文学赏析读后感
中国文学的鉴赏 袁行霈 一 滋 味 文学是语言的艺术,文学鉴赏离不开对语言的咀嚼和玩味.读懂是第一步,但仅仅读懂还不够,要能欣赏语言的巧妙、语言的美.中国有句成语叫“咬文嚼字”,似乎有点贬义.但文学鉴赏不能不学会“咬文嚼字”.元遗山《与张中杰郎中论文诗》云：“文须字字作,亦要字字读,咀嚼有余味,百过良未足.”这是文学鉴赏的经验之谈. 阅读文学作品可以借助字典、辞典,然而字典、辞典只解释字词的意思,不可能把它的滋味告诉读者.一般的注本也不过是注出词义、典故.隐藏在语言深层的情韵,附着在词语之上的色彩,未必能借助工具书和注释得到.这只有通过自己大量的阅读,反复的玩味,才能逐渐体会. 例如“白日”,辞典注曰“太阳”.但熟悉古典诗歌的人都会感到这个词以“白”形容“日”,似乎强调了“日”的亮度；左思说：“皓天舒白日,灵景耀神州.”鲍照说：“白日正中时,天下共明光.”“白日”是“太阳”,但是经过诗人反复使用后,它已带有一种光芒万丈的气象.王之涣的《登鹊雀楼》一开头说“白日依山尽”,虽然写的是夕阳,但因用了“白日”这两个字,仍给人以辉煌灿烂的感觉. 又如“东篱”,陶渊明《饮酒》诗有“采菊东篱下,悠然见南山”.陶家院子东边有一道篱笆,下边种着菊花,这本是普通的田家景色.可是因为陶渊明是一位著名隐士,菊几乎成了他的化身,所以连带着“东篱”也有了远离尘俗的意味. 再看杜甫的《江南逢李龟年》： 岐王宅里寻常见,崔九堂前几度闻.正是江南好风景,落花时节又逢君. “落花时节”四字既点明时令,又暗喻李龟年和自己两人的遭遇,还暗喻唐王朝的局势,含蓄蕴藉,大可玩味. 《论语·雍也》说：“伯牛有疾,子问之,自 脂执其手,曰：‘亡之,命矣夫!斯人也而有斯疾也!斯人也而有斯疾也!”斯人斯疾,重复一个“斯”字,孔子那种爱惜悲痛的心情充分地传达了出来. 《世说新语》记载名士的言谈举止十分生动,如《文学》篇中,“了不长进”四字就很传神,特别是那个“了”字,耐人寻味. 支道林初从东出,住东安寺中.王长史宿构精理,并撰其才藻,往与支语,不大当对.王叙致作数百语,自谓是名理奇藻.支徐徐谓曰：“身与君别多年,君义言了不长进.”王大惭而退. 小说戏曲中的词语,也有一些值得玩味的.《红楼梦》第四十四回,贾母骂贾琅：“下流东西,灌了黄汤,不说安分守己的挺尸去,倒打起老婆来了.”“黄汤”就是“黄酒”,但用“黄场”往往有贬义.如《水 济》第十四回：“畜生!你却不径来见我,且在路上贪噇这口黄汤.我家中没得与你吃,辱没杀人!”元杂剧《朱砂担》第一折有：“我则是多吃了那几碗黄汤,以此赶不上他.”不该喝酒而喝了,酒后闯了祸,这时不用“黄酒”而用“黄汤”,别有一种趣味. “没嘴的葫芦”,比喻不多讲话的人.葫芦这比喻使人联想到憨厚的样子,再加上“没嘴”,这印象就更强烈了.《红楼梦》第七十八回：“袭人本来从小儿不言不语,我只说是没嘴的葫芦.既是你深知,岂有大错误的?”《西游记》第三十八回：“他就是个没嘴的葫芦,也与你滚上几滚.”元杂剧《蝴蝶梦》第二折：“浑身是口怎么支吾,恰似个没嘴的葫芦.”将这些例句互相对照,觉得更有意思. 又如《红楼梦》第七回秦可卿的弟弟秦钟初次与宝玉相见,凤姐也在场.当秦钟向凤姐作揖问好时,“凤姐喜的先推宝玉,笑道：‘比下去了!’便探身一把携了这孩子的手,就命他身傍坐了.”这一段里“比下去了”四个字极其传神.除表示凤姐喜欢秦钟以外,还可看出凤姐对宝玉的爱.凤姐总以为别人都不及宝玉,经常拿别人和宝五相比,以往没有人可以比得上他,如今这秦钟一来就把宝玉“比下去了”.一个泼辣女人的形象立刻出现在读者眼前. 《水浒传》第三回写鲁提辖拳打镇关西：“鲁达听罢,跳起身来,拿着那两包腰子在手里,睁眼看着郑屠说道：‘洒家特的要消遣你!’把两包臊子劈面打将去,却似下了一阵‘肉雨’.”这“肉雨”二字,金圣叹批曰：“千古奇文.”李卓吾批曰：“‘肉雨’二字惩地形容,从未经人道过.”袁无涯批曰：“‘肉雨’二字俗而典,莽而趣,便生后拳头雨点之根.” 文学是语言的艺术,语言的功能是很奇妙的.然而语言的表现力又是有限的,即使是语言大师也常常遇到语言表达的苦恼.中国的文学家深知“言不尽意”的道理,所以特别注重语言的启发性和暗示性,把那些微妙的意味寄诸言外,追求言有尽而意无穷的效果.中国文学的鉴赏,要从语言入手,但不要被语言所局限,应当从言内到言外,品尝那些言外的滋味. 二 意 境 意境是作家的主观情意与客观物象互相交融而形成的、足以使读者沉浸其中的想象世界.诗、赋、词、曲、小说、散文、骈文等各种文学体裁,以及绘画、音乐等艺术种类都可以创造出意境.注重意境的创造,是中国文学艺术共同的特点. 意境的形成,有赖于作家的主观情意与客观物象二者的交融.或情随境生；或移情入境；或体贴物情,物我情融.有时意境很快就达到鲜明清晰的地步,有时需要在初始之境的基础上深化、开拓.《漫 叟诗话》说：杜甫的《曲江对酒》中的两句诗,原作“桃花欲共杨花语,黄鸟时兼白鸟飞”,后改为“桃花细逐杨花落,黄鸟时兼白鸟飞”.改了三个字,意境遂大不相同.此诗是杜甫乾元元年在长安任拾遗时所作,他对肃宗既怀有幻想,又感到失望.久坐江畔,一种寂寞无聊之感袭上心来.“桃花欲共杨花语”,偏于想象,意境活泼,与此时之心情不合.改为“桃花细逐杨花落”,偏于写实,意境清寂,正好表现久坐无聊的心情. 诗词中鲜明的富于启示性的意境不胜枚举.“倾耳无希声,在目皓已洁.”(陶渊明《癸卯岁十二月中作与从弟敬远》)“大漠孤烟直,长河落日圆.”(王维《使至塞上》)“江流天地外,山色有无中.”(王维《汉江临眺》)“狂风吹我心,西挂咸阳树.”(李白《金乡送韦八之西京》)“落日照大旗,马鸣风萧萧.”(杜甫《后出塞》其二)“无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来.”(杜甫《登高》)“春潮带雨晚来急,野渡无人舟自横.”(韦应物《滁州西涧》)“风乍起,吹皱一池春水.”(冯延巳《遏金门》)“月上柳梢头,人约黄昏后.”(欧阳修《生查子元夕》)“斜阳外,寒鸦数点,流水绕孤村.”(秦观《满庭芳》)“小楼一夜听春雨,深巷明朝卖杏花.”(陆游 陆安春雨初雾》)这些诗句,我们反复体味,即可进入那意境之中,获得美的享受. 有些抒情写景的散文和骈文,也有诗的意境.王勃的《滕王阁序》、柳宗元的《水州八记》、苏拭的前后《赤壁赋》等等,自不待言.即使是先秦诸子散文,如《论语》也有一些诗一样的片段.其《先进》篇中,子路、曾哲、冉有、公西华侍坐章,孔子让他们各言其志,其他几个人都是直截了当地述说,只有曾哲是借一段描述性的语言来表达的： 暮春者,春服既成,冠者五六人,童子六七人,浴乎沂,风乎舞害,咏而归. 这段文字就颇有意境. 戏曲有没有意境呢?也有.王国维说元杂剧之妙,“一言以蔽之曰：有意境而已矣.何以谓之有意境?曰：写情则沁人心脾,写景则在人耳目,述事则如其口出是也.”(《宋元戏曲考》)戏曲中的曲词尤其注重意境的表现.有些曲词善于描摹景物,烘托气氛,抒写人物的内心活动,如王实甫《西厢记》里《长亭送别》一折中的两支曲子： [正宫]〔端正好]碧云天,黄花地,西风紧,北雁南飞.晓来谁染霜林醉?总是离人泪. [收尾]四围山色中,一鞭残照里.遍人间烦恼填胸臆,量这些大小车儿如何载得起? 小说有没有意境呢?也有.如《聊斋志异》中的《绿衣女》,写书生于璟在庙里读书,夜间忽有一女子在窗外赞曰：“于相公勤读哉!”于方疑思间,女已推扉笑入.绿衣长裙,婉妙无比.于生爱之,遂与寝处.女妙解音律,歌声动耳摇心.一夕,女走后于生听到她呼救的声音,声在檐间,一大蜘蛛捉一物,哀鸣声嘶.于破网挑下,则一绿蜂将毙.“捉归室中,置案头.停苏移时,始能行步.徐登砚池,自以身投墨汁,出伏几上,走作‘谢’字.旋展双翼,已乃穿窗而去.自此遂绝.”整篇小说都富有诗意,而末段尤有意境. 中国文学的创作既注重表现意境,文学的鉴赏当然也应该力求感受和进入意境.当我们读着那些意境深远的作品时,可能暂时忽略了周围的一切,视而不见,听而不闻,整个心灵沉浸在想象的世界之中.有时是自己过去的审美经验被唤起,并和诗人取得共鸣.有时仿佛心灵打开了一扇新的窗户,对宇宙和人生得到新的理解.有时会感到超越了故我,在人格上和智力上走向更加光明和智慧的境地. 怎样才能进入文学作品的意境呢?必须驰骋自己的想象和联想,由此及彼,由表及里.诗歌鉴赏需要运用想象和联想,已无须赘言,这里只讲讲戏曲的鉴赏.中国戏曲的表演有很强的虚拟性,乘车荡舟,骑马作战,扣门登楼,各种各样的动作都是由演员通过虚拟的方式加以表现,舞台上并没有真实的布景.那山山水水,干军万马,都要由观众自己去想象.而在读剧本的时候,眼前不但没有布景,而且没有演员,所见到的只是纸上的文字.读者要借助这些文字想象出舞台的情景,让死的文字一个个活起来,变成一些生动的场景.这样才能进入它的意境. 三 寄 托 中国文学本有托物言志的传统,《论语·子罕》说：“岁寒,然后知松柏之后凋也.”借松柏表现坚贞的人格.《离骚》里的美人香草,寄托了诗人高尚的情操.有些作家不敢或不愿把自己的政治见解明白说出,也常常隐去真意,而用托物言志的方法.在那些题为“咏怀”“咏史”“感遇”“感怀”的作品中,不少是这样的.因此鉴赏中国文学,必须注意有无寄托,如果有寄托,就要进一步弄清是什么寄托,透过表层的意象,体察作者真正的思想感情.如李商隐的《回中牡丹为雨所败》其二： 浪笑榴花不及春,先期零落更愁人.玉盘进泪伤心数,锦瑟惊弦破梦频.万里重阴非 旧圃,一年生意属流尘.前溪舞罢君回顾,并觉今朝粉态新. 这首诗以为雨所败的牡丹象征自己,咏物和抒情融合在一起,曲折而细腻地表现了自己不幸的遭遇.又如元代诗人王冕的《白梅》： 冰雪林中著此身,不同桃李混芳尘.忽然一夜清香发,散作乾坤万里春. 王冕笔下这株白梅高洁绝俗,而又不孤芳自赏,它愿意把自己的清香贡献出来,以加快春天的到来,寄托了诗人的理想. 在散文中有寄托的作品也不少见.韩愈的《杂说》四(《马说》)借着不为人知的千里马寄托了寒士的不平.周敦颐的《爱莲说》,以“出淤泥而不染”的莲花寄托自己的情怀,都是显而易见的例子. 然而,我们应该避免穿凿附会,把那些并无寄托的作品说成是比兴寄托之作.这只能破坏鉴赏的趣味而无助于对作品的理解.汉儒对《诗经》的解说就犯这个毛病.例如《关眼》明明是一首情歌,却被解释为“后纪之德也”.清代陈沆用汉儒解诗的方法,笺释汉代至唐代的诗歌,也有不少穿凿附会之处,如汉乐府《上邪》： 上邪!我欲与君相知,长命无绝衰.由无陵,江水为竭,冬雷阵阵夏雨雪,天地合, 乃敢与君绝. 陈沆说：“此忠臣被谗自誓之词!”显得迂腐可笑. 四 博 采 中国文学的鉴赏,需要深厚的文化修养.博采中国文化各个领域的知识,可以提高鉴赏的能力.例如诗歌的鉴赏,可以借鉴绘画、书法理论的地方就很多.清代王原祁论山水画说,用笔须“毛”,蔡 岂论书法艺术讲究“涩”,诗歌评论家论诗歌艺术讲到“拙”,我们可以互相印证.叶燮《原诗》论汉魏之诗说：“其工处乃在拙,其拙处乃在工.”陈师道《后山诗话》评刘禹锡的一首诗说：“语虽拙而意工.”袁枚《随园诗话》说：“诗宜朴不宜巧,然必须大巧之朴；诗宜淡不宜浓,然必须浓后之淡.”画家所谓“毛”,书家所谓“涩”,诗家所谓“拙”,其中的道理是相通的. 中国传统的艺术讲究一个“虚”字,虚处见实.画家往往在画面上留出大片空白,让观画的人自己去想象补充.清初画家 宣重光《画签》说：“虚实相生,无画处皆成妙境.”书家和篆刻家讲究“字画疏处可以走马,密处不使透风,常计白以当黑,奇趣乃出”.中国文学追求言外之意,正是虚处见实,计白当黑,让读者在无字之处看出字来,进而领悟作品的情趣.如果对中国的绘画艺术、书法艺术、篆刻艺术有所了解,就会有助于对中国文学的鉴赏.
i can swing over the river怎么读
i can swing over the river我能在河上荡秋千i can swing over the river我能在河上荡秋千
why can't the big cow play on the swing是什意思?怎么读
why can't the big cow play on the swing?为什么大奶牛不能在秋千上玩呢
.-----------------------------------为你解答，如有帮助请采纳，如对本题有疑问可追问，Good luck!
求Mary Gavell 的小说 The Swing 的译文。
你在这样蓝的天空下荡秋千吗
哦，我想一个小孩子最乐意做了，在空气中越过（包围着你的）墙向上飞，直到你的视野变得如此广阔，河流、树木、城堡使你抛开一切的烦恼，视线越过乡村，直到绿色的菜园，落下来时视线又变成棕褐色，接着我又在中再一次地飞了起来，在空气中上下摆荡
How do you like to go up in a swing,Up in the air so blue?Ovh ,I do think it the pleasantest thing Ever a child can do.Up in the air and over the wall,Till can see so wide.River and trees and cattle and aii,Over the countryside-Till I lonnk down on the garden green, Down on the roof so brown.Up in the air I go flying again.Up in the air and down!对吗
用英语“swing”造句
The young Jack Dawson and Ruth David Kate from Britain to the United States luxury liner Titanic, and arrived in the United States. Unfortunately, ship sank in the way it crashed into an iceberg.Talking about this movie, a thought of except that the scene be struck with fright, touching love, fascinating story, left me the deepest impression, is Ruth. At the edge of life and death, but not despair.People in the face of death so small. Therefore, extreme fear, and therefore produces various kinds of ugly behavior all to cover all at one glance: in order to survive, some people in the sea will be someone else's head into water drowned, they rely on the floating in the sea; for women, children first boarded the lifeboat, a man spent money to bribe in order to protect the crew; for their own safety, can take more than 70 rescue ships carrying more than a dozen people, and the people on board for fear of his life, was reluctant to go to save many a person on the ferry, including relatives. These phenomena and the reality of how hateful. However, the nature of better always than ugly: most men to comply with the system, will hope his wife, children send boat, stay on the Titanic; calm the crew are killed for passengers, arrange orderly boarded the lifeboat; when the ship tilted, people have slipped back to when someone is hugging, pillars, the other hand to pull the hand of others; the sea chase two characters when the film is swept across and come, but saw a nobody to look after the children cry when be at a loss what to do, he picked up the child, bring him up ... ... Of these, is to face the choice of life and death, a noble spirit and noble way.There are details many touching, all show a calm and serene to death: the three class in the young mother know slim hope of survival as the phantom, then speak a beautiful fairy tale to enable children to sleep; elderly couple tears gently embracing, quietly lying in bed waiting for death comes; the boat of the players took one after another sad music, towards the end of last collaboration; old captain came into the master room, will choose the last moment of life gave it into his greatest passion and glorious place; the female lead Ruth separate than with Jack, in the rescue ship down when the Titanic, bravely jumped on the window. For her, the meaning of life is far more than the passion for life.Ruth had a long monologue, roughly as follows: my life is always occupied by boring things. Dinner, endless dance, horse racing, rowing, with these people. No one really cares for me. I feel like standing on a high cliff, no turning back. After the death of Ruth's father, Ruth has a little. Mother to daughter to marry the rich son, forced her to the worship of money in mutual flattery, the atmosphere was foul. The upper social circles have a lady's life. She is sitting on the swing, the high beginning, but suddenly the heart empty, empty is empty. So she chose to jump into the sea, but was Jack rescued, Jack also saved her heart. He in the first-class cabin dinner brave to talk about his own views enjoy every day . And with Ruth play in the three class party remain free, sincere, warm. He went to the full, happy to civilian life made Ruth feel, tell her where the significance of life.Jack is a strong, optimistic person, his this spirit of Ruth. After the sinking of the Titanic, Ruth and Jack found a bamboo raft. After a thrilling, hard to escape, they are at sea was tired and cold torture to be dead beat. Live to let them talk incessantly, only kept talking, can exist. The sky was covered with stars. In the night sky twinkling, this should be a romantic night, but there was a wreck of the worst in history. In addition to the 705 people were rescued, 1515 people. A group of wearing a life jacket body floating in the North Atlantic ocean. Only one boat back to save. The crew of the searchlight return to find people living in the sea. Shivering Ruth saw the light of hope, full of joy she wanted to wake up Jack. But her voice was so feeble, Jack has been unable to wake up the sleeping. Ruth's tears over the cold face. The lifeboat was sent far away. Ruth's eyes with a look of pain will Jack's corpse into the ocean, chisuo a bamboo raft -- her to fulfill her promise, she promised Jack must live. Eback, eback, eback ... ... Ruth's poor call with firm eyes, the eyes look very determined, implies a desire for infinite life, she struggling on the brink of despair, tenacious struggle with death. She had boarded the lifeboat, or she will be consumed by the darkness and the dead silence of stretch to the horizon, her soul would melt in cold water of the North Atlantic cold. She don't after just understand the meaning of life will lose it, she don't violate her promised promise. She trembled as she swam to a dead crew, take him hangs whistle, with all strength blew it, blew her love of life, blew her things in the world of nostalgia, blew her of all things good. God heard her devout prayer, the lifeboat direction, toward the whistle place coming. The bright lights in the Ruth strong and full face, she finally warm on the lifeboat blanket was fast asleep. Open your eyes, she saw the soft light. The dark past.纯粹原创，大学用过的
文言文三峡的翻译.
歌名《Counting Stars》Lately, I’ve been, I’ve been losing sleep 最近我辗侧 难以入眠 Dreaming about the things that we could be 对我有过愿景 浮想联翩 But baby, I’ve been, I’ve been praying hard, 但亲爱的 我早已在内心深处祈祷着 Said, no more counting dollars 祈祷自己不再迷失于金钱的追逐中 we’ll be counting stars 我们可以细数满天繁星 Yeah, we’ll be counting stars 细数满天繁星 品味生活乐趣 I see this life like a swinging vine 生活就像一株跃动的藤蔓 Swing my heart across the line 长驱直入 激活我的内心 In my face is flashing signs 在我脸上 划过迹象 Seek it out and you shall find 遍寻之后 你能发现 Old, but I'm not that old 我虽上年纪 但不致老态龙钟 Young, but I'm not that bold 虽还年轻 却未必鲁莽失礼 And I don't think the world is sold 坚信这个世界美好如初 I'm just doing what we're told 我只是循规蹈矩地生活着 I ，feel something so right Doing the wrong thing 惯于离经叛道中 体味心安理得 And I feel something so wrong Doing the right thing 亦于按部就班中 痛感乏善可陈 I ，could lie, could Iie, could lie 我欺骗过 伪装过 失真过 Everything that kills me makes me feel alive 但置我于死地者 必将赐我以后生 Lately, I’ve been, I’ve been losing sleep 最近我总是辗转反侧 难以入眠 Dreaming about the things that we could be 对我们曾有过的愿景 浮想联翩 But baby, I’ve been, I’ve been praying hard, 但亲爱的 我早已在内心深处祈祷着 Said, no more counting dollars 祈祷自己不再迷失于金钱的追逐中 we’ll be counting stars 我们可以细数满天繁星Lately, I’ve been, I’ve been losing sleep 最近我总是辗转反侧 难以入眠 Dreaming about the things that we could be 对我们曾有过的愿景 浮想联翩 But baby, I’ve been, I’ve been praying hard, 但亲爱的 我早已在内心深处祈祷着 Said, no more counting dollars 祈祷自己不再迷失于金钱的追逐中we’ll be,we’ll be counting stars我们,我们可以细数满天繁星I feel the love and I feel it burn 我感觉到爱火在胸中熊起 Down this river, every turn 于河流的每个迂回处翻腾 Hope is a four-letter word 希望只是个粗俗字眼 Make that money, watch it burn 身外之物 皆可抛却 Old, but I'm not that old 我虽上年纪 但未必老态龙钟 Young, but I'm not that bold 虽还年轻 却不致鲁莽失礼 I don't think the world is sold 坚信这个世界美好如初 I'm just doing what we're told 我只是循规蹈矩地生活着 I feel something so wrong Doing the right thing 亦于按部就班中 痛感乏善可陈 I could lie,could lie, could lie 我欺骗过 伪装过 失真过 Everything that drowns me makes me wanna fly 但置我于低谷者 定能助我以崛起 Lately, I’ve been, I’ve been losing sleep 最近我总是辗转反侧 难以入眠 Dreaming about the things that we could be 对我们曾有过的愿景 浮想联翩 But baby, I’ve been, I’ve been praying hard, 但亲爱的 我早已在内心深处祈祷着 Said, no more counting dollars 祈祷自己不再迷失于金钱的追逐中 we’ll be counting stars 我们可以细数满天繁星 Lately, I’ve been, I’ve been losing sleep 最近我总是辗转反侧 难以入眠 Dreaming about the things that we could be 对我们曾有过的愿景 浮想联翩 But baby, I’ve been, I’ve been praying hard, 但亲爱的 我早已在内心深处祈祷着 Said, no more counting dollars 祈祷自己不再迷失于金钱的追逐中 we’ll be we’ll be counting stars 我们可以细数满天繁星 品味生活乐趣 Take that money, watch it burn 身外之物 皆可抛却Sing in the river The lessons are learnt 泛舟当歌 人生几何Take that money, watch it burn身外之物 皆可抛却Sink in the river The lessons are learnt 泛舟当歌 人生几何Take that money, watch it burn 身外之物 皆可抛却Sink in the river The lessons are learnt 泛舟当歌 人生几何Take that money, watch it burn 身外之物 皆可抛却Sink in the river The lessons are learnt泛舟当歌 人生几何Everything that kills me makes me feel alive 但置我于死地者 必将赐我以后生Lately, I’ve been, I’ve been losing sleep 最近我总是辗转反侧 难以入眠 Dreaming about the things that we could be 对我们曾有过的愿景 浮想联翩 But baby, I’ve been, I’ve been praying hard, 但亲爱的 我早已在内心深处祈祷着 Said, no more counting dollars 祈祷自己不再迷失于金钱的追逐中 we’ll be counting stars 我们可以细数满天繁星 品味生活乐趣 Lately, I’ve been, I’ve been losing sleep 最近我总是辗转反侧 难以入眠 Dreaming about the things that we could be 对我们曾有过的愿景 浮想联翩 But baby, I’ve been, I’ve been praying hard, 但亲爱的 我早已在内心深处祈祷着 Said, no more counting dollars 祈祷自己不再迷失于金钱的追逐中 we’ll be we’ll be counting stars 我们可以细数满天繁星 品味生活乐趣
