
莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首的英文评论和赏析
◎ 莎士比亚十四行诗第18首 ◇ 曹明伦 译 18 18 我是否可以把你比喻成夏天
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 虽然你比夏天更可爱更温和: Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 狂风会使五月娇蕾红消香断, Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 夏天拥有的时日也转瞬即过; And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 有时天空之巨眼目光太炽热, Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 它金灿灿的面色也常被遮暗; And often is his gold complexion dimmed, 而千芳万艳都终将凋零飘落, And every fair from fair sometime declines, 被时运天道之更替剥尽红颜; By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed: 但你永恒的夏天将没有止尽, But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 你所拥有的美貌也不会消失, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, 死神终难夸口你游荡于死荫, Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade, 当你在不朽的诗中永葆盛时; When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st, 只要有人类生存,或人有眼睛, So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, 我的诗就会流传并赋予你生命。
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 注:第11行语出《旧约•诗篇》第23篇第4节:“虽然我穿行于死荫之幽谷,但我不怕罹祸,因为你与我同在……” 英文赏析: This is one of the most famous of all the sonnets, justifiably so. But it would be a mistake to take it entirely in isolation, for it links in with so many of the other sonnets through the themes of the descriptive power of verse; the ability of the poet to depict the fair youth adequately, or not; and the immortality conveyed through being hymned in these 'eternal lines'. It is noticeable that here the poet is full of confidence that his verse will live as long as there are people drawing breath upon the earth, whereas later he apologises for his poor wit and his humble lines which are inadequate to encompass all the youth's excellence. Now, perhaps in the early days of his love, there is no such self-doubt and the eternal summer of the youth is preserved forever in the poet's lines. The poem also works at a rather curious level of achieving its objective through dispraise. The summer's day is found to be lacking in so many respects (too short, too hot, too rough, sometimes too dingy), but curiously enough one is left with the abiding impression that 'the lovely boy' is in fact like a summer's day at its best, fair, warm, sunny, temperate, one of the darling buds of May, and that all his beauty has been wonderfully highlighted by the comparison。
这是整体赏析 1. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? This is taken usually to mean 'What if I were to compare thee etc?' The stock comparisons of the loved one to all the beauteous things in nature hover in the background throughout. One also remembers Wordsworth's lines: We'll talk of sunshine and of song, And summer days when we were young, Sweet childish days which were as long As twenty days are now. Such reminiscences are indeed anachronistic, but with the recurrence of words such as 'summer', 'days', 'song', 'sweet', it is not difficult to see the permeating influence of the Sonnets on Wordsworth's verse. 2. Thou art more lovely and more temperate: The youth's beauty is more perfect than the beauty of a summer day. more temperate - more gentle, more restrained, whereas the summer's day might have violent excesses in store, such as are about to be described. 3. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, May was a summer month in Shakespeare's time, because the calendar in use lagged behind the true sidereal calendar by at least a fortnight. darling buds of May - the beautiful, much loved buds of the early summer; favourite flowers. 4. And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Legal terminology. The summer holds a lease on part of the year, but the lease is too short, and has an early termination (date). 5. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, Sometime = on occasion, sometimes; the eye of heaven = the sun. 6. And often is his gold complexion dimmed, his gold complexion = his (the sun's) golden face. It would be dimmed by clouds and on overcast days generally. 7. And every fair from fair sometime declines, All beautiful things (every fair) occasionally become inferior in comparison with their essential previous state of beauty (from fair). They all decline from perfection. 8. By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed: By chance accidents, or by the fluctuating tides of nature, which are not subject to control, nature's changing course untrimmed. untrimmed - this can refer to the ballast (trimming) on a ship which keeps it stable; or to a lack of ornament and decoration. The greater difficulty however is to decide which noun this adjectival participle should modify. Does it refer to nature, or chance, or every fair in the line above, or to the effect of nature's changing course? KDJ adds a comma after course, which probably has the effect of directing the word towards all possible antecedents. She points out that nature's changing course could refer to women's monthly courses, or menstruation, in which case every fair in the previous line would refer to every fair woman, with the implication that the youth is free of this cyclical curse, and is therefore more perfect. 9. But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Referring forwards to the eternity promised by the ever living poet in the next few lines, through his verse. 10. Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, Nor shall it (your eternal summer) lose its hold on that beauty which you so richly possess. ow'st = ownest, possess. By metonymy we understand 'nor shall you lose any of your beauty'. 11. Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade, Several half echoes here. The biblical ones are probably 'Oh death where is thy sting? Or grave thy victory?' implying that death normally boasts of his conquests over life. And Psalms 23.3.: 'Yea though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death I will fear no evil ' In classical literature the shades flitted helplessly in the underworld like gibbering ghosts. Shakespeare would have been familiar with this through Virgil's account of Aeneas' descent into the underworld in Aeneid Bk. VI. 12. When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st, in eternal lines = in the undying lines of my verse. Perhaps with a reference to progeny, and lines of descent, but it seems that the procreation theme has already been abandoned. to time thou grow'st - you keep pace with time, you grow as time grows. 13. So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, For as long as humans live and breathe upon the earth, for as long as there are seeing eyes on the eart. 14. So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. That is how long these verses will live, celebrating you, and continually renewing your life. But one is left with a slight residual feeling that perhaps the youth's beauty will last no longer than a summer's day, despite the poet's proud boast. 这是逐句赏析 中文版:以莎氏十四行诗第18首为例,以往从未有人指出过它的缺点,但笔者根据教学实践得来的体会,认为它至少有两大缺点,一是在音韵方面,其韵脚、头韵和韵格均不同程度的破坏了诗歌的音美和形美;二是某些比喻和描述的平淡或离奇破坏了诗歌的意美。
一、音韵参差,破坏了音美和形美 全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格(iambic pentameter),包括三个四行组(quatrain)和一个对偶句(couplet),采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式,即abab cdcd efef gg。
但本诗音韵并不十分齐整。
在韵脚(end rhyme)方面,第二行的temperate与第四行的date押韵,但两个词的重音位置却不同,这一韵就既非阳韵(masculine rhyme)也非阴韵(feminine rhyme),显得不伦不类,与其它严整的韵对比,这一韵念起来令人颇感突兀,破坏了诗歌的音韵美。
头韵(alliteration)方面,第六和第七行都以And 起头,形成头韵,但这两个并列的简单陈述句从意义上看,造成了语意在同一水平上徘徊而不是递进,而且用相同的And起头使两句不仅在语意也在形式上显得拖沓而无变化,破坏了诗歌的音韵美和形式美。
韵格(meter)方面,五音步抑扬格的诗歌是常有破格的,特别是在诗歌首行的第一个音步,经常是前重音后轻音。
适当的破格可使诗歌免于呆板,增加变化,使音韵更显其美。
但过多的破格就会打乱诗歌的格式,使其音律显得零碎,给诗歌带来负面影响,本诗即是如此。
第一行“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”中的“thee to”是无法按轻重音的顺序来念的,第二行“Thou art more lovely and more temperate”中的两个more是强调,要念重音,因此这一行的韵格就不是抑扬格了。
第六行“And often is his gold complexion dimm’d”中前两个音步的轻重音位置是模糊的。
第十行“Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest”中的第一个音步可以看作是破格,第十一行“Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade”中的“Nor shall Death brag”重音和轻音顺序应是“重轻重重”,也不是抑扬格。
可见,本诗因为破格过多,格律形式有点混乱,诗歌齐整的音韵美受到了损害。
实际上,学生也经常反映这首诗歌读起来有些地方很拗口,主要就是因为韵律破格太多所致。
二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇,破坏意美 诗歌之美,不仅体现在音美和形美上,而且还有语意层面的美。
通过语法、词汇或使用比喻等,可以建构诗歌的意美。
本诗中有美丽的语言,如“darling buds of May”(五月的嫩蕊)、“eternal summer”(长夏)、“thou wander’st in his shade”(在他的暗影里蹉跎),但也有平常的比喻和描述,如诗中将“你”比喻为“夏季”,把太阳比成“天上的眼睛”,有“金色的面容”,这当然不是平淡的描述,但至少也不是新鲜的。
而说死神能“夸口”,这种拟人的手法多少有些平淡了。
诗中又说夏天有“租期”,租期又“太短”,则令人感到有些陌生,难有美感了。
时光匆匆是人人皆知的常识,诗中用复杂的表述来说明浅显的道理,很难令人感到亲切,这样的比喻并未达到增强表现力的效果。
这种将简单复杂化从而使人产生隔膜的例子还有“nature’s changing course untrimm’d ”以及“that fair thou owest”。
而“And every fair from fair”则让一般读者感到很抽象,难以理解。
“So long as men can breathe or eyes can see”也是一句很平常的散文句。
以上所述,是莎氏十四行诗第18首在诗艺上的缺陷。
当然诗中古雅的用词和句法也会给普通读者带来阅读上的不适,但这是古今语言演变造成的隔膜,并非诗歌本身的原因,正如其多个汉译文,现在看起来也有时代距离感一样。
莎士比亚十四行诗第18首是一首经典诗歌,其美妙自不待言,但是从另一个角度检视和观察,认识其缺点和不足,以避免盲目吹捧和过度美化,应该是对待文学经典的更全面因而是更可取的方法。
PS:都是非原创,是我在各个论坛,空间里找的。
但是希望可以啊帮到你~~~~~~~·
英文诗的格式有哪些
英诗浩瀚,篇幅长短不一,长至成集,短至仅句。
为使英语学习者了解英诗,特拟此文,从实用角度阐述英诗的欣赏:诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。
诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。
诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。
(有关修辞手法可参考相关书籍)。
一、 诗的格律 “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。
而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。
重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用“-”或“ˊ”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“)”标示,音步之间可用“/”隔开。
以下是五种常见格式: 1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair \\\/ art thou \\\/ my bon\\\/nie lass, So deep \\\/ in luve \\\/ am I : And I \\\/ will luve \\\/ thee still,\\\/ my dear, Till a` \\\/ the seas \\\/ gang dry: Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose 注;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go 上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:)-/)-/)-/()-) 2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-)/-)/-)/- Tyger!\\\/ Tyger!\\\/ burning \\\/ bright In the \\\/ forests \\\/ of the \\\/ night William Blake: The Tyger 3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
如:三音步抑抑扬格))-/))-/))- Like a child \\\/ from the womb, Like a ghost \\\/ from the tomb, I arise \\\/ and unbuild \\\/ it again. 4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。
如:两音步扬抑抑格-))/-)) ˊTouch her not \\\/ ˊscornfully, ˊThink of her \\\/ ˊmournfully. -- Thomas Hood 5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。
如:三音步抑扬抑格)-)/)-)/)-) 下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O ˊhush thee \\\/ my ˊbabie \\\/ thy ˊsire was \\\/ a knight. 在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。
现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
二、 诗的押韵 押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
1. 尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。
1) 联韵:aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song 2) 交叉韵:abab型。
Sunset and evening star, And one clear call for me! And may there be no moaning of the bar, When I put out to sea, Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar 3) 同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。
The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。
下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner 3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。
下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing: Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo! Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring 三、 诗的体式 有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。
目前我们常见的诗体有: 1. 十四行诗 (Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。
前八行提问,后六行回答。
后来,怀亚特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬 格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。
(Edmund Spenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。
(William Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或式。
举 例见本文第四部分。
2. 打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。
每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
1) There was a young lady of Nigger Who smiled as she rode on a tiger; They returned from the ride With the lady inside, And the smile on the face of the tiger. 2) A tutor who taught on the flute Tried to teach two tooters to toot, “Is it harder to toot, or Said the two to the tutor, To tutor two tooters to toot?” 3. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。
Across the watery bale , and shout again, Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals, And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud. Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild Of jocund din!… William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy 4. 自由诗(Free Verse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。
美国诗人Walt Whitman的<<草叶集>>(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。
例子见第四部分。
四、 诗的评判 对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。
节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。
堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。
二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。
以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。
1. That Time of Year That time of year thou may’st in me behold When yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang, In me thou see’st the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west, When by and by black night doth take away, Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest. In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire, That on the ashes of his youth doth lie. As the deathbed whereon it must expire, Consumed with that which it was nourished by. This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong, To love that well which thou must leave ere long. Notes:may’st:may behold:see late:no long ago thou:you see’st:see fadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬 thy:your perceivest: perceive ere long: before long 此诗是(William Shakespeare, 1564-1616)的一首十四行诗。
作为英国文学巨匠,他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。
此诗为五音步抑扬格,每个诗行格律为:)-/)-/)-/)-/)-/。
全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。
前十二行:通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零,曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛,联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方,被黑夜吞没;自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息,被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。
其中choirs(歌坛),deathbed(灵床)使用暗喻手法,同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。
最后两行:点题,人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。
本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。
2. The Daffodils I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced; but they Outdid the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed --- and gazed --- but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; Ans then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. Notes: a crowd, a host of: many sprightly:happy glee:joy jocund:happy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful (William Wordsworth,1770-1850),十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“”(浪漫主义)之一。
此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象,同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。
黄水仙据说是威尔士国花(1282年,威尔士归顺英格兰,被封公国),在英国广泛栽种,春季开花,花期不长。
有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌,这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。
全诗语言精炼,通俗易懂,四音步抑扬格,分四节(stanza),每节6行,每节押韵均为ababcc。
第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步,偶遇水仙;第二节写水仙争相开放,千姿百态;第三节,诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常;第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时,回想当时情景,又让他心中充满了欢乐,随着水仙跳起舞来。
3. Song of Myself I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul, I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form’d from this soil, this air, Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death. Creeds and schools in abeyance, Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten. I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard. Nature without check with original energy. Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:学说,流派 hazard:chance abeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time (Walt Whitman,1819-1892),美国诗人。
此诗选自其巨著<<草叶集>>。
本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分,采用自由诗体,语言接近当时的美国口语。
文中I指作者,you指读者,这种写法使读者身临其境,进入作者描写的世界。
作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的,同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。
从上看出,诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及,关键要抓住诗中的意象,了解其语义,以便把握诗的大意。
纵然每个人的读后感会有不同,但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣。
关于SAT的一些疑问
先背托福再背sat,这样你会发现好很多,托福是基础,sat很难的,你先要基础扎实
求解析莎士比亚的十四行诗的意思分析
莎士比亚是英国文艺复兴时期一位天才的戏剧家和诗人,他是我们讲授英国文学必 讲的一个作家,他的作品也是每一个文学学习者必读的作品。
到目前为止我们选用的英国文学教材没有哪一本没有选编他和他的作品,而在选编和选讲他的十四行诗 时,几乎都选了他的第18首,如吴伟仁的《英国文学史及选读》,② 王佐良等的《英国文学名篇选注》,③丁廷森的《英国文学选读》,④ 杨恺深等的《英国文学选读》,⑤ 李公昭的《新编英国文学选读》,⑥ 张伯香的《英国文学教程》,⑦ 以及桂扬清和吴翔林的《英美文学选读》,⑧ 何其莘等的《英国文学选集》,⑨ 彭家海的《新编英国文学教程》,⑩ 陈嘉的《英国文学作品选读》,11以及张伯香为自考生编的教材《英美文学选读》12等都选用了这首十四行诗。
那麼对於如此广泛地被选编和选讲的一首诗歌, 我们该如何来讲授呢
笔者认为我们可以著重从它的语言特色之一—修辞格的运用入手来对它进行教学。
第一是这首诗的修辞格用得多,用得全。
一首短短的十四行诗里面,竟然用到了十种修辞格,它们分别是:1.明喻(simile)明 喻是对表面上不相似的东西进行明确的比拟。
第一行『Shall I compare thee to a summer's day(我能否拿夏日将你比拟)
』便用到了这种修辞格。
讲到这里的时候,我们有必要给学生讲清楚这里的夏日可不是我们通常理解的『夏日炎炎』的夏日。
「英国的夏季除7月下旬的十几天外,气候一般舒适宜人,近似中国北方地区的晚春,让人产生愉快、美好的联想。
」16而且这里的夏日既表示诗人的友人可爱, 让人感到可意,又暗指他的友人正处於年轻,精力旺盛的时期,因为夏天总是充满了生机和活力。
2.设问或反问句(rhetorical question)第 一行既用到了明喻这种修辞格,同时也是一个设问句,即它形式上是一个疑问句,但不需要作答,因为它的答案本身就很清楚。
也就是说,诗人提出这个问题来并不 是等待他的友人作回答,而是要表达『我要将你比作夏日』,而且这个设问句用得非常巧妙。
其一它比用陈述句『I shall compare thee to a summer's day'语气要委婉礼貌得多,其二是从整首诗的韵律格局来考虑的,即用『I shall 』属於扬抑格,『shall I'属於抑扬格,而整首诗的格律是五步抑扬格,所以诗人用的是『Shall I …』而不是『I shall…』,可谓一箭双雕,我们不得不佩服他的别出匠心。
3.暗喻(metaphor)暗喻是对表面上 不相似的东西进行不明确的比拟。
17这种修辞格在该诗中用到了两次。
第一次体现在第四行「And summer's lease hath all too short a date」的『lease(期限,租赁使用期)』和『date(持续时间)』这两个词上,它们是法律用语,意思是把夏日比作是房屋,是向大自然租借来的东 西,因此它的使用期是有限的;同时也暗指青春、美丽持续的时间都是有限的。
第二次用在第九行「But thy eternal summer shall not fade」的『summer'一词上,这里的『summer'并不是指四季中的夏季,而是暗指『青春或美丽的容颜』,和第七行「And every fair from fair sometime declines」及第十行「Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st」的『fair'意思相同。
4.拟人(personification)拟人是将一件 事情,一个物体,或一个想法当作人物来呈现。
19这种修辞格在该诗中也用到了三次。
第一次是第五行「Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines(有时太阳照得太热)」的「the eye of heaven(天空的眼睛)」,即它把天空比作是人,它是有眼睛的,也就是指太阳。
也可以把这个地方理解成是暗喻,它抓住了本体(太阳)和喻体(天空的眼 睛)之间的共同点『明亮』,这个拟人手法延伸到了下一行「And often is his gold complexion dimmed(它金色的脸又常被遮掩)」的『complexion(肤色,脸)』一词上,只有人才能谈肤色,所以诗人把太阳也拟人化了,说太阳的脸常被 (乌云)遮掩。
还有一次体现在第三行「Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May」的『darling(亲爱的,可爱的)』这个词上,即诗人把buds(花蕾)人格化了,表达了诗人对花蕾的一种欣赏和爱怜的感情。
5.双关(pun)双 关是一种文字游戏,指利用读音或词根相似的词的不同含义或语法功能。
20英语里的双关有两种,一种是利用同一个词的不同意思;另一种是利用同一个词的不同 语法功能。
该诗用到的双关属於前一种情况,具体用在两个地方。
第一个地方是第七行「And every fair from fair sometime declines(美的人或物难免将丧失其美)」,这里的两个「fair」含义就不同,第一个意为「美的人或物」,而第二个的意思则是指「美本身」,所以 这是运用了双关。
第二个双关的运用表现在「summer」一词的含义上。
这个词在第一行和第四行以及第九行都出现了,在第一行和第四行的意思都是指「夏 天」,而在第九行「But thy eternal summer shall not fade」里面它的意思则是指诗人的友人的「美」或「青春」,所以这又是双关的运用。
6.矛盾法(paradox)这 种修辞法是指表面上看起来是自相矛盾,互相牴触或荒唐的陈述或主张进一步对其进行思考或分析发现它可能是真实的,很有根据的,甚至包含了一个简明的要点。
21该诗的第七行到第十行「And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed,But thy eternal summer shall not fade(美的人物都将丧失其美丽,偶然的或是由於自然的规律,但你的永恒之夏将不会褪色)」就是矛盾法的运用。
既然每一种美都不能永恒,为何诗人的友人 的美又能长存呢
经过进一步地读后面的诗行,我们发现诗人友人的美之所以能够长存是依靠诗人的诗的力量,即最后几行说的他的美将在诗人的诗里永存。
他的诗 能给他友人的美注入活力,使之永不褪色。
7.头韵法(alliteration)就是「在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音」。
该诗第七行(见上文)中的『fair from fair'就是辅音[f]的重复,这就是头韵法的运用。
这种修辞格的运用强调了美丽的人或物之美丽不长久这一事实,是为了引发出诗人的诗可以使他友人的美长存这一主题。
8.夸张(hyperbole)夸 张就是言过其实的陈述,一般是为了强调。
23夸张的手法在该诗中用到了三次,第一次体现在上文提到过的第九行「thy eternal summer」中的「eternal」这个词上。
根据自然规律,每一种美的事物都将逐渐丧失其美丽,那麼诗人友人的美又怎能永恒呢
第二次是第十一行 「Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade(死神也不能夸言你在他的阴影里徘徊)」,每个人早晚总免不了一死,我们都不可能不朽,那麼诗人的友人又怎能不受这种自然规律的约束呢
最后一 行「So long lives this,and this gives life to thee(你将在我的诗中获得永生)」,生和死都是自然规律,每个人都得遵循,无论什麼都改变不了这一事实,所以诗人说他的诗能使他的友人获得永生显然是 夸张的。
9.提喻或举隅或借代(synecdoche)也就是以部分代替整体,单个代替类别,具体代替抽 象,或反之。
24第十二行「When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st(你在这不朽的诗里获得了永生)」的『lines(行)』就是以部分(诗行)代替整体(诗)即提喻或举隅或借代法的运用。
10.倒装(inversion)就 是「词序不同於正常语序的句子」。
25这种修辞格在该诗的四个地方用到了。
第一个地方是第五行「Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines」,正常的语序应该是「Sometime the eye of heaven shines too hot」,因为状语(too hot)通常应该放在谓语动词(shines)的后面而不是放在它前面;第二个地方是第七行「And every fair from fair sometime declines」,正常的语序应该是「And every fair sometime declines from fair」,同上面一样,状语(from fair)通常应该放在谓语动词(declines)的后面;第三个地方是第八行「By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed(被偶然或自然的规律夺去其美丽)」,正常的语序应该是「Untrimmed by chance or nature's changing course」道理同上面的一样;最后一个地方是第十二行「When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st」,正常的语序应该是「When thou grow'st to time in eternal lines」,道理也同上面的都一样。
这些倒装的运用一方面是为了强调状语,另一方面是为了压韵的需要,即为了使整首诗遵循莎士比亚十四行诗的压韵方式而 把这些词「shines, declines, untrimmed, grow'st」安排在句末,这种压韵方式就是abab cdcd efef gg(day,temperate,May,date;shines,dimmed,declines,untrimmed;fade,ow'st, shade,grow'st;see,thee.)。
从上面的分析可以看出这首十四行诗中用到的修辞格不仅多,而且全面,既有语音 手段的修辞格(头韵),也有词汇手段的修辞格(明喻,暗喻,拟人,夸张,矛盾法,双关,借代),还有句法手段的修辞格(设问句和倒装)。
那麼这些修辞格的 使用除了上文分析的作用之外还有什麼作用呢
我们可以进一步引导学生从主题方面来思考这个问题。
在英文诗中's'st'do'分别有什么意义
英诗的欣赏:诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。
诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。
诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。
一、 诗的格律 “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。
而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。
重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用“-”或“?”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“?”标示,音步之间可用“/”隔开。
以下是五种常见格式:1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair \\\/ art thou \\\/ my bon\\\/nie lass,So deep \\\/ in luve \\\/ am I :And I \\\/ will luve \\\/ thee still,\\\/ my dear, Till a` \\\/ the seas \\\/ gang dry:Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose注;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:?-/?-/?-/(?-)2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-?/-?/-?/-Tyger
\\\/ Tyger
\\\/ burning \\\/ brightIn the \\\/ forests \\\/ of the \\\/ nightWilliam Blake: The Tyger3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
如:三音步抑抑扬格??-/??-/??-Like a child \\\/ from the womb,Like a ghost \\\/ from the tomb,I arise \\\/ and unbuild \\\/ it again.4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。
如:两音步扬抑抑格-??/-???Touch her not \\\/ ?scornfully,?Think of her \\\/ ?mournfully.- Thomas Hood5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。
如:三音步抑扬抑格?-?/?-?/?-?下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O ?hush thee \\\/ my ?babie \\\/ thy ?sire was \\\/ a knight.在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。
现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
二、 诗的押韵押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
1. 尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。
1) 联韵:aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sightCould not follow it in its flight.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song2) 交叉韵:abab型。
Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me
And may there be no moaning of the bar,When I put out to sea,Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar3) 同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。
下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。
下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year‘s pleasant king;Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo
Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring三、 诗的体式有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。
目前我们常见的诗体有:1. 十四行诗(Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。
前八行提问,后六行回答。
后来,怀亚特(ThomasWyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。
斯宾塞(EdmundSpenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee.莎士比亚(WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。
举例见本文第四部分。
2. 打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。
每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
1) There was a young lady of NiggerWho smiled as she rode on a tiger;They returned from the rideWith the lady inside,And the smile on the face of the tiger.2) A tutor who taught on the fluteTried to teach two tooters to toot,“Is it harder to toot, orSaid the two to the tutor,To tutor two tooters to toot
“3. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。
Across the watery bale , and shout again,Responsive to his call, - with quivering peals,And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wildOf jocund din
…William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy4. 自由诗(FreeVerse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。
美国诗人WaltWhitman的>(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。
例子见第四部分。
四、 诗的评判对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。
节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。
堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。
二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。
以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。
1. That Time of YearThat time of year thou may‘st in me beholdWhen yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold,Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,In me thou see‘st the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,When by and by black night doth take away,Death‘s second self, that seals up all in rest.In me thou see‘st the glowing of such fire,That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.As the deathbed whereon it must expire,Consumed with that which it was nourished by.This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,To love that well which thou must leave ere long.Notes:may‘st:may behold:see late:no long ago thou:you see’st:seefadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬thy:your perceivest: perceive ere long: before long此诗是莎士比亚(William Shakespeare, 1564-1616)的一首十四行诗。
作为英国文学巨匠,他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。
此诗为五音步抑扬格,每个诗行格律为:?-/?-/?-/?-/?-/。
全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。
前十二行:通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零,曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛,联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方,被黑夜吞没;自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息,被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。
其中choirs(歌坛),deathbed(灵床)使用暗喻手法,同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。
最后两行:点题,人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。
本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。
2. The DaffodilsI wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o‘er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the Milky Way,They stretched in never-ending lineAlong the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced; but theyOutdid the sparkling waves in glee:A poet could not but be gay,In such a jocund company:I gazed - and gazed - but little thoughtWhat wealth the show to me had brought:For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;Ans then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffodils.Notes: a crowd, a host of: many sprightly:happy glee:joyjocund:happy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful华兹华斯(WilliamWordsworth,1770-1850),十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”(浪漫主义)之一。
此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象,同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。
黄水仙据说是威尔士国花(1282年,威尔士归顺英格兰,被封公国),在英国广泛栽种,春季开花,花期不长。
有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌,这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。
全诗语言精炼,通俗易懂,四音步抑扬格,分四节(stanza),每节6行,每节押韵均为ababcc.第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步,偶遇水仙;第二节写水仙争相开放,千姿百态;第三节,诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常;第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时,回想当时情景,又让他心中充满了欢乐,随着水仙跳起舞来。
3. Song of MyselfI celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.My tongue, every atom of my blood, form‘d from this soil, this air,Born ere of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.Creeds and schools in abeyance,Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten.I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard.Nature without check with original energy.Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:学说,流派 hazard:chanceabeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time惠特曼(Walt Whitman,1819-1892),美国诗人。
此诗选自其巨著。
本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分,采用自由诗体,语言接近当时的美国口语。
文中I指作者,you指读者,这种写法使读者身临其境,进入作者描写的世界。
作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的,同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。
从上看出,诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及,关键要抓住诗中的意象,了解其语义,以便把握诗的大意。
纵然每个人的读后感会有不同,但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣。
如何做英美诗歌鉴赏题
Types of Poetry英美诗歌鉴赏,既然是诗歌,还是应该从以下几方面入手:1、诗歌的类型2、Images意象Figures of Speech3、修辞Sound of Poetry4、诗的音律Forms of Poetry5、诗歌的形式简单来说,鉴赏诗就三步。
写什么(意象、意境);怎么写的(艺术手法);抒发诗人什么情感



