一、 复合句的种类
英语的复合句一般分为三大类型：名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。
(一) 名词性从句
在整个复合句中起名词作用，充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语等的各种从句，统称为名词性从句。名词性从句主要有以下几种：
1. that 引导的从句 e.g. It is reported that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car. （据报道，三分之一的广州市民打算购买私家车。）
2. whether/if 引导的从句 e.g. Whether motorcycles should be banned in Guangzhou has become an issue of controversy.（广州是否禁摩托车成了有争议的话题。）
3. how/why/when/where引导的从句 e.g. This essay aims to explore why so many white collar workers suffer from insomnia. （本文将探讨为什么这么多白领失眠的原因。）
4. who/whom/whose/what/which引导的从句 e.g. Who should be responsible for the environmental degradation is still unknown.（谁对环境恶化负责还不清楚。）
(二) 形容词性从句
具有形容词功能，在复合句中做定语的从句被称之为形容词性从句或定语从句。被修饰的名词、词组或代词被称为先行词。形容词性从句分为两种类型：
（1）由关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的从句。 例如: People who are strongly against human cloning claim that it is immoral and unethical. (强烈反对克隆人的人们认为这样做不道德和不合伦理)
（2）由关系副词when, where, why引导的从句。例如: I would like to analyze the reasons why a growing number of teenagers are addicted to gambling.（我将分析为什么越来越多的青少年沉迷于的原因。）
(三) 副词性从句
副词性从句也称为状语从句，主要用来修饰主句或者主句的谓语。大致分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。
（1）时间状语从句 e.g. When everyone is fully aware of the severity of fresh water scarcity and takes effective measures, I am convinced that we will tackle this problem constructively.（当每个人充分意识到淡水短缺的严重性，并采取有效措施，我相信我们一定能妥善解决好这个问题。）
(2) 地点状语从句 e.g. Where there is smoke, there is fire.（无风不起浪）
(3) 原因状语从句 e.g. Pets should be forbidden because they may spread diseases and damage the cityscape.（应该禁止饲养宠物，因为它们可能会传播疾病和有损市容。）
(4) 目的状语从句 e.g. Old people should be encouraged to live in a nursing house so that they can enjoy professional care and first-rate facilities. （应当鼓励老人到敬老院居住，这样他们可以享受到专业的照料和一流的设施。）
(5) 结果状语从句 e.g. Some government officials fail to recognize the potential hazards of improper waste disposal, so that the environment in some cities is deteriorating.（一些政府官员未能认识到垃圾处理不当带来的潜在危害，因此一些城市的环境不断恶化。）
(6) 条件状语从句 e.g. If we continue to overlook the increasing waste in Guangzhou, it is likely that Guangzhou will become a huge landfill site sooner or later.（如果我们继续无视广州日益增多的垃圾，有可能不久的将来广州将成为巨大的垃圾填埋场。）
(7)让步状语从句 e.g. While I admit that smoking has some side-effects, I still feel that it is ridiculous to ban smoking in public places.（虽然我承认吸烟有副作用，我依然觉得公共场所禁烟是荒唐的。）
(8) 比较状语从句 e.g. Red is two times as much as Blue.（红色是蓝色的两倍。）
(9) 方式状语从句 e.g. Just as we protect less able human beings, so we should safeguard the welfare of other weaker species.（正如我们保护弱者一样，我们也应该保护弱势物种的.福利。）
二、如何高效运用复合句写好引言段
Well begun is half done是大家耳熟能详的英语谚语。也就是说，一个漂亮的开头，往往是文章写作成功的一半。尤其在雅思和新托福写作考试中，好的开头往往能够在瞬间吸引考官眼球，留下良好的第一印象。那么，我们怎样才能写漂亮的引言段呢？首先，我们要做到开门见山，明确写作话题和目的。如何才能做到开门见山？我们可以采用以下几种方式：
1. 采用统计数字引出话题，把问题呈现在读者面前；
2. 提出有争议性的问题，激发读者兴趣，使其积极参与讨论；
3. 以新颖的观点，吸引读者注意力；
4. 呈现该话题正反方的观点；
5. 引用名人名言、谚语等作为文章的开头；
6. 对将要讨论的话题进行定义。
其次，要善于运用复合句，从而使引言段简洁明了，开宗明义。下面我们将探讨雅思与新托福各种题材和体裁文章引言段的写作方法。
（一） 引用数据呈现讨论的话题，说明问题的严重性或者重要性，引起读者的关注。下面我们结合几道雅思和新托福作文话题进行实战演练。
我们在写关于体罚的话题文章时，可以这样开头：It is reported that a boy in Zhuhai was beaten to death by his father on Father’ Day. Ample evidence also shows that children who are frequently abused by their parents or teachers tend to be introverted, pessimistic, indifferent and even world-weary. Recently, there has arisen a fierce argument on whether corporal punishment should be abolished. Teachers, parents and experts take diverse attitudes towards this issue.（据报道，在父亲节那天，珠海有个小男孩被老爸揍死了。充分的证据也显示，经常遭父母或老师虐待的小孩往往比较内向、悲观、冷漠甚至厌世。近来，关于是否应该废除体罚出现了一场激烈的争论，老师、家长和专家各执一词。）
而我们在写关于该不该禁烟的话题时，可以这样开头：A recent study conducted by Zhongshan University has found that the number of smokers has been increasing sharply over the past five years. Research findings also reveal that the incidence of smoking-related conditions has soared. As a result, the ban on smoking has been in the spotlight. （中山大学最近做的一个研究表明，在过去五年里，吸烟者人数急剧上升。研究结果同时显示，吸烟导致的疾病发病率也急剧增长。因此，禁烟成了个热点话题。）
英语写作高级句型摘抄：
1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)
例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性都不为过。
2) There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……)
例如：There is no need for you to bring more food.
不需你拿来更多的食物了。
3) By +doing…，主语+can …. (借着……，……能够……)
例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)
例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.
听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)。
例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?)
例如：What will happen to the orphan?
那个孤儿将会怎样?
7) For the past + 时间，主语 + 现在完成式/现在完成进行时…. (过去……时间来，……一直……)
例如：For the past two years，I have been busy preparing for the examination.
过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
8) It pays to + do….(……是值得的。)
例如：It pays to help others.
帮助别人是值得的。
9) 主语+ be based on….(以……为基础)
例如：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
10) 主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力做……)
例如：We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
注意：“尽全力”在英语中有不同表达。
例如：We should spare no effort/make every effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
11) 主语+ be closely related to …. (与……息息相关)
例如：Taking exercise is closely related to health.
做运动与健康息息相关。
12) 主语+ get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V (养成……的习惯)
例如：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
13) What a + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + be!= How +形容词+ a +名词+ be!(多么……!)
例如： What an important thing it is to keep our promise!= How important a thing it is to keep our promise!
遵守诺言是多么重要的事!
14) 主语 + do good/ harm to sth. (对……有益/有害)
例如：Reading does good to our mind.
读书对心灵有益。
Overwork does harm to health.
工作过度对健康有害。
15) 主语 + have a great influence on sth. (对……有很大的影响)
例如：Smoking has a great influence on our health.
抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。
16) nothing can prevent us from doing…. (没有事情能够阻挡我们做……)
例如：All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.
这显示了没有事情能够阻挡我们实现目标。
17) Upon/On doing…, …. (一……就…….)
例如：Upon / On hearing of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn’t say a word.
一听到这个出乎意料的消息，他惊讶到说不出话来。
注意：此句型一般可以改为如下复合句句型。
例如：As soon as he heard of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he ….
他一听到这个出乎意料的消息，就如此惊讶以至于......
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
他刚来，她就开始抱怨。
No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain.
他刚来，就下雨了。
18) would rather do…than do…(宁愿……而不……)
例如：I would rather walk home than take a crowded bus.
我宁愿步行回家也不愿做拥挤的公交车。
注意：此句型可以改为prefer to do…rather than do…句型。
例如：I prefer to stay at home rather than see the awful film with him.
我宁愿呆在家也不愿意和他去看那部恐怖电影。
19) only + 状语， 主句部分倒装
例如：Only then could the work of reconstruction begin.
直到那时，重建工作才开始。
20) be worth doing (值得做)
例如：The book is worth reading.
这本书值得读。
21) Owing to/Thanks to sth, …. (因为……)
例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.
因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。
22) 主语+ is + the +形容词最高级+名词+(that)+主语+ have ever + seen(known / heard / had / read,etc)
例如：Liu Yifei is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen in my life.
刘亦菲是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
注意：比较级也可以用来表达最高级的意思。
例如：I have never seen a more beautiful girl than Liu Yifei in my life.
在我生活中我从来没见过比刘亦菲更美的女孩。
Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。
23) There is no denying that + S + V….(不可否认的……)
例如：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
24) It is universally acknowledged that +从句(全世界都知道……)
例如：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
注意，全世界都知道还可以改为以下句型：As is known to us/As we all know, …. (众所周知，……)。
例如：As is known to us/As we all know, knowledge is power.
众所周知，知识就是力量。
25) There is no doubt that +从句(毫无疑问的……)
例如：There is no doubt that he came late.
毫无疑问，他来晚了。
26) (It is) No wonder that.... (难怪……)
例如：No wonder that he fell asleep in class.
难怪他在课堂上睡着了。
27) So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 从句 (如此……以致于……)
例如：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.
时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
28) 形容词+ as +主语+ be，主语+ 谓语(虽然……)
例如：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的`生活品质绝对令人不满意。
29) The + 比较级 +主语+谓语， the +比较级+主语+谓语(愈……愈……)
例如：The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你愈努力，你愈进步。
30) It is time + 主语 + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)
例如：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
注意：此句型可以转化为简单句句型：It is time for sth./for sb to do….
例如：It is time for lunch.
该吃午饭了。
31) To be frank/ To tell the truth, …. (老实说, ……)
例如: To be frank/ To tell the truth, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.
老实说，不论你喜不喜欢，你别无选择。
32) It took him a year to do….( 他用了1年的时间来做……)
例如：As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.
到目前为止我们所知道的是，他用了1年的时间来写这本书。
It took them a long time to realize they had made a mistake.
过了很久，他们才意识到犯错了。
33) spent as much time as he could doing sth.(花尽可能的时间做某事)
例如：He spent as much time as he could remembering new words.
他花了尽可能多时间记新单词。
34) Since + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + 现在完成式
例如：Since he went to senior high school， he has worked very hard.
自从他上高中，他一直很用功。
35) An advantage of… is that + 句子 (……的优点是……)
例如：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
36) It was not until recently that….( 直到最近, ……)
例如：It was not until recently that the problem was solved. 直到最近这个问题才被解决。
37) We will be successful as long as we…. (只要我们……，我们就会成功的)
例如：We will be successful as long as we insist on working hard.只要我们坚持努力工作，我们会成功的。
38) No matter + wh-从句，…
例如：No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.不管英语有多么难，你都应该尽你最大的努力来学它。
注意：此句型一般可以改为疑问词+ever引导的从句，+主句
例如：Whatever he asks you to do, please refuse him.
无论他让你做什么，都请拒绝他。
39) It’s useless/ no good / no use doing sth. (做……是没有用的)
例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收。
40) The reason why + 从句 is that + 从句 (……的原因是……)
例如：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
按照意思拆分复合句。长的复合句也能表达清楚所要表达的意思，但是会让人看起也比较吃力。如果我们按照意思或者逻辑关系将它们拆分为一些简单的单句，就能使阅读变得更为简单明了，使读信人更容易理解和把握信函的'要旨。如：例（８）：Regardless of these seniority, all employees who hope to be prompted will continue their education either by enrolling in the special courses to be offered by the ABC company, scheduled to be given all the next eight Saturdays beginning on January 24 or by taking approved correspondence courses selected from a list available in the Staff Development office.这是一个专与过长的从句，我们可以按一下方法将其改写为简单的句子：１、添加标志性词语。如first, second等这些序数词。Regardless of this seniority, all employees who hope to be prompted will continue their education in two ways. First, they may enroll in the special courses to be offered by the ABC Company, scheduled to be given all the next eight Saturdays beginning on January 24. Second, they may take approved correspondence courses selected from a list available in the Staff Development office.２、用项目符号来划分。Regardless of this seniority, all employees who hope to be prompted will continue their education in one of the two ways:● by enrolling in the special courses to be offered by the ABC company, scheduled to be given all the next eight Saturdays beginning on January 24 ,or ●by taking approved correspondence courses selected from a list available in the Staff Development office.
