关于英语定语从句的翻译
1、This is the singer about whom they always talk.2、I still remember the days during which i lived in the countryside.3、There are a lot of books in my study,some of which are written in English. 4、定语从句的翻译英语中，定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。
他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。
而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。
英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。
所以，在翻译定语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。
从结构上分析，常见的定语从句翻译方法：一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。
既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时候，通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。
He who has nevertasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
Space and oceans are thenew world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, whichwas infectious, broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
Harmonious interpersonalrelationship is the primary reason why I enjoy working here.同事之间关系融洽是我喜欢在这工作的主要原因。
二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。
英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。
这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。
翻译时可以用两种方法来处理：（一）重复先行词由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。
China and Japan reachedagreement on the issue of agriculture which was a major barrier for theirbilateral relation since 1996.中日两国最终就农业问题达成了协议，而农业问题自一九九六年起就是两国关系发展的主要障碍。
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the SpecialCommittee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
You, whosepredecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquireda greater accomplishment in this respect.你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。
Although he is a green hand,he has enterprise and creativity which are decisive in winning success inthe field.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
（二）省略先行词如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，在“通顺、完整”的前提下，有时候可以不用重复先行词。
It is he who receivedthe letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。
They worked out anew method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
After dinner, the fourkey negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
They worked out a new method bywhich efficiency has now been dramatically improved.他们制订出一种新方案，采用之后工作效率大大提高。
三、融合法：把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。
融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成单句中的谓语部分。
由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句。
A．定语从句的主句里有“there be”、“to be”等动词时，可以把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起，译成简单句。
例如：There is a mandownstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。
（原句中的主句部分there is a man翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。
）There are some students in the class whodislike studying.在班上总有一些学生不爱学习。
This is the very knife whichhe used to murder the victim.他就是用这把刀谋杀了受害人。
This was the period whenNewton began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory ofGravity.就在这期间，牛顿开始了一项研究。
经过这项研究，他创立了著名的重力理论。
B．定语从句的动词在整个复合句中分量较重，可将其主句压缩成词组译作主语，而把定语从句的动词译作其谓语。
例如：He had great success infootball which made him an idol in the eyes of every football player.他在足球领域取得的成就使他成为每一个足球运动员的偶像。
四、分译法：分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译的一种方法，主要用于较长的非限制性定语从句里。
采用这种方法可避免句子的冗长和累赘。
有些定语从句在修饰关系上与先行词之间关系显得较为疏远，这时，我们通常会将定语从句译成独立的句子。
One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst Ihad ever seen, which obscured my objective.有一次暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实在是我平生所鲜见的。
这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。
Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that thecomputations were accurate.不过问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算是很精确的。
从定语从句的性质和功能分析，翻译方法：A．表原因The manager was giving adinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.经理只宴请了几个人，因为他特别想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。
No one in the company likestheir boss, who is stingy and bad-tempered.公司里没人喜欢他们的老板，因为他脾气暴躁、人又小气。
B．表结果The two countries established formal diplomatic relation, which paved the wayfor the further communication.两国正式建立了外交关系，从而为双方进一步的交流铺平了道路。
They quarreled with each othereveryday, which led to their divorce.他们夫妻二人天天吵架，最终导致离婚。
C．表让步He insisted on buying anothercar, which he actually didn’t need..他坚持要再买一辆车，尽管他并不需要。
My father, who thought itmight not work, supported me.尽管父亲认为这个办法可能不会起作用，但还是支持我。
D．表目的This company, which wants to gettheir new product sold well in the market, is trying hard to perfect itspacking and workmanship.为了使新产品在市场热销，这个公司正在全力改进工艺和外包装。
E．表转折She is quite considerate andkind, which her younger sister never is.她非常善良，体贴，而她妹妹却从不这样。
To succeed in this area, oneneeds profound knowledge and experience, which few has.要想在这一领域取得成功，需要渊博的知识及丰富的经验，而很少有人能具备这两点。
F．表条件或假设A new product which hasbeautiful packing, good quality and advertising may very likely be a hit inmarket一种新产品，只要包装精美，质量过硬，宣传得力，就能在市场中热销。
Any one who works hard andnever gives up will succeed.任何人，只要努力工作永不放弃，就能够成功。
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如：表示时间The meeting being over, all of uswent home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件The condition being favourable, he maysucceed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
表示原因There being no taxis, we had towalk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrappedher up with great care,the night beingdark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况Almost allmetals are good conductors,silver beingthe best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
(=Almostall metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we wenthome. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
用作条件状语Weather permitting(=Ifweather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=Asan important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up lateinto the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
用作伴随状语He waslying on the grass,his hands crossedunder his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
用作补充说明Weredoubled our efforts,each man workinglike two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
一般独立主格形式与主句逻辑关系松散形式为: n. + -ed\\\/-ing形式; n. +不定式;n. +介词短语; n. +形容词;n. +副词;名词\\\/主格代词+现在分词名词\\\/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。
如：The girl staring at him(= As thegirl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for anouting tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
名词\\\/主格代词+过去分词名词\\\/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。
如：The problems solved(= As theproblems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Becauseher glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
名词\\\/主格代词+不定式名词\\\/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如：He is goingto make a model plane,some old parts tohelp. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They saidgood-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
名词\\\/主格代词+形容词如：An airaccident happened to the plane,nobodyalive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, themeeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
名词\\\/主格代词+副词如：He put onhis sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
名词\\\/主格代词+介词短语如：The boygoes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary wassitting near the fire,her back towardsthe door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
名词\\\/主格代词+名词His first shot failure，he fired again．他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of themchildren.两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
-with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密形式为: with + n. + -ed\\\/-ing形式;with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介词短语with ( without)+宾语（名词\\\/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。
上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
（without +名词\\\/代词+动词的-ing形式）Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。
（without+名词\\\/代词+动词的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest tovisit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
（with+名词\\\/代词+动词不定式）The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
（with+名词\\\/代词+副词）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或Hestood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
（with+名词\\\/代词+介词短语）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。
（with+名词\\\/代词+形容词）在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without 不能省略。
-each引导的强调型独立主格:形式为:句子 +复数名词结尾 , each +介词短语\\\/形容词短语\\\/名词短语\\\/-ing形式\\\/-ed形式这种独立主格结构为了强调句尾的复数名词如:Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operatesthe company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive.（题源:《GMAT语法全解》白勇著，Page38）-Therebeing +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
-It being +名词（代词)It being Christmas, thegovernment offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all theshops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
求写英语essay的词汇和句型大神们帮帮忙
①词汇篇 单词可一个人单词量现，如果总停留在使用very good等小汇，那老师当成发育不完全也正常.所以要使用一些高级词汇（就象是给文章穿上了成人内衣），我不建议大家用考纲以外的词汇（当然你能用更好），夏哥可以教你用高级替换简单词汇~~ severe 替换掉serious（严重的） a severe water shortage严重缺水 needy替换掉 ppor（ 贫穷的） wealthy 替换掉 rich （ 富裕的） benificial 替换掉 good （有益的） undesirable 替换掉 bad （不好的，不受欢迎的） nevertheless 替换掉 however（然而，不过） fundamental \\\/ significant 替换掉 important（ 重要的） relevant 替换掉 related （有关的） ....is highly relevant to....... extraodinary 替换掉 surprising （惊人的，非凡的） provided\\\/providing （that）替换掉 if （如果.....） promote \\\/strengthen 替换掉 improve （提高，加强） More should be done to strengthen industry's links with universities. 应该做更多的事情加强工业界和大学的联系. cope with 替换掉 solve（ 解决） motivate 替换掉 encourage（ 激励） We are looking for someone who will be able to motivate the staff to work hard.我们在寻找能激励职员们努力工作的人. jeopardize 替换掉 be bad to （损害，危及） Failing exams could jeopardize her future. 考试不及格危及她的前程. ease 替换掉 relieve （减轻，缓解） To ease the problem of ..... 为了缓解....的问题..... well-being 替换掉 happiness （幸福，安康） pros and cons 替换掉 advantages and disadvantages（好处和坏处） You must consider all the pros and cons of the matter before you make a decision.在你做决定之前，必须考虑这个问题的正反两个方面. approach \\\/ method 替换掉 way（方法，方案） adopt 替换掉 use （采用，采取） the aged 替换掉 old people（老人） adolescents 替换掉 the young （青少年） employment 替换掉 job（就业） affair 替换掉 thing （事情，东西） bent 替换掉 gift （天赋，爱好） catastrophe 替换掉（ disaster 灾难） subscribe to 替换掉 agree with（ 同意） tend 替换掉 want（趋向于..想要.....） I am tending to another customer at he moment. acquire 替换掉 gain （获得（尤指知识上的）） administration 替换掉 government （政府部门） contribute to 替换掉 cause （引起） extremely 替换掉 very （非常的） frown on sth 替换 disagree with sth （ 不同意） for instance 替换掉 for example （例如） advocate 倡导 compensate for 弥补..... Spare no efforts for努力 In contemporary society 在当今社会A vast amount of 大量的 be abundant in 富有... on ones own account 为了某人自己的利益 at ones own risk 自行负责 on account of 由于 On no account绝不要 arise from 由....引起 Are these any matters arising from the last meeting
这些事情都是由上次的会议引起的吗
assess 评估，评价 Examinations are not the only means of assessing ones ability. 考试不是评价一个人能力的唯一方法. authentic 真实的，可信的 gradual 逐渐的 There has been a gradual improvment in ...over the last two years. 过去的两年中...逐渐改善. ....multiply rapidly ...迅速增加. ripe 时候成熟的The country is ripe for change. 国家已是时候改变. trend 趋势，趋向，潮流 The trend at the moment is that .... 现在..是一个趋势..... emphrasize 强调，重视 I’d like to emphrasize how important it is to .... sustainable development 可持续发展 ②句型篇 英语里面常用的句型也就那么几个，尽量往里套。
能用到以下句型的千万别用一般陈述句，能用长句千万别用短句，最好一句话老长.每个句型我都弄个例句~~ 倒装： Not only di he speak correctly，but he spoke easily. Here comes a bus. Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here . 双否： The postman never fails to come on time . 被动：Many things can be done to solve this problem . 非限定： The man is from the UK，which we can tell from his accent. 定从： This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late. The school (that\\\/which) he once studied in is very famous 让步： Child as he is ，he can speak many foreaign languages. 独立主格： （With）There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. ③常用句子篇——起到一个首饰的作用，让文章更销魂~~~~ 这个有点头疼，多背一背吧~~~ Some changes have taken place in the past five years． 在过去的5年中这里发生的一些变化. A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications． 在世界的沟通与交流方面产生了巨大的变化. This is a phenomenon that ..... 有一个...的现象........ It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．...从...增加到了........... People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth． 人们对..有不同的态度. When it comes to ..., some think ... 当谈到...一些人认为.......... There is a public debate today that ... 当今有一个公共的争论关于........... Recently the problem has been brought into focus. 最近这个问题得到了关注. Now there is a growing awareness that... 现在....的意识增强了. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that…. 有许多人，不是特别多，怀有这样的想法..... it is universally acknowledged that..... ....是一个社会的共识..... Just imagine what would be like if... 设想一下如果...... It is of great benefit to us. ...对我们是有很大的好处的. It has more disadvantages than advantages． 它有很多的优点和缺点. It plays an important role in our life． 它在我们的人生中扮演了很重要的角色. ... this story is not rare. 这样的故事不少见. ..., such dilemma we often meet in daily life. 这样的事情我们在生活中经常遇到. ..., the story still has a realistic significance.这个故事很有现实意义. But some others have just the opposite opinion.一些人有相反的意见. But every coin has two sides. 每个硬币都有两面.（即每件事情都有两面） As for me, I'm in favour of the latter opinion.我支持后者. promote the public awareness of 增强了...的公共认识 The government should take effective measures and immediate actions. 政府应该采取及时有效的措施. To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see... 为了理解...的真相......，认识到....也是重要的. A study of ... will make this point clear .一项研究使这个观点更清楚了. There is no point(use) in doing.....做...是没有意义的. Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years. (很优美的句子,值得借鉴) from the …point of view 从…角度来看 最近, XXXXX现象引起了人们的广泛关注 Recently, the phenomenon of (that) …… has aroused wide public concern 随着社会(科技)的发展,人们开始注意到XXXX的重要性 Along with the advance of the society (science and technology), people are attaching much importance to …… Take ... for an example, it is a very obvious case .拿..来说，这是个很明显的案例. Some people argue that….., whereas others maintain that…. 一些人争论.....另一些人支持....观点. 就我个人而言(老实说), 我全力支持前者(后者) As for me, I am in high favor of the former (latter) Personally, I side with the former (latter) Frankly speaking\\\/ To be frank\\\/ To be honest\\\/ Honestly speaking, it is the former (latter) that I approve of 我认为(在我看来,就我看来,我的观点是, 我想….) I am convinced that…. As far as I am concerned, ….. To my point of view, ….. From where I stand, …… We should take some effective measures． 我们应该采取有效的措施. We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 我们应该努力克服困难. Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as... 当然，B有自身的优势，比如........ As far as we know....正如我们所知道的... In a certain sense......在某种情况下...... There is no denying the fact that .....不可否认的事实是..... 结尾常用句： From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw .... the conclusion that ... In summary, it is wiser ... In short..... From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ...
高中英语作文如何写好
我是英语专业的硕士生 不建议你背单词 至于单词 你可以对照字典看词汇解释 多看看就熟了 不要硬背拼写 无益作文的话 先是语法框架要组织好 我建议你背新概念二册 每一课都讲一个语法点 你背下来整篇的文章 语法就没有问题了 我们大一的时候还要背新二呢如果你语法底子好 就可以尝试着背新三 里面的句式很漂亮 高考作文里 你学会用三个 就会很漂亮 得高分了 我们大三的时候 学专业课什么的 都在背新概念三都是我自己的经验 望加分
求英语学习方法
首先你要培养对英语的兴趣，有了兴趣自然印象深刻。
既然背完了，下次见到的时候就要保证认得出来，不然背了是没有用的。
背的时候要大声读出来，不仅要背单词怎么拼，还要背它的中文意思和词性，例如名词，动词，形容词。
你读得多了，看得多了，下次见到它就会有印象。
高中英语大多是选择题，说真的你只要认得就行了，除了写作文常用的单词要会写之外，认得即可。
课文里会有标志性句式，要圈出来。
资料书上一般都会有。
语法不懂，可以去做专题的试题调研，那里有分类，你要弄明白陈述句句式疑问句句式，反义疑问句，还有就近原则，单数复数的用法，各种语法，只要弄清楚道理，选择题再怎么变你都会写
（不同的题隐含着相同的语法）阅读理解是找关键信息，可以对着阅读理解的几个问题找答案，一般问题是按文章内容顺序提的。
归纳性的就要看懂原文才行。
完形填空可以找专项完形填空的书，比如星火来写。
一个字一个字打出来的，我很喜欢英语。
希望你采纳
高中三年应如何学习英语
怎样学法
be more specific They are wasting resources, for example, time, energy and money.” 上面这句话不错，只是转折词“for example”不妥当；应该这样： “They are wasting resources. For example, they use too much time, energy and money.” 不然就要换一换转折词，改用“such as”或“like”： “They are wasting resources, such as (or like) time, energy and money.” 不管任何语言，转折词（transitional words）都扮演着一个重要角色，就是：承先启后，使句子紧凑，段落相吸，对文章结构，有良性作用。
但是有些人几乎没有采用转折词的习惯，结果文句松散，上下文七零八乱，应该避免。
现在把主要转折词，分类列下，供大家参考。
Ⅰ表示“尤有进者”的意思： Again, also, then, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, next, in addition等，如： ① Jason teaches diligently. Besides, he writes a lot. ② English is a useful language. For one thing, it is an official language in the UN. Then, it is widely used in business, science and technology. Ⅱ表示“反意见”： But, however, still, yet, after all, for all that, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand等，如： ③ Jim is intelligent but lazy. ④ Singapore is not a big country.On the contrary, it is very small. Ⅲ表示“困果关系”： Therefore, so, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等，如： ⑤ Some people are over-ambitious. As a result, they are usually unhappy. ⑥ Tom did not work hard; hence, he failed. Ⅳ表示“比较关系”： Likewise, similarly, in a like manner 等，如： ⑦ You cannot writes without a pen. Likewise, you cannot cook without rice. ⑧ No one is allowed to speak Mandarin in an English class. Similarly, no one is allowed to speak English in a Mandarin class. Ⅴ表示“举例示范”： For example, in other words, for instance, that is 等，如： ⑨ There are some common errors in his composition. For instance, it is wrong to use he to replace the queen. Ⅵ表示“结束”： To sum up, in brief, in short, on the whole, to conclude 等，如： ⑩ Some say Singapore is a nice place to live in. Others say it is not so nice. It is too competitive. In short, some like Singapore; some do not.Ⅳ表示“比较关系”： Likewise, similarly, in a like manner 等，如： ⑦ You cannot writes without a pen. Likewise, you cannot cook without rice. ⑧ No one is allowed to speak Mandarin in an English class. Similarly, no one is allowed to speak English in a Mandarin class. Ⅴ表示“举例示范”： For example, in other words, for instance, that is 等，如： ⑨ There are some common errors in his composition. For instance, it is wrong to use he to replace the queen. Ⅵ表示“结束”： To sum up, in brief, in short, on the whole, to conclude 等，如： ⑩ Some say Singapore is a nice place to live in. Others say it is not so nice. It is too competitive. In short, some like Singapore; some do not.
英语中为什么会产生非谓语动词
非谓语动词在英语里是一项重要的语言表现形式，它与汉语动词的使用方法习惯很不一样,是不少中国学生容易混淆出错的知识能力要点。
非谓语动词有四个特出的特点： 一，它不能当谓语，因此在同一句子中一定还会另有谓语动词。
象“I running in the morning every day.he named Liping. 就是没有谓语动词的错误的句子。
二，非谓语动词和谓语动词都表示动作，但两者的性质，地位不同。
这是中国学生最不容易理解的地方。
对句子往深层次分析，我们就应该领悟到这一点：与谓语动词的动作对比，非谓语动词的地位是次要的，从属性质的：（1）此动作有时已不是具体的动作，而是概括抽象的一件事，相当于一个名词了；（2）此动作有时即使是具体的动作，但却是从属性的，次要的动作：比如表示原因，条件，时间，目的，临时性的不稳定的伴随动作状态等。
在汉语中，不使用连词也可以在一个句子中连用用几个动词；但在英语中，一个句子只能用一个谓语动词，除了用and 连接的两动词外，其它的两个动词一定要分清主次，从属等内在逻辑关系。
表示原因，条件，目的，时间，临时性的不稳定的伴随动作等动词必须用非谓语或从句来表示。
句子的重心应用作主句谓语动词，句子的次要，伴随，补充的说明部分必须用非谓语或有连词引导的从句。
下面列举一些例句对比说明：1.为了健康，他天天喝牛奶。
为了健康是目的，是次要动作，“喝牛奶”才是唯一的谓语动词；To be more healthy, he drinks milk every day.2.喝牛奶对他有好处，他爱喝牛奶这两处的“喝牛奶”明显地不是具体的喝,而是概括抽象的一件事。
“喝牛奶”在此处就近似地相当于名词“牛奶”.应用Drinking milk动名词来表示。
3，“我喝牛奶肚子痛。
”“喝牛奶”在此处虽然是具体动作，但它和肚子痛有内在逻辑关系，它表示的是原因，是从属地位，“肚子痛”才是主要的谓语动词。
可以用Having drunk some milk, I have some trouble with my stomach.来表示。
也可以用从句“Since I have drunk some milk,I have some trouble with my stomach. 4，“喝牛奶，人健康”，“喝牛奶”与“健康”有逻辑联系，它显然是条件，可以用Drinking milk every day, one will get more healthy来表示。
5，“我喝牛奶呛着了。
”“喝牛奶”和“呛着”也有逻辑联系，它表示时间，可以用“Drinking milk, I choked.来表示。
6，“他坐在那里喝牛奶.”“坐”是稳定的长背景动作，应做谓语动词，而“喝牛奶”却是变动不稳定的的伴随动作，是补充说明，可用非谓语动词：“He sat there,drinking some milk.综上所述，同是“喝牛奶”，但各句子中“喝牛奶”的动作含义和句子地位各不相同。
此“喝牛奶”非彼“喝牛奶”。
除了可以当状语，非谓语动词还可以当定语和补语。
例如：7，The girl standing there was crying.standing 就是the girl 的定语。
8，I found him running in the street. running 就是 found 的宾补。
非谓语动词还可以当表语。
当表语的现在分词和过去分词都相当于形容词，表示特征，状态或人的情绪，情感；当表语的动名词相当于名词，表示一件事情或现象。
例如：9，The book is tiring , while the film is exciting.10.The excited audiences were moved at the exciting play.11.Her job is raising pigs ,she finds that living is working. 三，非谓语动词前不需要形式主语和连词。
1，除了独立主格结构外，非谓语动词都没有形式主语出现在它的前面，如出现了多余的主语那反而是错的句子。
但主语不出现不等于没有主谓关系。
非谓语动词肯定与主句的主语存在着隐含的逻辑主谓关系，如找不出这种关系那一般都是错误的句子。
如“从山上看下去，我们的城市很美丽。
”主句的主语“城市”不会“看”，不存在逻辑主谓关系，只存在动宾关系。
因此不能用“Seeing,而只能用Seen from the mountain , ... 被动的形式来表示。
或用独立主格：“Anybody seeing it from the mountain ,the city looks very beautiful.又比如“听到这个消息，她的眼泪流出来了。
”“眼泪”不会“听”，不存在逻辑主谓关系，因此不能象中文一样直译：Hearing the news,her tears came along her check.应该说：Hearing the news ,she had tears coming along her check. 2，非谓语动词不需要because,as,if,when,while 等连词，但它却已经含有连词的意思。
象 Because not having prepared my lesson,I can't answer the question.就是错的，应删去Because。
反之，如不用非谓语而用从句，那表示原因，条件，时间，伴随，目的的从句前又必须有连词。
而中文却是可以省连词的，如上文的“喝牛奶肚子痛”“喝牛奶，人健康。
”“喝牛奶呛着了”都可以加用连词也可以不用连词。
因此中国学生往往把表示原因，条件，时间，伴随的从句不用连词，不用句号，却要与主句并列在一起，出现“少连词混淆主次”的错误，如：I am poor, I can't buy the house. I am poor显然与后面的句子有逻辑因果关系，应加连词Since或变成“Being poor,I can't buy the the house. 有时中国学生又会犯两个分句都用连词的错误，如：“因为我病了，所以今天我不能上学”译成：Because I am ill, so I can't go to school today.在英语中有连词的句子都是次要，从属地位的从句，如两个分句象中文一样都用连词，那就没有表示句子主要意思的主句了。
这便是“多连词导致无主句”错误。
同理，如非谓语动词短语后的句子用连词，也等于犯了“无主句”的错误。
四,非谓语动词具有谓语动词的有宾语，有状语等特征。
1，及物的非谓语动词后要带宾语，是双宾动词还要带两个宾语，象上面的句子如用Anybody seeing from the mountain, ........就是不好的句子，因为及物非谓语动词seeing没有带宾语。
2，不及物的非谓语动词后当然不会有宾语。
3，过去分词后不能出现宾语，因主句的主语就是它的逻辑宾语。
象Heated the water ,it will turn into stream.就是错的，the water 应删去。
当然，带双宾的非谓语动词后还需带一个宾语：“Told the students many times, the importance is paid attention to. 以上知识能力要点都是要靠理解，领悟，不是靠死记硬背的。
下面让我们做一点练习来加深理解。
注意两动作的主次逻辑关系，注意“无形式主语”“无连词”“不能多用连词 ”等非谓语动词特点.
什么时候要用独立主格呢?
独立主格的句子都可以转化成状语从句。
独立主格在功能上和状语从句一样，都是作主句状语。
只是独立主格有自己的逻辑主语和谓语，状语从句只有一个主语和谓语，在主句里。
比如独立主格:Time permitting ,we will go to park.这里面Time permitting名词+分词， 构成独立主格，逻辑主语是Time ，逻辑谓语是permitting。
状语从句:If time permits, we will go to park，主语是we 独立主格转化成状语从句，有时候句子表达的感觉会有一点不同。
独立主格很灵活，句式简单就可以表达丰富意思。
在地道口语中，经常被使用。
状语从句一般书面文中见得比较多。
