帮忙找美国文学评论~谢谢了
The Last of the Mohicans is set in upstate New York, in the area bordering Canada, during the French and Indian War in the mid- eighteenth century. The setting changes rapidly from one scene to another throughout the novel, moving from Fort Edward to the wilderness around Lake George to Fort William Henry to Indian settlements. Protagonists In The Last of the Mohicans, no single person can be identified as the protagonist, not even the actual last of the Mohicans, Uncas. It is rather the entire party of good characters. Duncan, Hawkeye, Cora, Alice, Uncas, Chingachgook and even David have all the characteristics of heroes. They are brave, practical, and very loyal. They face many hardships, yet remain determined and firm. They fight their enemies with courage and shrewdness and that is why the entire group of these brave men and women can be termed as the protagonists. Antagonist The antagonist is none other than Magua. He is determined to take revenge on Munro by marrying his daughter Cora and making her his wife. He is extremely courageous and, despite many setbacks, continues to attack the protagonists. He is a man who is not loyal to anybody. When he does pledge his loyalty to any side, it is purely for his own selfish reasons. He uses his remarkable oratory skills to whip up the passions of his people, but he does so in order to serve his own purposes. Climax The climax of The Last of the Mohicans occurs in Chapter 32. After a fierce battle in which the protagonists and the Delawares defeat Magua and the Hurons, Magua and two of his men escape with Cora and are tracked to the edge of a cliff. Cora refuses to continue on, and Magua demands that she choose between his wigwam and his knife. As he hesitantly raises the blade, Uncas leaps at him. Meanwhile, a Huron stabs Cora in the bosom, Uncas kills Cora's assailant before being killed by Magua. Magua leaps away, jumping from one cliff to another and mocking his enemies. He loses his step and nearly falls off one cliff, but manages to hang onto a shrub on its edge. Just as he is recovering, however, Hawkeye raises the muzzle of his gun and shoots Magua, who slips to his death. Outcome The outcome is tragic, for although the treacherous Magua is vanquished by Hawkeye, both Cora and Uncas die. Cora is killed by her assailant and Uncas, the last of the Mohicans, is killed by the evil Magua. PLOT (Synopsis) The Last of the Mohicans is an action packed, romantic and adventurous drama, set during the peak of the French and Indian War in America. The English had managed to vanquish most of the native Indians, but there were still some tribes who attempted to maintain their independence. After setting the scene, Cooper begins the story proper. Cora and Alice, Commander Munro's daughters, are escorted by Major Duncan Heyward out of Fort Edward to visit their father at Fort William Henry. An Indian runner, Magua, acts as their guide, but treacherously leads them onto the wrong path. He wishes to capture the women and make one of them, Cora, his wife, in order to get revenge on Munro, who had previously mistreated him. In the course of their journey, they meet David Gamut, Hawkeye, Chingachgook and Uncas, the latter two being the only two survivors of the Mohican tribe. When Hawkeye identifies Magua as a possible traitor, Magua escapes into the forest. The party realizes that Magua will seek out his companions and search for them, and from then, the chase is on. The entire plot then revolves around the clash between these two parties. The chase continues through picturesquely described forests, swirling waters, caves, and Indian villages. Magua chases the group and captures Duncan, Cora, Alice, and David. Uncas, Chingachgook, and Hawkeye rescue them and later unite the girls with their father. They then face the danger of the French, who have captured Fort William Henry. When the English women and children are being taken to safety, Magua strikes again. He kills all the women and children except Cora and Alice, whom he captures, along with David, who had been acting as their escort. The men track Magua to a Huron settlement, where they find David. He is a prisoner of the Indians, but is allowed to wander freely as he is considered insane and harmless due to his continual singing of hymns. David leads Duncan to the village where Alice is imprisoned. She is supposed to marry an Indian brave, but is saved by Major Heyward, who dons Indian paint to disguise himself. Both are rescued by Hawkeye, who disguises himself as a bear. Duncan and Hawkeye tie up Magua and escape with Alice. After helping Duncan and Alice flee, Hawkeye returns to the village and with the help of David, rescues Uncas. In the meantime, another Indian group, a village of Delawares, is holding Cora captive. Uncas and Hawkeye go to rescue her, but are captured. Magua goes to the tribe to retrieve the prisoners. His plans to capture Hawkeye and Uncas are foiled when it is revealed that Uncas is the last of the Mohicans and a lost chief of the tribe, but since by the laws of the tribe Cora is truly Magua's captive, he is allowed to take her away. The Delawares and the protagonists, now joined by Munro and Chingachgook, follow, and a fierce battle ensues between them and the Hurons, whom they defeat. Magua escapes, but is trailed by Uncas, Hawkeye, David, and Duncan. Near a large cliff, Magua asks Cora to choose between being his wife and being killed by his knife. At this moment, Uncas manages to catch up with them. As Magua is momentarily distracted by Uncas, his companion stabs Cora. Uncas kills her assailant but is in turn stabbed and killed by Magua. Hawkeye chases Magua, who leaps from one cliff to another. He soon misses his step and slips, but manages to clutch on to a shrub. Hawkeye shoots Magua, who falls to his death. The next day the dead are mourned and praised, and Cora and Uncas are buried in an elaborate ceremony. Hawkeye tells Chingachgook that he is not alone, for he is still there with him. Tamenund laments the decline of the Indians and the death of the last of the Mohicans. PLOT (Structure) The Last of the Mohicans, written by James Fenimore Cooper, does not have a traditional plot structure, as the plot revolves around action. None of the characters are developed, for the tale is action-oriented. In this novel, Cooper brings in his two favorite characters from the Leatherstocking tales, Natty Bumppo (Hawkeye) and Chingachgook, to play major roles in the book. However, both these characters are merely a part of the adventure saga and do not have the plot revolving around them. Uncas, the man after whom the book is named, also fits into the story as part of the action, though, again, he is not the center of the tale. Although the characters are brave and virtuous, they are not epic heroes, but ordinary mortals involved in an adventure saga. Action is the essence of the novel and the characters are merely incidental. The plot is woven into a unique structure, in which there is spiraling action leading to a dramatic resolution, followed by a brief period of calm, after which the same chain of events takes place all over again. The action spreads over a number of chapters, culminating in a breathtaking climax in the penultimate chapter. The suspense is almost unbearable as it spirals to its zenith point, and then there is a brief respite comprising essentially of a single chapter describing the calm. There are three progressive series of action or chases in the novel. The first starts almost from the Chapter 1 and builds through Chapter 11. The protagonists discover Magua's treachery and make a desperate attempt to escape from him and his associates. Cora, Alice and Duncan are captured, however. The climax of this chase takes place in Chapter 11, when Hawkeye and Uncas begin their rescue. This is followed by a period of strange calm. The second progressive action encompasses Magua's capture of Cora and Alice in Chapter 17 and continues through Chapter 25, when Alice is rescued. Peace takes place in Chapter 26. Chapter 27 deals again with the kidnapping of Cora, which leads to the climax in Chapter 32, in which both Cora and Uncas die. This definitively concludes the action. THEMES Major Theme Heroism is the main theme of this book. In the native, wild, virginal country of America, where life is uncertain at all times, the characters stand out for their inherent bravery. Nearly all of the members of the group display astonishing levels of bravery in spite of all the hardships that they face. Duncan Heyward acts as the protector of the women in their journey to meet their father. When he is urged by Cora to leave after the gunpowder has run out, he refuses and stays back with her and Alice. When the Hurons later trap him, he fights like a caged animal. Throughout the saga, he displays amazing levels of bravery, whether in the battles with the Hurons or protecting the women. When Uncas is trapped, he rushes to help him without giving any thought to his own life. Hawkeye is more practical but nonetheless brave. He offers to lead the girls to their father and stays on till the very end to protect their lives. He stays calm when their gunpowder runs out, even though he knows that the Hurons will soon attack. At Cora's request, he leaves, not to flee but to get more gunpowder and possibly help. At every turn of the book, when Magua kidnaps some member of the group, Hawkeye immediately rushes to help. He also uses disguise to achieve his objective. For instance, he dresses as a bear when he goes to rescue Uncas from the Hurons. Cora shines through as brave and courageous. She continually defies Magua and acts cool-headedly throughout the novel. She is admired for her actions by both Hawkeye and Uncas. While Alice often seems to have little to do but faint and be rescued, she does deal with her circumstances as best as she can within the confines of her role. David Gamut displays bravery too, although for much of the book he is an object of ridicule. He takes the place of Uncas when the latter is being held prisoner and later takes part in the battle against the Hurons. Chingachgook, though old, supports Hawkeye throughout the book. He too displays courage through the various clashes with the Hurons. But his heroism stands out especially in the last chapter of the book. Although he loses his son Uncas, he bears the loss with dignity and courage. Uncas displays extreme courage throughout the novel, whether in battle or in rescuing the women. He looses his life trying to save Cora, but does so with such courage that the reader cannot help but marvel at his heroism. In the hard frontier life that Cooper depicts, bravery appears as a matter of course. Men such as Hawkeye stand out as superheroes, and women such as Cora can boast of being made of the same mettle and strength. Minor Theme James Fenimore Cooper has woven the theme of romanticism into The Last of the Mohicans at several levels. In his description of the land, Cooper displays the spirit of a lover. Reams and reams of space have been filled in his book by his special love for the extraordinarily hard but beautiful life of the frontier. Indeed, Cooper so romanticizes this hard frontier life that it seems that the brutal destruction and killing of men does not hamper, but, in fact, enhances the joy of living this kind of life. Romance among the characters also infuses a kind of subtle spirit to the general feeling of the book. Rather than emphasizing this aspect, however, Cooper willingly underplays it, teasing the reader with wistful looks and longing sighs. While the feelings that Duncan and Alice have for each other are eventually made explicit, the relationships between the other characters are especially subtle. The reader can actually sense Uncas being drawn to Cora, or even Magua's strange and harsh desire for Cora. Indeed, Magua and Cora's relationship can almost termed as some kind of magnetic attraction, in which the players are equally attracted and repulsed. Romanticism is a special theme added to enhance the ambience (atmosphere) of the book. It gives a very soft yet subtle touch to the happenings. Yet the undercurrents felt throughout the book are almost crackling with pent-up desires and longings. Between Cora and Uncas, this tension is most apparent. There is a vast difference in their backgrounds, yet there is a unique bond that brings them closer together. In life they cannot fulfill the spirit of romanticism -- nor the fictional conventions of the day -- but in death they bridge the gap. STYLE James Fenimore Cooper's style of writing is very picturesque. His language is vivid and straightforward without any overuse of similes or metaphors. His colorful descriptions add to the varied hues in The Last of the Mohicans. Cooper also has a very keen eye for detail. In the beginning of the book, Cooper starts out describing the characters in the third person and at a distance. He even delays in giving their names. As the book a progress, the author starts addressing his characters more familiarly. Cooper's style of writing is direct, almost as if he is addressing or talking to the readers personally. Though Cooper's language is very simple and direct without any obvious symbolism, his sentences are generally long. They are usually very descriptive, filled with adjectives and adverbs, creating definite visual imagery throughout the novel.
美国浪漫主义诗人William cullen bryant 《死亡随想录》。
Thanatopsisby William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)TO HIM who in the love of Nature holds Communion with her visible forms, she speaks A various language; for his gayer hours She has a voice of gladness, and a smile And eloquence of beauty, and she glides 5 Into his darker musings, with a mild And healing sympathy, that steals away Their sharpness, ere he is aware. When thoughts Of the last bitter hour come like a blight Over thy spirit, and sad images 10 Of the stern agony, and shroud, and pall, And breathless darkness, and the narrow house, Make thee to shudder, and grow sick at heart;— Go forth under the open sky, and list To Nature's teachings, while from all around— 15 Earth and her waters, and the depths of air— Comes a still voice—Yet a few days, and thee The all-beholding sun shall see no more In all his course; nor yet in the cold ground, Where thy pale form was laid, with many tears, 20 Nor in the embrace of ocean, shall exist Thy image. Earth, that nourished thee, shall claim Thy growth, to be resolved to earth again, And, lost each human trace, surrendering up Thine individual being, shalt thou go 25 To mix forever with the elements; To be a brother to the insensible rock, And to the sluggish clod, which the rude swain Turns with his share, and treads upon. The oak Shall send his roots abroad, and pierce thy mould. 30 Yet not to thine eternal resting-place Shalt thou retire alone, nor couldst thou wish Couch more magnificent. Thou shalt lie down With patriarchs of the infant world,—with kings, The powerful of the earth,—the wise, the good, 35 Fair forms, and hoary seers of ages past, All in one mighty sepulchre. The hills Rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun; the vales Stretching in pensive quietness between; The venerable woods—rivers that move 40 In majesty, and the complaining brooks That make the meadows green; and, poured round all, Old Ocean's gray and melancholy waste,— Are but the solemn decorations all Of the great tomb of man! The golden sun, 45 The planets, all the infinite host of heaven, Are shining on the sad abodes of death, Through the still lapse of ages. All that tread The globe are but a handful to the tribes That slumber in its bosom.—Take the wings 50 Of morning, pierce the Barcan wilderness, Or lose thyself in the continuous woods Where rolls the Oregon, and hears no sound, Save his own dashings,—yet the dead are there: And millions in those solitudes, since first 55 The flight of years began, have laid them down In their last sleep—the dead reign there alone. So shalt thou rest; and what if thou withdraw In silence from the living, and no friend Take note of thy departure? All that breathe 60 Will share thy destiny. The gay will laugh When thou art gone, the solemn brood of care Plod on, and each one as before will chase His favorite phantom; yet all these shall leave Their mirth and their employments, and shall come 65 And make their bed with thee. As the long train Of ages glide away, the sons of men, The youth in life's green spring, and he who goes In the full strength of years, matron and maid, The speechless babe, and the gray-headed man— 70 Shall one by one be gathered to thy side By those, who in their turn shall follow them. So live, that when thy summons comes to join The innumerable caravan which moves To that mysterious realm, where each shall take 75 His chamber in the silent halls of death, Thou go not, like the quarry-slave at night, Scourged to his dungeon, but, sustained and soothed By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch 80 About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. THANATOPSIS 《死亡冥想》 死亡冥想 威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特 对他,她说着各种语言,他爱自然，与她的种种可见形式进行交流;为他欢快的时光她表达着快乐，微笑着，并大加赞美，她悄悄溜进 他的隐秘的冥想，带着温和的治愈一切的同情，在他明白之前偷走他的痛苦。
一想到最后的悲痛时光来临，如同枯萎病侵蚀你的精神，严酷而冷峻的痛楚，裹尸布，柩衣，令人窒息的黑暗，以及狭窄的棺屋，这些悲伤的景象令你发抖，一阵阵恶心，--走出去吧，到露天下，倾听大自然的教诲，此时你的周遭--土地以及她的水域，空气的深处--传来平静的声音---然而就几天，统察一切的太阳，在其光照所及，再也看不见你了，甚至寒冷的土地里，你苍白的形式摆放在那儿，带着淋漓的泪水；在海洋的怀抱里，你的形象也不复存在。
土地养育了你，有权拥有你的成长，让你重新回归土地，并且，丧失所有人间的踪迹，完全放弃你的个体生命，你将永远与自然之力混为一体，成为麻木不仁的岩石的兄弟，成为懒散的土块的姊妹。
粗蛮的乡下汉用犁耙翻着这些土块，并踩上几脚。
橡树的根伸展着，刺进你疏松的土壤，然而并未刺到你永久的休憩地，你将独自就寝，你也不能希望你的床更华丽宏伟。
你将躺下与人类孩提时代的族长--与国王，地球上有影响的--聪慧的，善良的，与美人儿，以及几代前白发皤然的先知，全在一个宏大的墓窟里。
那些山岩石为骨，如太阳般古老，--那些山谷在郁郁寡欢的寂静中在群山间延伸；蓊郁的丛林，滚滚的河水庄严肃穆，与戚戚怨语的小溪使草地青翠，并灌溉四周。
古海洋灰色忧郁的荒地--只不过是所有人类巨大的坟墓庄重而肃穆的装饰。
金色的太阳，行星，天空所有的无限的主人，穿透平静的世代流逝，在悲伤的死亡居所之上闪闪发光。
对沉睡在环球怀抱中的部落来说，所有踩在地球之上者，不过是一小撮。
--乘上早晨的翅膀，穿越巴肯荒原，或者消失在连绵的丛林，那儿翻滚着河，听不见声响，除了它自己的咆哮声--然而死者就在那儿，成百万在寂寞中，自从时光飞逝之初，已经躺在他们 最后的睡眠中--死者独自君临此地。
因而，倘若你躺下，在阒无声息中你离开了活人，没有朋友留意你的离去，那会怎样
所有能够呼吸的生命，将与你命运与共。
当你走了，达观者将开怀大笑，严肃者会忧心忡忡。
缓缓沉重地向前，每个人都一如既往追随着他钟爱的幻影；然而这一切将离去，他们的欢笑，以及财物，并将与你一起铺床，随着一长串岁月的流逝，人类的子孙，风华正茂的青年，以及年富力强的他，主妇或者女仆，未开口说话的娃娃，白发苍苍的老人都将一一聚集在你的身旁，同样，轮到谁，谁也得跟随而来。
因此，活着，当你被召唤，来加入滚滚人流的旅队，向着神秘的领地移动，在那儿，人人将在寂静的死亡大厅拥有一间寝室。
你走了，不像夜晚采石场的奴隶，被鞭打进地牢，而是由坚定的信念支撑和抚慰，走向你的坟墓，像那人一样，在身上裹起床单，躺下，犹如进入快乐的梦乡。
刚学完这篇文，我好人吧哈哈哈~~~给分吧给分吧给分吧~~~ 有什么关于这诗的问题就问我~~~咱们学的那叫一个透彻
求《死亡随想录》（Thanatopsis）翻译
热爱自然的人与世间万象 有着心神的交流，对他 她可说各种各样的语言 他高兴的时候，她声音喜悦 微笑里透着高贵的美丽 她潜入他隐秘的思索，带着 温柔和抚慰的关切，未及他明白 她就将痛苦带走，当最后的 思想如灾难降临你的精神 悲痛的哀影，寿衣，棺罩 令人窒息的黑暗，以及促狭的房屋 使你瑟瑟发抖，并心生憎恨—— 去开阔的田野吧，去听听 自然的教诲，听听那从四野里—— 大地、河川和新鲜的空气中—— 传来的静谧而寂寥的声音—— 然而几天后，普照大地的太阳 在它的行程里，也不见你的 踪影；也不在冰冷的大地 你含泪苍白的形体停放之处 也不在大海的怀抱存你的形象 养育了你的大地要将你召回 复归为尘土，消除人的痕迹 你的个体将臣服于此，你将 永远与自然之中的万物共处 去做无情的草木和磐石的兄弟 掩藏在坚硬的泥土下，任由 那粗野的情郎翻犁和践踏 橡树伸展的根须将刺穿 你的躯体。
不过，在你永恒的栖所 你并不会独处，你也不能企望 更多的奢华。
你将与幼稚世界的 尊者们并卧，——有国王， 地上的强者，——有智者、善者 仁者，以及远古时代的先知， 在同一个墓室里。
山峦 如太阳一样固执且陈旧，河谷 平静的沉思在原始的树林间 伸展蜿蜒——江河在尊贵里 前行，而浇绿草原的溪流 却带着汩汩的怨言，灌注 世间的一切，古老的海洋 是苍凉孤凄的荒原—— 而这一切不过是人类伟大坟冢的 威严的装饰。
金色的太阳 众多的行星，一切天界无限的居所 都照耀着死亡之悲戚的归处 历经千秋万代的静逝。
一切 行在世间的血肉也不过是 安睡在其胸间的部族的一撮。
—— 攀上清晨的翅膀，穿越巴肯荒漠 或自弃于绵延的丛林,俄勒冈河奔流 不息的水声充溢双耳——尽管亡者 齐聚，万千魂灵在那孤寂里隐身 自打这多年的飞行肇始，他们就卧在 最后的睡眠里——那里亡者独自统治。
你也将这般歇息；假若你从生撤入 沉寂，而无一亲朋注意到你的离去 所有呼吸的人都将分享你的命运 乐观的在你不在的时候欢笑 严肃而关切的艰难前行。
每个人 都将一如既往地追求他们 最心仪的幻影；尽管他们都将 离开一切欢愉和觊觎，而前来 筑榻于你之侧。
随着生命的列车 慢慢滑远，人类的子孙 生命之春的青年，历经沧桑的 中年、垂垂老妪和娇娇少女 呀呀学语的孩童，以及两鬓苍苍的老人—— 都将一个个地来到你的身边 更多的人也将追随他们而来 所以活着，直到被召唤去加入 那庞大的篷车旅行的队伍，向着 神秘的王国前进，人人都将在死亡 沉寂的殿堂里找到自己的房间 不要像矿场的奴隶一样在深夜 被鞭笞进黑暗的地牢；而要带着 平静的抚慰和永恒的信仰，走进 你的墓穴，打开你华丽的铺盖 躺下去，进入甜美的梦乡。
