After separation, you and I walked together in the hands of the day into a curve.

56、若有来生,为君倾城,这份爱,谁懂!

If there is an afterlife, for you, this love, who knows!

57、你一定要幸福,才不枉我狼狈退出。

You must be happy, I will not quit.

58、呵,那所谓的一见钟情,钟的不是情,是脸。

Oh, the so-called love at first sight, the clock is not love, is the face.

59、长大了,成熟了,笑得不纯粹了,哭得不彻底了。

Grow up, mature, not pure smile, cry not thorough.

60、不是我不想打你,而是我打不过你。

Its not that I dont want to hit you, but I cant beat you.

61、你只是一句玩笑,我却陪上了整个青春。

You are just a joke, but I accompany the whole youth.

62、你和她手牵手,却遗忘了我在后面跟着你们走!

You and her hand in hand, but I forgot to follow you!

63、你一转身,我的心就碎了。

As soon as you turn around, my heart breaks.

64、时光太瘦,指缝太宽,不经意的一瞥,已隔经年。

Time is thinner than enough, slipping rapidly through the fingers. Such a long time has passed by in a blink of an eye.。

65、与君初相见,回首却成殇。

Meet with you at the beginning, but looking back into the war.

66、我很好,眼泪没掉,心还在跳,面带微笑。

Im fine, my tears are gone, my heart is still beating, with a smile on my face.

67、得不到的爱人总归是风,强留千百次也会无踪。

No love is always the wind, will hold thousands of times without a trace.

68、一个人的时候,有个叫回忆的东西追着我跑。

When a person, there is a thing called memories chasing me.

69、单身,是因为心里有人,撑不下第二个人。

Single, because someone in the heart, not the next two people.

70、自以为刻骨铭心的回忆,其实别人早以忘记。

Remember that unforgettable memories, in fact, others to forget.

71、无能为力的时候说什么都显得苍白。

Nothing to say when all pale.

72、反反覆覆,如果不是爱过,思念也不会那么疼。

If you dont love it, it will not hurt you.

73、我揽不住要走的风,抱不住整片天空。

I can not hold the wind to go, can not hold the whole sky.

74、是有多坚强,才敢念念不忘。

Is how strong, dare to think constantly.

75、我们都是用最幼稚的方法失去最爱的人。

We are the most naive way to lose the most loved ones.

76、忘不了你,放不过我自己。

I cant forget you, but I cant help myself.

77、对不起,离开了就不会再回来,我也有我的骄傲。

Sorry, I will not come back, I have my pride.

78、若无其事,原来是最狠的报复。

Nothing happened, the original is the most ruthless revenge.

79、别说对不起,不是每个对不起都能换来没关系。

Dont say Im sorry, not every sorry can be exchanged.

引导语:苏轼《前赤壁赋》中“壬戌之秋,七月既望,苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下。”短短20字中,包含着解读这篇文章的五个重要“密码”。我们一起来学习这五个密码吧。

密码1:壬戌之秋“壬戌之秋”是宋神宗元丰五年,也就是公元1082年。三年前,苏轼的人生发生了巨大变革。

苏轼前半生比较顺利:二十多岁中进士,名满天下,得到了当时的文坛泰斗欧阳修的赏识。当时的皇帝(宋仁宗)曾经这样说:今天我们取苏轼和苏辙为进士,等于为子孙找来了两个宰相啊!可以说,苏轼是在器重推崇中度过青年时代的。在政治上,他很敢讲话,有自己的思想和主张。

但随着神宗皇帝即位,任用王安石变法,情况就发生了变化。苏东坡很直,有什么讲什么。他觉得王安石搞得这个青苗法、募役法、农田水利法,不像说得那么好,老百姓生活在水深火热之中,生活加倍难熬。这位大诗人出于同情心、责任感和使命感上书朝廷,对新法有微词(在《上神宗皇帝书》中,称变法骨干为“新进”,这个词在古代有较明显的贬义)。他还写了大量的诗,讲老百姓究竟过得怎么样,结果就被反对派所利用了。

御史李定等人对他的诗吹毛求疵,找了许多罪名说苏东坡诋毁朝政,甚至有不臣之心。神宗皇帝把苏轼下狱。历经103天,苏轼差一点儿就掉了脑袋。这就是历史上有名的文字狱——“乌台诗案”。“乌台诗案”后苏轼被贬黄州团练副使,不得签署公事,等于被软禁观察,处境艰难。苏轼写此文时46岁,从从政的视角来看,正是人生的成熟期,该有所作为的时候,可他只能在城东开垦一块坡地,靠种田帮补生计。因此,壬戌之秋对苏轼来讲是有特殊意义的一个秋天。概括起来就是:年富力强,含冤被贬。生计困顿,前途渺茫。

此前,苏轼主流的思想是儒家的:一直有远大的理想,有兼济天下的使命感和责任感。有这样人生追求,盛年被贬,而且是含冤被贬,他心中的抑郁、痛苦、煎熬、无助、悲观、失望,都在情理之中。那么,在这个特定的时间节点以及由此派生的种种情绪,在《前赤壁赋》中有怎样的表现呢?

第一处表现,扣舷而歌。苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下,月白风清,诗酒高会,非常快乐,在“饮酒乐甚”之际,却唱出一首奇怪的歌:桂棹兮兰桨,击空明兮泝流光。渺渺兮予怀,望美人兮天一方。这首歌不是律诗,不是宋词,却跟楚辞相似。兮字是楚地的方言,香草美人之喻。楚辞常用。兰、桂都是馥郁芬芳的香草,香草喻君子贤士。美人在楚辞里多比喻君主——屈原就经常这么比喻楚怀王。

这首歌中有意模仿楚辞,暗自跟屈原相比较。屈原什么心情,他就什么心情。甚至前途的渺茫的况味更甚于《离骚》。“击空明兮溯流光”,流光用得太棒了,表面上写月下的江水,实际令人产生一种似水流年的感觉。渺渺说的是余怀,这不正是他前途的写照吗?

第二处表现,倚歌而和。有客吹起了洞箫,箫声“呜呜然”,这个词像哭泣的声音。“如怨如慕,如泣如诉”,写洞箫传递的情感。什么叫“怨”,信而见疑,忠而被谤,能无怨乎?什么叫“慕”,处江湖之远,怎不慕那些受到君主赏识和重用的人?什么叫“泣”,中心悲伤为之泣。什么叫“诉”,心有郁积,才要倾诉。“余音袅袅,不绝如缕”,这是箫声的音效,也是感情的延绵。苏轼遣词造句的能力太强,常见的几个成语都从这里来。

“舞幽壑之潜蛟,泣孤舟之嫠妇”是洞箫的艺术效果,或者说艺术感染力。从字面看,舞和泣是使动用法:使幽壑之中潜藏的蛟龙舞蹈,让孤舟之中悲伤的寡妇哭泣。但这并不是作者真正要表达的。苏东坡在这里用了典故。“舞幽壑之潜蛟”用李贺《李凭箜篌引》的名句:梦入深山蛟神遇,老鱼跳波瘦蛟舞。“泣孤舟之嫠妇”用白居易《琵琶行》。“孤舟之嫠妇”指“去来江水守空船,绕船月明江水寒。夜深忽梦少年事,梦啼妆泪红阑干”的那位独居的琵琶女。

李贺的《李凭箜篌引》写音乐,白居易的《琵琶行》也是写音乐,《赤壁赋》用这两个典故也是来写音乐,具有关联性,但这是表层的。深层的意思需要探究才能发现。李贺怀才不遇,英年早逝。因为他爸爸名李晋,李贺为避父讳,一辈子不能考进士(这是一件很荒谬的事情,韩愈做文章批判过)。白居易在写《琵琶行》时,得罪权贵,被贬江州司马,也是政治上被贬谪的失意人。

这两个典故的作者跟苏轼神似。作者实际上是找了三个处境境况跟他都非常相似的古人,都是伟大的诗人,同时也都是落寞的政客。他们跟苏东坡是隔代知音。

总之,“壬戌之秋”是苏轼功名失意之秋,也是他人生苦难之秋。这种失意和苦难隐晦地渗透到《前赤壁赋》中来。而在对贤者的追思中,他偏偏又面对赤壁这样一个特殊的所在。

密码2:赤壁历史上有两处赤壁。一处“武赤壁”,在今天河北省赤壁市。武赤壁是三国时期的古战场。看过《三国演义》都知道,三国有三大战役,第一就是赤壁之战,奠定了三国鼎立的局面。在赤壁之战中,各路英雄纷纷登场,真是“江山如画,一时多少豪杰”。另一处“文赤壁”,是因苏轼写《赤壁赋》得名,据说,文赤壁是今天湖北省的赤鼻矶,和武赤壁不是同一地点。

对苏轼而言,不论是真赤壁还是假赤壁,都是一件要命的事。苏轼有兼济天下之才志,到了这样的英雄之地,必然感慨万千。他在《赤壁赋》里写了一个鼎鼎大名的人物——曹操,当然通过客的口吻来写的:

“月明星稀,乌鹊南飞。此非曹孟德之诗乎?西望夏口,东望武昌,山川相缪,郁乎苍苍,此非孟德之困于周郎者乎?方其破荆州,下江陵,顺流而东也,舳舻千里,旌旗蔽空,酾酒临江,横槊赋诗,固一世之雄也,而今安在哉?”

这段话在文学史上历来被称道,简洁而有气势。破字有力量,下江陵的下非常快。顺流而东也这个东,非常迅捷:三句话把曹操不可一世的气焰写出来了——这是讲来时的形势。以后怎样呢?驻扎在江陵,舳舻千里,旌旗蔽空,你看他蒙冲斗舰,相连千里;你看他旌旗飘荡,遮天蔽日;这是远景。

接下来把镜头推近,一直聚焦到曹操的形象,酾酒临江,横槊赋诗,这八个字是造型特写,宴长江曹操赋诗是《三国演义》里的名段,讲的故事都在这句话里。曹操赋的是哪首诗呢?恰恰就是“月明星稀,乌鹊南飞”这首《短歌行》。至此,苏轼的历史思维形成了一个圆,把曹操的英雄气收纳进来。

最后怎么评价曹操?作者说“固一世之雄也”,这句话看起来简单,实际上非常难写。曹操这个人历史上争议非常大,有人说他是英雄,有人说他是奸雄,苏轼很滑头,他把前面的定语去掉,管你奸雄还是英雄,“固一世之雄也”,做了一个盖棺定论。

把曹操捧得这么高,并不是苏轼的目的。所谓登高必重跌,捧起来是要让你摔得惨,他只一句话:“而今安在哉?”就达到了这个效果。会读书的人就知道,这是图穷匕见。你那么牛,现在哪里去了?当初就樯橹飞灰烟灭,而今简直烟消云散,早已无踪无影。

苏轼写出了后人眼里曹操四种悲凉。第一,诗在人亡,诗还在,人没了。第二,物似人非,景物跟当年相似,游览的已不是当年人。第三,胜败转瞬,来时嚣张,最后困于周郎。第四,功业成空。胜也好,败也好,所有的一切不过是云烟过眼。这些感情非常有曲折和波澜。把曹操描写成这样,想表达什么呢?我想,他主要不是写曹操,而是写此刻的自己。相比曹操,此刻的“我们”又怎样呢?

客说:“况吾与子”,注意这句话,曹操是这样,何况是你我。我们怎么样?“渔樵于江诸之上,侣鱼虾而友麋鹿,驾一叶之扁舟,举匏樽以相属,寄蜉蝣于天地,渺沧海之一粟,哀吾生之须臾,羡长江之无穷。”

细心的读者会发现,这几句话是对照前文写的,有意跟曹操做比。曹操怎么来的?人家是破荆州、下江陵,千军万马、前呼后拥;我们是怎么来的?没有千军万马,只有鱼虾和麋鹿,惨不惨?曹操来的时候坐什么船,喝什么酒,再看我们,驾一叶之扁舟,怎么跟舳舻千里比?举匏樽以相属,怎么跟酾酒临江、横槊赋诗比?曹操是一世之雄,我们是“天地之浮游,沧海之一粟”,又算什么呢?这些内容归结起来就一句话:曹操,我们比不了!

然而,我们远远比不了的曹操,最后的结局是什么?“而今安在哉!”他去哪里了?他没了。曹操都没了,远远不如曹操的我们,存在感、人生价值和意义又在哪里?岂不是要彻底消失吗?朋友们在江上喝酒,喝着喝着,突然发现“我”不存在了,或者说没有存在的意义了,这是多大的悲凉啊!

苏轼《赤壁怀古》写周瑜和《赤壁赋》里写曹操的用意不同。《赤壁怀古》写周瑜:“羽扇纶巾谈笑间,樯橹灰飞烟灭,故国神游,多情应笑我,早生华发”。是想强调:他行,我不行。人家三十五六岁,指挥千军万马,我都四十五六岁,还在江边钓鱼,这差距有多大。《赤壁赋》写曹操表达了更为复杂的情感:他不行,我更不行。曹操不行,不是因为没有建功立业,而是即便建功立业最后还是消失无踪。相比曹操,连功业都没建的我们,存在感和价值感岂不是梦幻泡影?

“壬戌之秋”,人生失意的苏东坡来到了赤壁。赤壁是他感怀凭吊之所,也是他伤心悲叹之地。赤壁没有改善他心中的痛苦,反而让痛苦更浓重。是这样一直痛苦下去,还是最终走出困局,实现了新的超越呢?苏轼选择了后者,其奥妙就在下一个密码中。

密码3:“七月既望”既望是农历十六。十五的月亮十六圆,这一夜,天上一轮明月帮助苏轼实现了人生的突围。《前赤壁赋》对既望之月的描写大致可分四类。

首先是自然之月。有正面描写,“月出于东山之上,徘徊于斗牛之间”。“徘徊”二字出自李白《月下独酌》:“我歌月徘徊,我舞影零乱。醒时同交欢,醉后各分散。”这里边寄托着作者的情感,他的心绪也处在“徘徊失据”的状态中。

还有侧面描写,“白露横江,水光接天。纵一苇之所如,凌万顷之茫然。”露为何而白?因为有月光。水光接天,水为何而光?因为有月光,通过写江水,写白露,作者实则在写月色笼罩在整个江面上,给人一种飘飘荡荡的感觉。纵一苇之所如这个苇字,比喻小船,暗含佛家一苇渡江的意味。“凌万顷之茫然”,茫然是看不清却又无边无际,感情的暗示也在其中。

在他们自创的诗歌中,也有对于自然之月的侧面描写,“击空明兮溯流光”,空明和流光就是在写月。苏轼《记承天寺夜游》:庭前如积水空明,水中藻荇交错,盖竹柏影也。他很喜欢用空明这个词来写月色,写出月色的质感。

自然之月有重要作用。第一,月是抒情的主体意象,全文都笼罩在月光之下,是作者情思和哲理的生发点。第二,《赤壁赋》里的月跟其他文章里的月有明显的不同,是和其他的景、物融合在一起,月和江、山、风、水互相依存。月是江山风水之上的月,江山风水是月之下的江山风水,拆分不开。写景能到这种水乳交融的境界,相当不易。

作者把自然之月文学化,就出现了“诗中之月”。开篇,月还未升,苏子和客就一起“诵明月之诗,歌窈窕之章”,这“明月之诗”出自《诗经》:“月出皎兮,佼人僚兮”。几个人在江上喝酒,月亮还没有出来,于是大家举起酒杯,朗诵《诗经》里的篇章,这雅兴非“天人合一”难以形容。凭吊曹操时,客抬头看见月亮,自然想到月明星稀,接入非常自然。进而由诗中之月引出对曹操的描写,以及彼此的比较,真如“行云流水,行于所当行,止于不可不止”。

诗中之月作用有三。第一,和自然之月相融合。自然之月没有升起,就朗诵诗歌来呼唤。自然之月升起来,就借着“桂棹兮兰桨,击空明兮泝流光”来抒情。谈到人生哲理,就抬头看看天上的月亮,想到“月明星稀,乌鹊南飞”——融合得自然流转。第二,和文人的风雅相融合。苏子游赤壁这个晚上,没干什么了不起的事,无非是喝酒、诵诗、唱歌、听音乐、清谈,然后继续喝酒,睡大觉。这诗、酒、音乐和清谈,是名士风度,都和月融合在一起,诗中有月,酒中有月,谈中也有月。第三,和诗人的情绪变化相融合。“诵明月之诗,歌窈窕之章”的时候,诗人的心情轻松快乐,于是“饮酒乐甚”。到“击空明兮溯流光”的时候,里边就有很多寄托,由乐转悲。进而才有“月明星稀,乌鹊南飞”这段,引出对人生意义的思索。

一篇文章写月,能够把这么多文化层面的内容融在一起,写得不露痕迹,在文学史上已经达到了罕见的高度。但对苏轼来讲,这只是刚刚起步。他把深厚的功力用在了哲理之月上。哲理之月不是由苏子一个人阐发的,先由客阐发,再由苏子升华。

客发现月和江水都是永恒的象征,无穷无尽,无止无休。“哀吾生之须臾,羡长江之无穷。挟飞仙以遨游,抱明月而长终。知不可乎骤得,托遗响乎悲风”。长江、明月这样永恒的事物,唤起了人生的渺小感、虚无感和无助感。渺小感,就是我微不足道。虚无感,就是我没有意义。无助感,就是我知道我微不足道,又知道我没有意义,可是一点办法都没有。

实际上客的哲思是贬谪的(或不得志的)士大夫的共同情绪——这样的人生要不得,又不得不要。这种情绪笼罩在士大夫身上一两千年,始终没人破解。苏轼破解了,所以他才成为“人们一想起来嘴角就会露出微笑的”(林语堂语)苏东坡。

苏轼怎么破解的呢?他上来就问客一句话,带一点调侃的意思:“客亦知夫水与月乎?”这句话是反问句:你在水和月中参透的哲理还不够深刻啊。我怎么看待水和月的呢?“逝者如斯,而未尝往也。”这句话出自《论语》:“子在川上曰,逝者如斯夫,不舍昼夜”。江水天天流淌,但是它没有流光。

你不信到长江、黄河去看看,千年万年的流淌,它还是长江黄河,没有太大的变化。“盈虚者如彼”,盈是满,虚是缺。月亮一会圆,一会缺,“而卒莫消长也”。月亮还是那个月亮,星星还是那个星星。苏轼在这个视角上得出一个富有启发性的哲理:“盖将自其变者而观之,则天地曾不能以一瞬” “自其不变者而观之,物与我皆无尽也”。还羡慕什么呢?

科学上有著名的能量守恒定律,苏轼这个发现可以与之媲美。拿根粉笔在黑板上写字,自其变者而观之,粉笔没了。自其不变者而观之,粉笔灰还在,粉笔字还在,它的能量、它的物质还没变,只是换一种形式而已。比起客的哲理,苏轼超脱太多。

首先,月和江水是永恒的,但不是僵化的永恒,是运动变化的永恒。有变的一面,也有不变的一面。这是中国最古老的辩证思想,《易经》里边的思想。事物有阴,有阳,阳中有阴,阴中有阳。客只看到江水和月不变的一面,人生就被衬托得虚无,所以产生悲凉的情绪。苏轼告诉客,月亮永恒,但它也变化,要正确地看待它,才能唤起人生的存在感;不要小看我是蜉蝣,是沧海一粟,我和这浩浩江海都有不变的一面。这种人生操之在我的豁达与豪迈,真了不起了!

但苏轼还有一点意思没明说。“盖将自其不变者而观之,则物与我皆无尽也”,“物无尽”好理解,用月和江水做了充分的说明,可“我无尽”该怎么理解?也就是“我”永恒的'一面在哪里?在关于曹操的描述中,苏轼给读者留下了线索。曹操诗在人亡,倒过来看,就是人亡诗在。你问我“而今安在哉”?几百年过去了,你们到江上游玩的时候,还不是想起我这句“月明星稀,乌鹊南飞”?从这个角度说,曹操还在。但曹操还在,不等于苏轼可以“无尽”。

苏轼有什么资格预判自己的无尽呢?其实这不需要解释,苏轼如果不能无尽,我今天何必要写这篇文章?学生们又何必背诵《前赤壁赋》?苏轼的臭皮囊早已朽坏,但他的文章在,他的道德在,他的人格魅力在,他的情怀在!和我们普通人不太一样的是,苏轼活着的时候就预见到了这一幕。恕我冒昧,以己度人。我想苏轼心里清楚,宦海浮沉无所谓,升沉不过一秋风。当不当官又怎样?我的人格,我浩浩如江水的才华,我的文章,后人怎能不千载传扬?那一刻,苏轼笃定地看到了未来,找到了人生的价值、意义和自信。

我相信司马迁写《史记》的时候,心里应该有相似的感慨。有人会问,他怎么不明说?他都落到那种地步,怎么能明说?聪明的苏轼把这层意思埋在句子里,不显山不露水,让读者自己去体会。

通过“哲思之月”,苏轼解决了关于未来的问题,但是四十六岁在黄州的我,乌台诗案被贬官的我,信而见疑、忠而见谤的我,能不烦恼吗?该如何自处才能度过现世的苦难呢?苏轼发挥了他无与伦比的才气——还是在月上做文章,这就是“寄托之月”。

“且夫天地之间,物各有主,苟非吾所有,虽一毫而莫取。”先来一段论述,说天地万物,物各有主,不是你的就别要,该是谁的谁拿走。这句话字面的意思好懂,背后的意思不好懂:人生在世,当官不当官是命,不该你当你就别当,何必放在心上呢?“惟江上之清风,与山间之明月。耳得之而为声,目遇之而成色,是造物者之无尽藏也。而吾与子之所共适。”大自然的好山好水好风月就在我们眼前,耳听的是天籁,眼看的是风光。“取之无禁,用之不竭”!

苏东坡很有幽默感,用“禁”字来调侃那些小人,你可以让我在黄州当团练副使,禁我签署公事,禁我擅自离开。但我长着眼睛,就能从大自然获得无穷无尽的享受和精神的寄托,老天拿出这么多东西给我享受,我过得好开心。这就是“寄托之月”——苏轼不仅解决了后世的问题,连当下的问题都在月(以月为表征的山水)里解决了。“山水之乐,风月无边”,从此,不论遇到什么坎坷和打击,只要清风明月在,他就是快乐的苏东坡。

密码4:泛舟找到人生的寄托,苏子与客的精神面貌有没有发生变化?还像原来那么悲伤吗?答案在第四个密码——“泛舟”里。为什么要泛舟,而不是江边散步?我做一个大胆推测,如果江边散步,就得不出这么深的哲理。不信可以看《后赤壁赋》,在抒情艺术上或许更胜一筹,但“理”的阐发就逊色了。因为,泛舟很有意思,这是一个独处的空间,有一种漂泊感,有一个环境去静思人生的意义。

文中有两处泛舟的描写。第一处,刚来赤壁,月下泛舟。“纵一苇之所如,凌万顷之茫然。浩浩乎如冯虚御风,而不知其所止;飘飘乎如遗世独立,羽化而登仙。”这段话表面上看非常逍遥自在。冯虚御风,像列子御风而行,多么自由!凌万顷,多么开阔!一苇之所如,多么潇洒!飘飘乎、羽化而登仙,多逍遥。但仔细读就会发现,心里面一点不逍遥。

“飘飘乎如遗世独立”,出自李延年的《佳人歌》:“绝代有佳人,遗世而独立”。什么叫遗世独立?离开人世,自己在那儿站着,这是孤独。“羽化而登仙”,对一个如此热爱生活的人,登仙不是更深的孤独么?再看“浩浩乎如凭虚御风,而不知其所止”,去哪都不知道,这是漂泊失所。有没有目标?没有。

第二次泛舟的描写,也就是苏子与客清谈之后,再看苏子和客的状态就大不一样了。“客喜而笑,洗盏更酌。肴核既尽,杯盘狼藉。相与枕藉乎舟中,不知东方之既白。”你靠着我,我靠着你,在船里睡着了,天亮了都不知道。

这个状态乍看没有第一处美,这么随便,这么生活化。但这里蕴含的才是真正的逍遥。有人说:人生幸福很简单,吃得下饭,睡得着觉,笑得出来。这话很有道理。人活一辈子,胃口好,吃嘛嘛香。躺下就睡,不闹心。想笑就笑,高高兴兴,这就是幸福。篇末泛舟的描写,讲的不就是这三句话吗?苏东坡为什么能“发明”东坡肘子、东坡肉,为什么能说“日啖荔枝三百颗,不辞长作岭南人”,跟他在《赤壁赋》中的体悟不无关系。

密码5:苏子与客

“泛舟”是赤壁之游的形态,这种形态外化出前后截然不同的心境。那么,和苏子藉乎舟中,陪他走完这段心路历程的“客”,究竟是谁呢?“苏子”是苏轼本人吗?这篇文章写的内容真实发生过吗?

有人认为是真的,或者大部分是真的,比如林语堂先生。如果你想了解苏东坡,有一本书必看,就是林语堂写的《苏东坡传》。

苏东坡活着的时候经常想:我是不是陶渊明转世?因为他跟陶渊明很契合。林语堂活着的时候经常想:我是不是苏东坡转世?因为他太喜欢苏东坡。出于这种热爱,他把苏东坡写得很好。在《苏东坡传》里,林语堂煞有介事地写到,苏东坡跟一个叫杨世昌的道士游赤壁,客也就是这位杨道士。还有很多考据的文章,跟林语堂持相似的观点,认为《前赤壁赋》确有其人,确有其事。我就不一一列举了。

这个问题其实是假问题。中国人自古的毛病就是把文学当历史,分不清虚构和真实,什么都想考证做实。苏子与客,无所谓有,无所谓无,客即是我,我即是客。客是人生失意的苏子,苏子是豁然开朗的客,如此而已。

从文章内容来看,刚来赤壁的时候,“我”和“客”是分着写的,吃饭的时候、喝酒的时候、聊天的时候,都是分着写,可最后“相与枕藉乎舟中”,两个人互相依靠,躺在舟中。我认为这是一个暗示,两人到最后不分彼此了,因为作者想开了,精神不分裂了。苏轼表达的就是这样一个意思,是道人杨世昌也好,是僧人佛印也罢,和文章主旨并无关涉。

从文体来看,《赤壁赋》是赋体,赋体文有四个特点,一是对仗押韵,有节奏有韵律。二是注重辞彩,这篇文章用的修辞手法就非常多,而且不露痕迹。三是体物铺陈,一件事要从多个角度多个侧面来写,《阿房宫赋》《赤壁赋》都是如此。四是“主客问答”,很多赋体都采用了主客问答的形式,借主客间一问一答抒发作者的感情。司马相如、杨雄这些写赋的名家,常用这种手法。主一句,客一句,最后谁赢?当然是主赢,客怎么能赢?客就是等待被驳倒的。

《前赤壁赋》既是赋体,假托主客问答的形式,不是顺理成章吗?何必要问是否确有其人,确有其事呢?至于才高如林语堂者,为什么非要做实不可?可能因为《苏东坡传》最初用英文写,给老外解释中国文化里这些复杂的内容,对传记文学来讲,似乎也无此必要,不如做实来得爽快吧。

我想,苏子与客,对苏轼来讲,都是身外化身。苏轼在赤壁经历了一番天人交战。那个内心苦闷的苏轼,那个一帆风顺想兼济天下苍生的苏轼,经历了一次人生的大悲苦。在这悲苦里,他做了深刻的思考和反复的衡量,在天地山川、明月清风中得到启迪。他看到人生可以永恒,他懂得当下生活值得享受。你们处心积虑地迫害我,我连招架之力都没有。但是不好意思,我还是过得比你好。尔曹身与名俱灭,而我一次寻常的游历即将被定格为文化的经典。

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