句子成分精讲
句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。
主要成分：主语和谓语
1、主语
一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象。主语的位置：
一般位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。
The school is far from here. 名词做主语
She goes to school by bike.
Eight is a lucky number.
The blind need more help.代词做主语 数词做主语 名词化的形容词做主语
There is a pen on the desk. 名词做主语
Predicting the future is interesting.
To be a doctor is my dream.
2、谓语
表示人或事物(主语)的动作和存在的状态.
英语中由动词be、动词have和行为动词来充当谓语动词 句子的时态和语态是通过谓语表现出来。
谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上的构成。
分析句子的主语和谓语
Mr. Li teaches English.
He can play the piano.
My parents and I are having dinner.
3、表语
用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态。
表语的位置
用在动词be和系动词的后面。
名词、代词、数词、介词短语、副词等都可以和连系动词一起构成复合谓语。
Your pen is on the desk.
He got very angry.
My dream is to have a robot.
动名词做主语 不定式短语做主语
常见的系动词
1. be动词
2. 与感觉有关的动词 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等
3. 表示状态变化的动词，意为“变得” “变成” 如 get, grow, turn等
上述两类词作连系动词时要用形容词作表语,千万不能用副词。
4、宾语
是动作的对象或承受者。及物动词:直接接宾语的谓语动词.
不及物动词:不能直接带宾语的谓语动词.
宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句构成.
I saw a plane in the sky just now.
I want three. 名词做宾语 数词做宾语
I like going shopping. 动名词做宾语
We think predicting the future is hard.
5、宾语补足语（宾补） 宾语从句
有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外, 还须加上一个补足语。如果没有补足语(宾补), 有时候句子的意思就不完整。 充当宾补的有:
1. 形容词作宾语补足语
The sun keeps us warm.
2. 介词短语作宾语补足语:
I found her in the room.
3. 副词作宾语补足语。
Please let him in.
4. 名词作宾语补足语。
We made him monitor of the class.
5. 动词不定式和分词也能用作宾语补足语。
I asked him to come.
6、定语
定语修饰名词或代词(即在汉语里的……的)
1. 形容词作定语(一般放在被修饰语之前,修饰不定代词时放在后面)
They have a clever son.
I have something important to tell you.
2. 名词作定语:
Is it a color film?
名词作定语一般用单数形式, 如:
school bus, ticket office, paper flowers
但也有例外,如: sports meeting, clothes shop
man 和 woman修饰的名词如果是复数,它们总以复数的形式作定语,如:
men drivers , women doctors
3. 代词作定语:
This song is better than that one.
4. 数词作定语:
There are only thirty students in our class.
带有数字的复合形容词.当复合形容词用连字号连接时,其中的名词要用单数形式.
a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy
5. 副词作定语():
Do you know the young man over there?
6. 介词短语作定语(The students in our class like swimming.
7、状语
修饰动词,形容词或副词,有的修饰全句, 用以说明地点, 时间, 方式, 程度, 原因, 目的, 结果, 条件, 让步等.
1. 副词作状语:
The old man is walking slowly.
The boy is very clever.
2. 介词短语作状语:表方式 表程度
I have lived in Shanghai for five years.
3. 不定式作状语 表时间
I come here to see you.
4. 现在分词作状语 表目的
The teacher came in, holding a book in his hand. 表方式
5. 状语从句
We’ll go shopping if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
状语的位置
1. 在一般情况下,用于句末。
We like our school very much.
2.为了强调状语,可以把它放在句首.
I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.
3. 表频度的副词通常用于句中, 如always, usually, often, hardly, never,
用于行为动词前,be动词、助动词和情态动词后
I usually get up early.
He is often late.
一些副词, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似
sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末
only 在句中的位置比较灵活, 但位置不同, 意义也不同.
The actor only sang a song.
Only the actor sang a song.
The actor sang only one song.
两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序
1. 地点状语在前, 时间状语在后.
We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.
2. 较小单位的状语在前,由小到大
Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.
3. 一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语, 其顺序大都是: 程度副词,方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词
She sang very well at the meeting last night.
时间和地点状语也可以位于句首, 表示强调或使上下文更为连贯
Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.
动词-ed形式作定语，表语，宾语补足语和状语
一、动词-ed形式作定语
过去分词作定语往往与被修饰的词靠得很紧,渐渐地成为一个复合词。这种分词叫分词形容词(the Participle Adjective),实际上相当于一个单纯的形容词,除表示“完成”的动作之外,还表示“被动”的意义。如：
spoken English (英语口语)；iced beer (冰冻啤酒)；cooked food (熟食); fried chips (炸土豆条);
但要注意不及物动词的过去分词常表示“完成”的动作,而不表示“被动”意义。如: boiled water(开水); fallen leaves(落叶) ; the risen sun(升起的太阳)等。
(1)前置定语 单个的动词-ed形式,一般放在被修饰的名词的前面,作前置定语。 激动的人们冲进大楼。(=the people who were excited)
．虚度的时光,无法挽回。(=time which is lost)
(2)后置定语 ①少数单个动词的-ed形式,如left等,只能作后置定语。
1. Everything used should be marked．所有用过的东西应该做好标记。
2. Among the invited were some ladies．被邀请的人中,有些是女士。
3. The books left are for my students．剩下的书是给我的学生的。
②动词-ed形式短语作定语时,通常要放在被修饰的名词的后面,在意思上相当于一个定语从句。及物动词的过去分词作定语用来表示被动,可改为带被动语态的定语从句;不及物动词的过去分词(仅限于单个过去分词,且不能后置)则表示完成,可改为带有完成时态的定语从句。
1. Is there anything planned for tonight? 今晚有什么活动吗? (=that has been planned for tonight)
2. The meeting, attended by a lot of people, was a success．这次会议有很多人出席,开得很成功。 (=which was attended by a lot of people) 我们喝了一些开水后就继续工作。 注意:这里的过去分词的逻辑主语应是被修饰的词,改为定语从句时关系代词应与之一致。
二、动词-ed形式作表语 过去分词作表语并无“完成”或“被动”之意，而是表示主语的状态或思想感情等。如： He looked worried after reading the letter．看完信后,他显得很忧虑。
When we heard of it, we were deeply moved．当我们听到这件事时,被深深地感动了。
He seemed quite delighted at the idea．听到这个想法,他似乎很高兴。
常见的作表语的过去分词有:
amused(愉快的)； broken(碎了的)；closed(关闭的)；astonished(吃惊的)；crowded(拥挤的)；experienced(有经验的); delighted(高兴的)；lost(丢失的)；gone(遗失的)；disappointed(失望的)；worried(担忧的)；interested(感兴趣的) tired(疲劳的) pleased(高兴的)；satisfied(满意的)； surprised(吃惊的); married(已婚的)； known(著名的) 等等
三、动词-ed形式作宾语补足语
能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是及物动词,表示被动意义或已完成意义,有时候两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系,即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。
She found the door broken in when she came back．她回来时发现有人破门而人。
My grandfather had his old house rebuilt．我爷爷找人重修了一下他的旧房子。
少数不及物动词的过去分词用作宾补时,强调动作完成后的状态.
They found all the guests gone when they woke up.当他们醒来时,发现所有的客人都走了。
下面是语文迷为大家整理的常用的英语短语集锦，希望对大家写英语
一、动词+介词
1.look at…看…， look like … 看上去像……， look after …照料…
2.listen to…听…… 3.welcome to…欢迎到……
4.say hello to …向……问好 5.speak to…对……说话
此类短语相当于及物动词，其后必须带宾语，但宾语无论是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。
二、动词+副词
“动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类：
A.动词(vt.)+副词
1.put on 穿上 2.take off脱下 3.write down记下
此类短语可以带宾语，宾语若是名词，放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词，只能放在副词前面。
B.动词(vi)+副词。
1.come on赶快 2.get up起床 3.go home回家
4.come in进来 5.sit down坐下 6.stand up起立
此类短语属于不及物动词，不可以带宾语。
三、其它类动词词组
1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to work/class 4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper 7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games 10. play games
[介词短语聚焦]
“介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。
1.in+语言/颜色/衣帽等，表示使用某种语言或穿着……。
2.in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等，表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。
3.in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。
4.in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。
5.in the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。
6.in the wall表示“在墙上(凹陷进去)”;on the wall表示“在墙上(指墙的表面)”。
7.at work(在工作)/at school(上学)/at home(在家)应注意此类短语中无the。
8.at + 时刻表示钟点。 9.like this/that表示方式，意为“像……这/那样”。
10.of短语表示所属关系。 11.behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等，表示方位、处所。
12.from与to多表示方向，前者意为“从……”，后者意为“到……”。
另外，以下这些短语也必须掌握。如：on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on one’s bike等。
[重点句型大回放]
1.I think…意为“我认为……”，是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…，
2.give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意为“把……给……”，动词give之后可接双宾语，可用这两种句型;若指物的宾语是人称代词时，则只能用give it/ them to sb.
3.take sb./ sth. to…意为“把……(送)带到……”，后常接地点，也可接人。
4.One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意为“一个是……;另一个是……”，必须是两者中。
5.Let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”，人后应用不带to的动词不定式，其否定式为Don’t let sb，do sth.，或Let sb. not do sth. 另外，Let’s 与Let us的含义不完全相同，前者包括听者在内，后者不包括听者在内，
6.help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”，前者用不定式作宾补，后者用介词短语作宾补，二者可以互换. Help… out
7.What about…?/How about…?意为“……怎么样?”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词，其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。
8.It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意为“该做……的`时间了”，其中to后须接原形动词，for后可接名词或V-ing形式。
9.like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”， 前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作;后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作，
10.ask sb.(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”，其中ask sb.后应接动词不定式，
11.show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”，该句型的用法同前面第2点。
12.introduce sb. to sb. 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”;introduce to sb.则是“向某人作介绍”。
[重点短语快速复习]
1.kinds of 各种各样的 2. either…or…或者……或者……，不是……就是……
3. neither…nor…既不……也不…… 4. Chinese tea without, anything in it 中国清茶
5. take a seat 就坐 6. home cooking 家常做法
7. be famous for 因……而著名 8. on ones way to在……途中
9. be sick/ill in hospital生病住院 10. at the end of在……的尽头，在……的末尾
11. wait for 等待 12. in time 及时
13. make one’s way to…往……(艰难地)走去
14. just then 正在那时 15. first of all 首先，第一
16. go wrong 走错路 17. be/get lost 迷路
18. make a noise 吵闹，喧哗 19. get on 上车
20. get off 下车 21. stand in line 站队
22. waiting room 候诊室，候车室 23. at the head of……在……的前头
24. laugh at 嘲笑 25. throw about 乱丢，抛散
26. in fact 实际上 27. at midnight 在半夜
28. have a good time=enjoy oneself玩得愉快
29. quarrel with sb. 和某人吵架 30. take one’s temperature 给某人体温
31. have/get a pain in…某处疼痛 32. have a headache 头痛
33. as soon as… 一……就…… 34. feel like doing sth. 想要干某事
35. stop…from doing sth. 阻止……干某事 36. fall asleep 入睡
37. again and again再三地，反复地 38. wake up 醒来，叫醒
39. instead of 代替 40. look over 检查
41. take exercise运动 42. had better(not) do sth. 最好(不要)干某事
43. at the weekend 在周末 44. on time 按时
45. out of从……向外 46. all by oneself 独立，单独
47. lots of=a lot of 许多 48. no longer/more=not…any longer/more 不再
49. get back 回来，取回 50. sooner or later迟早
51. run away 逃跑 52. eat up 吃光，吃完
53. run after 追赶 54. take sth. with sb. 某人随身带着某物
55. take(good) care of…=look after…(well) (好好)照顾，照料
56. think of 考虑到，想起 57. keep a diary 坚持写
常用英语短语
1. go to school 上学(用于专业的)go to the school 去学校(不一定是上学)
2. good way to 好方法
3. hate to do 讨厌没做过的事hate doing 讨厌做过的事
4. have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会
5. have a talk 听报告 谈一谈
6. have been doing 现在完成进行时eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since
7. have been to …( 地方)……去过某过地方have gone to …(地方) 去了某地还没回来
8. have fun +doing 玩得高兴
9. have sth to do 有什么事要做
10. have to do sth 必须做某事
11. have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦
12. have…time +doing
13. have…(时间)…off 放……假eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假
14. hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事
15. help a lot 很大用处
16. help sb with sth \one's sth 帮助某人某事(某方面)help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事
17. hope to do sth 希望做某事
18. How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)
19. how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法
20. if : 是否=wether
21. eg: I don't know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会
22. He don't know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达
23. if :如果，假如(全部接一般时态)+条件语态从句
24. in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为
25. in some ways 在某些方面
26. in the end = finally(adv) 最后
英语句子成分解读一、主语(subject):
句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east.(名词)
He likes dancing.(代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词)
Seeing is believing.(动名词)
To see is to believe.(不定式)
What he needs is a book.(主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)
英语句子成分解读二、谓语(predicate):
说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
We study English.
He is asleep.
英语句子成分解读三、表语(predicative):
系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher.(名词)
Seventy-four!You don’t look it.(代词)
Five and five is ten.(数词)
He is asleep.(形容词)
His father is in.(副词)
The picture is on the wall.(介词短语)
My watch is gone/missing/lost.(形容词化的分词)
To wear a flower is to say“I’m poor,I can’t buy a ring.”(不定式)
The question is whether they will come.(表语从句)
常见的系动词有:be,sound(听起来)，look(看起来)，feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，
taste(尝、吃起来)，remain(保持，仍是)，feel(感觉)….
It sounds a good idea.
The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet.
Tom looks thin.
http://www.oh100.com/a/201201/42986.htmlThe food smells delicious.
The food tastes good.
The door remains open.
Now I feel tired.
英语句子成分解读三、宾语：
1)动作的承受者——动宾
I like China.(名词)
He hates you.(代词)
How many do you need?We need two.(数词)
We should help the old and the poor.
I enjoy working with you.(动名词)
I hope to see you again.(不定式)
Did you write down what he said?(宾语从句)
2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow,there are many rocks.
3)双宾语——间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money.
英语句子成分解读四、宾补：
对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor.(名词)
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.(名)
We will make them happy.(形容词)
We found nobody in.(副词)
Please make yourself at home.(介词短语)
Don’t let him do that.(省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(带to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning.(现在分词)
I’ll have my bike repaired.(过去分词)
英语句子成分解读五、主补：
对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.www.oh100.com
英语句子成分解读六、定语：
修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
He is our friend.(代词)
We belong to the third world.(数词)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.(介词)
The boys playing football are in Cla2.(现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now.(过去分词)
I have an idea to do it well.(不定式)
You should do everything that I do.(定语从句)
英语句子成分解读七、状语：
用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。
(以下例句按上述顺序排列)I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard,you will pathe exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young,he can do it well.
