
高考英语语法精要讲解二十四:过去完成时
1、过去发生的两个动作,先发生的`用过去完成时
With their help I realized that I had been wrong.
2、过去某时以前发生的动作或情况
He hasn’t finished yet.
He didn’t finish yesterday evening.
He hadn’t finished by yesterday evening.
3、常用过去完成时的情况
①No sooner…than…. Hardly…when…
No sooner had he begun his speech than he was interrupted
②expect, hope, think, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时(或一般时)表示想做而未做的事
I had planned to send him a telegram, but I didn’t manage it.
4、使用过去完成时的必要性和非必要性
①句意十分清楚时,可用一般时
After I finished, I went home.
②常用一般过去时表示依次发生的动作
I got out of the taxi, paid the fare(车费) and managed it.
③有时必须明确,特别是含when时
When I arrived, Ann left.
(同时见到)(见到Ann)
When I arrived, Ann had left.
(先后发生)(没见到)
5、常用过去完成时的时间主状语
by the end of +过去时间 ; by + 过去时间
by the time + 过去时间;过去时间 + before
比较:
By the time he was 11, he had learned 3000 words .
By the time he is 11, he will have learned 3000 words.
By the time last week, I had learned 3000 words.
By the time next week, I will have learned 3000 words
That which代表物,区别听我来叙述;
先行若是不定代,that就把which 踹;
当先行词为anything,everything,nothing,all,any,much,many,one等不定代词时,只能使用“that”, 不用 “which”。
例:Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能给你做点什么吗?
先行词前有两数, 就用that定无误;
当先行词是基数词或序数词修饰时,只能使用“that”,不用 “which”。
例句: That is the second time that I have been to Japan. 那是我去日本的第二次。
The two buildings that lay on the River Thames fell down last week.
坐落在泰晤士河岸边的那两座大楼上星期倒塌了。
先行词前最高级, 还用that必无疑;
当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时,只能使用“that”, 不用 “which”。
例句:This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.
这是我度过的最美好的时光。
句中若有there be, that应把which替;
例:There is no evidence that animals possess a mysterious sixth-sense allowing them to predict natural disasters. 说动物拥有神秘的'第六感,可以预知自然灾害,这是没有根据的。
先行主中做表语, 避免重复从句里;
例句:1)This is not the hospital that it used to be.
这已经不再是以前那座医院了。
2)Mr Thomson is not the man that he was.
汤姆森先生已经不再是以前的他了。
解析:定语从句的先行词均在主句中做表语。
例句:Which is the course that we are to take ?
我们要学哪门课?
解析:句中已有which,后面不再用which,避免重复用that。
(Just the only very same last, 其后也要用that;)
先行词前有Just 、the only、 very 、same 、last等词,关系代词用that,不用which。
例句:1) The North Pole is the only place that you can see polar bears.
北极是唯一能见到北极熊的地方。
2)This is the same bike that he lost.
这就是他丢了的那辆自行车。
注意区分:
3) This is the same bike as he lost.
这辆自行车和他丢的那辆一样。(但不是)
一、冠词基本用法
【速记口诀】
名词是秃子,常要戴帽子,
可数名词单,须用a或an,
辅音前用a, an在元音前,
若为特指时,则须用定冠,
复数不可数,泛指the不见,
碰到代词时,冠词均不现。
【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一,也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有:
①名词在一般情况下不单用,常常要和冠词连用;
②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an,确指时要用定冠词the;
③如复数名词表示泛指,名词前有this,these,my,some等时就不用冠词。
二、名词单数变复数规则
【速记口诀】
单数变复数,规则要记住,
一般加s,特殊有几处:
/s/结尾,es不离后,
末尾字母o,大多加s,
两人有两菜,es不离口,
词尾f、fe,s前有v和e;
没有规则词,必须单独记。
【妙语诠释】
①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s,但如果单词以/t?蘩/、/?蘩/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch,sh,s,x等结尾),则一般加es;
②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro,hero)两菜(tomato,potato)加es外,其余一般加s;
③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f,fe变为ve再加s;
④英语中还有些单词没有规则,需要特殊记忆,如child—children,mouse—mice,deer—deer,sheep—sheep,Chinese—Chinese,ox—oxen,man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth。
三、名词所有格用法
【速记口诀】
名词所有格,表物是“谁的”,
若为生命词,加“’s”即可行,
词尾有s,仅把逗号择;
并列名词后,各自和共有,
前者分别加,后者最后加;
若为无生命词,of所有格,
前后须倒置,此是硬规则。
【妙语诠释】
①有生命的名词所有格一般加s,但如果名词以s结尾,则只加“’”;
②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时,分别加“’s”,如果是共有,则只在最后名词加“’s”;
③如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格,这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同,A of B要翻译为B的A。
四、接不定式作宾语的动词
【速记口诀】
三个希望两答应,两个要求莫拒绝;
设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择。
【妙语诠释】 三个希望两答应:hope,wish,want,agree,promise
两个要求莫拒绝:demand,ask,refuse
设法学会做决定:manage,learn,decide
不要假装在选择:petend,choose



