亚当斯密的国富论
《国富论》的中心思想是看起来似乎杂乱无章的自由市场实际上是个自行调整机制，自动倾向于生产社会最迫切需要的货品种类的数量。
例如，如果某种需要的产品供应短缺，其价格自然上升，价格上升会使生产商获得较高的利润，由于利润高，其他生产商也想要生产这种产品。
生产增加的结果会缓和原来的供应短缺，而且随着各个生产商之间的竞争，供应增长会使商品的价格降到“自然价格”即其生产成本。
谁都不是有目的地通过消除短缺来帮助社会，但是问题却解决了。
用亚当斯密的话来说，每个人“只想得到自己的利益”，但是又好象“被一只无形的手牵着去实现一种他根本无意要实现的目的，……他们促进社会的利益，其效果往往比他们真正想要实现的还要好。
”（《国富论》，第四卷第二章） 但是如果自由竞争受到阻障，那只“无形的手”就不会把工作做得恰到好处。
因而亚当斯密相信自由贸易，为坚决反对高关税而申辩。
事实上他坚决反对政府对商业和自由市场的干涉。
他声言这样的干涉几乎总要降低经济效率，最终使公众付出较高的代价。
亚当斯密虽然没有发明“放任政策”这个术语，但是他为建立这个概念所做的工作比任何其他人都多。
有些人认为亚当·斯密只不过是一位商业利益的辩护士，但是这种看法是不正确的。
他经常反复用最强烈的言辞痛斥垄断商的活动，坚决要求将其消灭。
亚当斯密对现实的商业活动的认识也并非天真幼稚。
《国富论》中记有这样一个典型观察：“同行人很少聚会，但是他们会谈不是策划出一个对付公众的阴谋就是炮制出一个掩人耳目提高物价的计划。
” 亚当·斯密的经济思想体系结构严密，论证有力，使经济思想学派在几十年内就被抛弃了。
实际上亚当·斯密把他们所有的优点都吸入进了自己的体系，同时也系统地披露了他们的缺点。
亚当斯密的接班人，包括象托马斯·马尔萨斯和大卫·李嘉图这样著名的经济学家对他的体系进行了精心的充实和修正（没有改变基本纲要），今天被称为经典经济学体系。
虽然现代经济学说又增加了新的概念和方法，但这些大体说来是经典经济学的自然产物。
在一定意义上来说，甚至卡尔·马克思的经济学说（自然不是他的政治学说）都可以看作是经典经济学说的继续。
在《国富论》中，亚当斯密在一定程度上预见到了马尔萨斯人口过剩的观点。
虽然李嘉图和卡尔·马克思都坚持认为人口负担会阻碍工资高出维持生计的水平（所谓的“工资钢铁定律”），但是亚当斯密指出在增加生产的情况下工资就会增长。
事实已经十分清楚地表明亚当斯密在这一点上正确，而李嘉图和马克思是错的。
除了亚当斯密观点的正确性及对后来理论家的影响之外就是他对立法和政府政策的影响。
《国富论》一书技巧高超，文笔清晰，拥有广泛的读者。
亚当斯密反对政府干涉商业和商业事务、赞成低关税和自由贸易的观点在整个十九世纪对政府政策都有决定性的影响。
事实上他对这些政策的影响今天人们仍能感觉出来。
自从亚当斯密以来经济学有了突飞猛进的发展以致他的一些思想已被搁置一边，因而人们容易低估他的重要性。
但实际上他是使经济学说成为一门系统科学的主要创立人，因而是人类思想史上的主要人物。
关于亚当斯密的翻译，Smith应该是史密斯啊
瓦斯科 · 达 · 伽马Vasco da Gama，那个d为什么是小写
Vasco da Gama 在葡萄牙文，其中的da=de+a de有“的”的意思（de是不大写d的），而a是后面阴性名词Gama单词的不定冠词，全称是Vasco de+a Gama=Vasco da Gama，那么在英文中直接就如此使用了
亚当斯密英文介绍
Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790 [OS: 5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790]) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Adam Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.[1][2]Smith studied moral philosophy at the University of Glasgow and Oxford University. After graduating he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh, leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy, and during this time wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In his later life he took a tutoring position which allowed him to travel throughout Europe where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith returned home and spent the next ten years writing The Wealth of Nations (mainly from his lecture s) which was published in 1776. He died in 1790.Biography[edit] Early lifeAdam Smith was born to Margaret Douglas at Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland. His father, also named Adam Smith, was a lawyer, civil servant, and widower who married Margaret Douglas in 1720 and died six months before Smith was born.[3] Although the exact date of Smith's birth is unknown, his baptism was recorded on 16 June 1723 at Kirkcaldy.[4] Though few events in Smith's early childhood are known, Scottish journalist and biographer of Smith John Rae recorded that Smith was abducted by gypsies at the age of four and eventually released when others went to rescue him.[ 1] Smith was particularly close to his mother, who likely encouraged him to pursue his scholarly ambitions.[6] He attended the Burgh School of Kirkcaldy – characterised by Rae as one of the best secondary schools of Scotland at that period – from 1729 to 1737.[5] There he studied Latin, mathematics, history, and writing.[6][He published The Theory of Moral Sentiments in 1759, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work was concerned with how human morality depends on sympathy between agent and spectator, or the individual and other members of society. He bases his explanation not on a special moral sense, as the third Lord Shaftesbury and Hutcheson had done, nor on utility as Hume did, but on sympathy. Smith's popularity greatly increased due to the The Theory of Moral Sentiments, and as a result, many wealthy students left their schools in other countries to enroll at Glasgow to learn under Smith.[20]After the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith began to give more attention to jurisprudence and economics in his lectures and less to his theories of morals. The development of his ideas on political economy can be observed from the lecture s taken down by a student in 1763, and from what William Robert Scott described as an early version of part of The Wealth of Nations.[21] For example, Smith lectured that labor—rather than the nation's quantity of gold or silver—is the cause of increase in national wealth.[20]François Quesnay, one of the leaders of the Physiocratic school of thoughtIn 1762, the academic senate of the University of Glasgow conferred on Smith the title of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.). At the end of 1763, he obtained a lucrative offer from Charles Townshend (who had been introduced to Smith by David Hume) to tutor his stepson, Henry Scott, the young Duke of Buccleuch. Smith subsequently resigned from his professorship to take the tutoring position. Because he resigned in the middle of the term, Smith attempted to return the fees he had collected from his students, but they refused.[22][edit] Tutoring and travelsSmith's tutoring job entailed touring Europe with Henry Scott while teaching him subjects including proper Polish.[22] Smith was paid £300 per year plus expenses along with £300 per year pension, which was roughly twice his former income as a teacher.[22] Smith first traveled as a tutor to Toulouse, France, where he stayed for a year and a half.[22] According to accounts, Smith found Toulouse to be very boring, and he wrote to Hume that he had begun to write a book in order to pass away the time.[22] After touring the south of France, the group moved to Geneva. While in Geneva, Smith met with the philosopher Voltaire.[23] After staying in Geneva, the party went to Paris.While in Paris, Smith came to know intellectual leaders such as Benjamin Franklin,[24] Turgot, Jean , André Morellet, Helvétius and, in particular, Francois Quesnay, the head of the Physiocratic school, whose academic products he respected greatly.[25] The physiocrats believed that wealth came from production and not from the attainment of precious metals, which was adverse to mercantilist thought. They also believed that agriculture tended to produce wealth and that merchants and manufacturers did not.[24] While Smith did not embrace all of the physiocrats' ideas, he did say that physiocracy was with all its imperfections [perhaps] the nearest approximation to the truth that has yet been published upon the subject of political economy.[26][edit] Later years and writingsIn 1766, Henry Scott's younger brother died in Paris, and Smith's tour as a tutor ended shortly thereafter.[26] Smith returned home that year to Kirkcaldy, and he devoted much of the next ten years to his magnum opus.[27] There he befriended Henry Moyes, a young blind man who showed precocious aptitude. As well as teaching Moyes himself, Smith secured the patronage of David Hume and Thomas Reid in the young man's education.[28] In May 1773 Smith was elected fellow of the Royal Society of London,[29] and was elected a member of the Literary Club in 1775.[30] The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776 and was an instant success, selling out the first edition in only six months.[31]In 1778 Smith was appointed to a post as commissioner of customs in Scotland and went to live with his mother in Panmure House in Edinburgh's Canongate.[32] Five years later, he became one of the founding members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,[33] and from 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow.[34] He died in the northern wing of Panmure House in Edinburgh on 17 July 1790 after a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard.[35] On his death bed, Smith expressed disappointment that he had not achieved more.[36]Smith's literary executors were two friends from the Scottish academic world: the physicist and chemist Joseph Black, and the pioneering geologist James Hutton.[37] Smith left behind many notes and some unpublished material, but gave instructions to destroy anything that was not fit for publication.[38] He mentioned an early unpublished History of Astronomy as probably suitable, and it duly appeared in 1795, along with other material such as Essays on Philosophical Subjects.[37][edit] Personality and beliefs[edit] CharacterJames Tassie's enamel paste medallion of Smith provided the model for many engravings and portraits which remain today.[39]Not much is known about Smith's personal views beyond what can be deduced from his published articles. His personal papers were destroyed after his death.[38] He never married[40] and seems to have maintained a close relationship with his mother, with whom he lived after his return from France and who died six years before his own death.[41]Contemporary accounts describe Smith as an eccentric but benevolent intellectual, comically absent minded, with peculiar habits of speech and gait and a smile of inexpressible benignity.[42] He was known to talk to himself, and had occasional spells of imaginary illness.[36]Smith is often described as a prototypical absent-minded professor.[43] He is reported to have had books and papers stacked up in his study, with a habit he developed during childhood of speaking to himself and smiling in rapt conversation with invisible companions.[43]Various anecdotes have discussed his absentminded nature. In one story, Smith took Charles Townshend on a tour of a tanning factory and while discussing free trade, Smith walked into a huge tanning pit from which he had to be removed.[44] Another episode records that he put bread and butter into a teapot, drank the concoction, and declared it to be the worst cup of tea he ever had. In another example, Smith went out walking and daydreaming in his nightgown and ended up 15 miles (24 km) outside town before nearby church bells brought him back to reality.[43][44][edit] Published worksAdam Smith published a large body of works throughout his life, some of which have shaped the field of economics. Smith's first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments was written in 1759.[55] It provided the ethical, philosophical, psychological, and methodological underpinnings to Smith's later works, including An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), A Treatise on Public Opulence (1764) (first published in 1937), Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795), Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms (1763) (first published in 1896), and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres.[edit] The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)Main article: The Theory of Moral SentimentsIn 1759, Smith published his first work, The Theory of Moral Sentiments. He continued to revise the work throughout his life, making extensive revisions to the final (6th) edition shortly before his death in 1790.[note 2] Although The Wealth of Nations is widely regarded as Smith's most influential work, it has been reported that Smith himself always considered his Theory of Moral Sentiments a much superior work to his Wealth of Nations.[57] P. J. O'Rourke, author of the commentary On The Wealth of Nations (2007), has agreed, calling Theory of Moral Sentiments the better book.[58] It was in this work that Smith first referred to the invisible hand to describe the apparent benefits to society of people behaving in their own interests.[59]In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith critically examined the moral thinking of the time and suggested that conscience arises from social relationships.[60] His aim in the work is to explain the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of man's natural inclinations toward self-interest. Smith proposes a theory of sympathy in which the act of observing others makes people aware of themselves and the morality of their own behavior. Haakonssen writes that in Smith's theory, Society is ... the mirror in which one catches sight of oneself, morally speaking.[61]In part because Theory of Moral Sentiments emphasizes sympathy for others while Wealth of Nations famously emphasizes the role of self interest, some scholars have perceived a conflict between these works. As one economic historian observed: Many writers, including the present author at an early stage of his study of Smith, have found these two works in some measure basically inconsistent.[62] But in recent years most scholars of Adam Smith's work have argued that no contradiction exists. In Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith develops a theory of psychology in which individuals seek the approval of the impartial spectator as a result of a natural desire to have outside observers sympathize with them. Rather than viewing the Wealth of Nations and Theory of Moral Sentiments as presenting incompatible views of human nature, most Smith scholars regard the works as emphasizing different aspects of human nature that vary depending on the situation. The Wealth of Nations draws on situations where man's morality is likely to play a smaller role—such as the laborer involved in pin-making—whereas the Theory of Moral Sentiments focuses on situations where man's morality is likely to play a dominant role among more personal exchanges.The site where Adam Smith wrote the Wealth of Nations[edit] The Wealth of Nations (1776)Main article: The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations expounds that the free market, while appearing chaotic and unrestrained, is actually guided to produce the right amount and variety of goods by a so-called invisible hand.[59] Smith opposed any form of economic concentration because it distorts the market's natural ability to establish a price that provides a fair return on land, labor, and capital. He advanced the idea that a market economy would produce a satisfactory outcome for both buyers and sellers, and would optimally allocate society's resources.[63] The image of the invisible hand was previously employed by Smith in Theory of Moral Sentiments, but it has its original use in his essay, The History of Astronomy. Smith believed that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of society: by pursuing his own interest, [the individual] frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he intends to promote it.[64] Self-interested competition in the free market, he argued, would tend to benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Nevertheless, he was wary of businessmen and argued against the formation of monopolies.An often-quoted passage from The Wealth of Nations is:[65]It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages.The first page of the Wealth of Nations, 1776 London editionValue theory was important in classical theory. Smith wrote that the real price of every thing ... is the toil and trouble of acquiring it as influenced by its scarcity. Smith maintained that, with rent and profit, other costs besides wages also enter the price of a commodity.[66] Other classical economists presented variations on Smith, termed the 'labour theory of value'. Classical economics focused on the tendency of markets to move to long-run equilibrium.Adam Smith's advocacy of self-interest based economic exchange did not, however, preclude for him issues of fairness and justice. In Asia, Europeans by different arts of oppression..have reduced the population of several of the Moluccas,[67] he wrote, while the savage injustice of the Europeans arriving in America, rendered an event, which ought to have been beneficial to all, ruinous and destructive to several of those unfortunate countries.[68] The Native Americans, far from having ever injured the people of Europe, had received the first adventurers with every mark of kindness and hospitality. However, superiority of force was so great on the side of the Europeans, that they were enabled to commit with impunity every sort of injustice in those remote countries.[69]Smith also believed that a division of labour would effect a great increase in production. One example he used was the making of pins. One worker could probably make only twenty pins per day. However, if ten people divided up the eighteen steps required to make a pin, they could make a combined amount of 48,000 pins in one day. However, Smith's views on division of labour are not unambiguously positive, and are typically mis-characterized. Smith says of the division of labour:In the progress of the division of labour, the employment of the far greater part of those who live by labour, that is, of the great body of the people, comes to be confined to a few very simple operations, frequently only one or two. ...The man whose whole life is spent in performing a few simple operations, of which the effects too are, perhaps, always the same, or very nearly the same, has no occasion to exert his understanding, or to exercise his invention in finding out expedients for removing difficulties which never occur. He naturally loses, therefore, the habit of such exertion, and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become. ...His dexterity at his own particular trade seems, in this manner, to be acquired at the expense of his intellectual, social, and martial virtues. ...this is the state into which the labouring poor, that is, the great body of the people, must necessarily fall, unless government takes some pains to prevent it.[70]On labor relations, Smith noted severity of laws against worker actions, and contrasted the masters' clamour against workers associations, with associations and collusions of the masters which are never heard by the people though such actions are always and everywhere taking place:We rarely hear, it has been said, of the combinations of masters, though frequently of those of workmen. But whoever imagines, upon this account, that masters rarely combine, is as ignorant of the world as of the subject. Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform, combination, not to raise the wages of labour above their actual rate...Masters, too, sometimes enter into particular combinations to sink the wages of labour even below this rate. These are always conducted with the utmost silence and secrecy till the moment of execution; and when the workmen yield, as they sometimes do without resistance, though severely felt by them, they are never heard of by other people In contrast, when workers combine, the masters..never cease to call aloud for the assistance of the civil magistrate, and the rigorous execution of those laws which have been enacted with so much severity against the combination of servants, labourers, and journeymen.[71]Adam Smith's burial place in Canongate Kirkyard[edit] Other worksShortly before his death, Smith had nearly all his manuscripts destroyed. In his last years, he seemed to have been planning two major treatises, one on the theory and history of law and one on the sciences and arts. The posthumously published Essays on Philosophical Subjects, a history of astronomy down to Smith's own era, plus some thoughts on ancient physics and metaphysics, probably contain parts of what would have been the latter treatise. Lectures on Jurisprudence were notes taken from Smith's early lectures, plus an early draft of The Wealth of Nations, published as part of the 1976 Glasgow Edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith.Other works, including some published posthumously, include Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms (1763) (first published in 1896); A Treatise on Public Opulence (1764) (first published in 1937); and Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795).
经济学家亚当.斯密的经典语录
1.“The real tragedy of the poor is the poverty of their aspirations”穷人的真正悲惨之处在于他们志向的贫乏2.“What can be added to the happiness of a man who is in health, out of debt, and has a clear conscience?”对于一个健康,无贷款,有良知的人,什么还能使他更高兴呢?3. “It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.”并不是因为屠夫,酿酒者,面包师的慈善我们才能有我们的晚餐, 而因为他们自己的利益.4.“The real price of everything, what everything really costs to the man who wants to acquire it, is the toil and trouble of acquiring it.”对于一个人来说, 天下无论什么东西的真正价格只是努力得到它们的辛苦和麻烦.5.“To feel much for others and little for ourselves; to restrain our selfishness and exercise our benevolent affections, constitute the perfection of human nature”为他人担忧,而不要为自己, 限制我们的自私,展示我们慈善的情感,这些组成了人性自然的完美.6.“Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production; and the interest of the producer ought to be attended to, only so far as it may be necessary for promoting that of the consumer.”消费是所有制造,服务的目标和终结点; 制造者,服务者的利益只是为了提高消费者的利益而存在的
好听的英文姓氏（女生的）
好听的英文姓氏：Smith史密斯2.Johnson约翰逊3.Williams威廉姆斯4.Jones约翰5.Brown布朗6.Davis戴维斯7.Miller米勒8.Wilson威尔逊9.Moore摩尔10.Taylor泰勒11.Anderson安12.Thomas托马斯13.Jackson杰克逊14.White怀特15.Harris哈里斯16.Martin马丁17.Thompson汤姆逊18.Garcia加西亚19.Martinez20.Robinson罗宾森21.Clark克拉克22.Rodriguez23.Lewis路易斯24.Lee李25.Walker沃克26.Hall27.Allen艾伦28.Young29.Hernandez30.King31.Wright32.Lopez洛佩兹33.Hill34.Scott斯科特35.Green格林36.Adams亚当37.Baker38.Gonzalez39.Nelson40.Carter41.Mitchell42.Perez43.Roberts罗伯特44.Turner45.Phillips菲利普46.Campbell坎贝尔47.Parker帕克48.Evans49.Edwards爱德华50.Collins51.Stewart斯图尔特52.Sanchez53.Morris54.Rogers55.Reed56.Cook库克57.Morgan58.Bell59.Murphy60.Bailey61.Rivera62.Cooper库珀63.Richardson理查德森64.Cox65.Howard66.Ward67.Torres68.Peterson彼得森69.Gray70.Ramirez71.James
求圣经中经典的语句 要中英的 只有英文也行
1、生命在他里头，这生命就是人的光。
光照在黑暗里，黑暗却不接受光。
（第1章） What has come into being in him was life, and the life was the light of all people. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not o vercome it. John 1-4,5 这是基督教神学思想的核心。
这里的光指的是耶稣基督，生命指的是永生--战胜死亡，获得真理。
2、你们要进窄门，因为引到灭亡，那门是宽的，路是大的，进去的人也多；引到永生，那门是窄的，路是小的，找着的人也少。
（第7章） Enter through the narrow gate; for the gate is wide and the road is easy that leads to destruction, and there are many who take it. For the gate is narrow and the road is hard that leads to life, and there are few wh o find it. Matthew 7-13,14 这是耶稣登山宝训中最短的一段，但却是整个新教精神的核心。
对于清教徒而言，人生就意味着无尽艰险，就意味着走窄门。
3、爱是恒久忍耐，又有恩慈；爱是不嫉妒，爱是不自夸，不张狂，不作害羞的事，不求自己的益处，不轻易发怒，不计算人的恶，不喜欢不义，只喜欢真理；凡事包容，凡事相信，凡事盼望，凡事忍耐；爱是永不止息。
（第1 3章） Love is patient; love is kind; love is not envious pr boastful or arroga nt or rude. It does not insist on its own way; it is not irritable or re sentful; it does not rejoice in wrongdoing, but rejoices in the truth. I t bears all things, hopes all things, endures all things. Love never end s. 基督教是爱的宗教，这就是使徒保罗对爱的诠释。
从古到今不知有多少人因这段话而皈依基督教，可见爱是无可比的。
4、死啊，你得胜的权势在哪里
死啊，你的毒钩在哪里
死的毒钩就是罪，罪的权势就是律法。
感谢上帝，使我们借着我们的主耶稣基督得胜。
（第15章） Where, O death, is your victory? Where, O death, is your sting? The stin g of death is sin, and. The power of sin is the law. But thanks be to Go d, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. 使徒保罗用优美的语言阐明了基督教的脉络：原罪与堕落，牺牲与救赎，胜利与永生。
总体说来就是用爱战胜死亡。
5、草必枯干，花必凋残，因为耶和华的气吹在其上；百姓诚然是草。
草必枯干，花必凋残；惟有我们上帝的话，必永远立定
（第40章） The grass withers, the flower fades, when the breath of the LORD blows u pon it; surely the people are grass. The grass withers, the flower fades ; but the word of our God will stand forever. 旧约的最大特点是信念。
这句话就是无比坚定的信念，既是相信上帝，又是相信作为上帝选民的自己。
以色列人的辉煌，大半缘自信念。
6、我知道我的救赎主活着，末了必站在地上。
我这皮肉灭绝之后，我必在肉体之外得见上帝。
（第19章） For I know that my Redeemer lives, and that at the last he will stand up on the earth; and after my skin has been thus destroyed, then in my fles h I shall see God. 这是约伯的信念。
无论承受多么巨大的打击、多么绝望的境遇，都不可放弃希望、放弃信仰。
亨德尔为此句作的咏叹调也极为感人。
7、不可封了这书上的预言，因为日期近了。
不义的，叫他仍旧不义；污秽的，叫他仍旧污秽；为义的，叫他仍旧为义；圣洁的，叫他仍旧圣洁。
（第22章） Do not seal up the words of the prophecy of this book, for the time is n ear. Let the evildoer still do evil, and the filthy still be filthy, and the righteous still do right, and the holy still be holy. 中有很多让人不能不动容的话，这句只是其中代表而已。
8、谁能使我们与基督的爱隔绝呢
难道是患难吗
是困苦吗
是逼迫吗
是饥饿吗
是赤身露体吗
是危险吗
是刀剑吗
......然而，靠着爱我们的主，在这一切的事上已经得胜有余了。
（第8章） Who will separate us from the love of Christ? Will hardship, or distress , or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? No, in al l these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us. 圣保罗真是无与伦比的传道者，他的讲道是如此气势磅礴且发人深省。
这段话继承了旧约的信心，增加了新约的爱，完美地体现了基督教精神。
9、我又专心察明智慧、狂妄和愚昧，乃知这也是捕风。
因为多有智慧，就多有愁烦；加增知识的，就加增忧伤。
（第1章） And I applied my mind to know wisdom and to know madness and folly. I pe rceived that this also is but a chasing after wind. For in much wisdom i s much vexation, and those who increase knowledge increase sorrow. ，传道者的话虽低沉消极，却又蕴涵着希望。
能够用来战胜愁烦和忧伤的，只有一件事：信仰。
10、哈利路亚
因为主我们的上帝，全能者作王了。
......世上的国成了我主和主基督的国；他要作王，直到永永远远。
......万王之王，万主之主。
（第11、19章） Hallelujah! For the Lord our God the Almighty reigns. The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Messiah, and he wil l reign forever and ever.那是 一种美丽的信仰 觉得死者的灵魂啊 永远在我们的头上飞翔 1． doubting Thomas (怀疑的托马斯) 源自《圣经·新约·约翰福音》第20章。
该篇讲到耶稣复活后出现在众人面前，十二门徒之一的托马斯没有亲眼见到，声称除非看到耶稣手上的钉痕，用手探入他的肋旁，否则不信他已复活。
后来人们用doubting Thomas指那些不肯轻易相信别人的人。
He's a real doubting Thomas - he simply wouldnn't believe I'd won the car until he saw it with his own eyes. 他是一个真正的怀疑主义者--在没有亲眼看到之前他就是不相信我赢得了那辆车。
2． the apple of the\\\/one's eye （眼睛中的瞳孔） 源自《圣经·旧约·诗篇》第17章，Keep me as the apple of the eye.（求你保护我，如同保护眼中的瞳孔。
）另《申命记》第32章也出现He kept him as the apple of his eye.（保护他如同保护眼中的瞳孔。
）。
现译作掌上明珠，表示特别珍视的东西。
His youngest son was the apple of his eye. 他的小儿子是他的心肝宝贝。
3． an eye for an eye （以眼还眼） 在《圣经》中多次出现，如《圣经·旧约·申命记》的19篇，摩西受上帝之命，成为在埃及做奴隶的以色列人的领袖。
他发布法令：The punishment is to be a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand and a foot for a foot.(要以命偿命，以眼还眼，以 牙还牙，以手还手，以脚还脚。
。
汉语中以眼还眼、以牙还牙即源于此，表示以其人之道还治其人之身。
4． feet of clay （泥足、致命的弱点） 典出《圣经·旧约·但以理书》第2章。
巴比伦国王尼布甲尼撒（Nebuchadnezzar）梦到一泥足巨人，头是金的，胸臂是银的，腹股是铜的，被飞来的一块巨石砸碎了脚，整个巨人顿时瓦解。
希伯来先知但以理释梦称这预示着国家要分裂。
现多用来指伟人不为人知的弱点或致命的弱点。
When the coach was arrested for drunken driving, the students realized that their hero had feet of clay. 当教练酒后驾驶被拘留，学生们才意识到他们心目中的英雄也有致命的弱点。
5． clean hands （洁净的手） 源自《圣经·旧约·约伯记》第17章。
He that hath clean hands shall be stronger and stronger.（手洁的人将会愈益有力。
）。
现多与come out with, with 或have 等词连用，表示廉洁、清白。
He retired from office with clean hands. 他退休时两袖清风。
John grew up in a bad neighborhood, but he grew up with clean hands.约翰在不良的环境中成长，却出淤泥而不染。
6． as one man （一致地） 这是英语中最古老的成语之一，源自《圣经·旧约·士师记》第20章。
So all the people got them up as one man.(所有人都团结起来如同一个人。
。
现仍表示（全体）一致地。
The teaching staff speak as one man on this issue. 在这个问题上全体教员意见一致。
7． old Adam (老亚当) 源自《圣经·旧约·士师记》第2、3章。
上帝创造了世界上的第一个男人，取名为亚当（Adam），后因偷吃禁果而被逐出伊甸园。
现用old Adam来指本性的罪恶。
One's real enemy is the old Adam. 人的真正敌人是本性之恶。
因为亚当非女人所生，所以没有肚脐，是最容易辨认的人，因此not know somebody from Adam就表示完全不认识某人。
Mrs. Smith is a friend of mine, but I don't know her husband from Adam.史密斯太太是我的朋友，但我完全不认识她丈夫。
8． chapter and verse（引文的确实之处，确切依据） 本习语并非出自《圣经》，其来源却与《圣经》有关。
16世纪时，《圣经》在原先分卷分类的基础上进一步细分为章（chapter）、节（verse），这就为人们在引用《圣经》时标出确切出处提供了方便。
现多与give连用，表示详细地或精确地。
She failed to give chapter and verse for her charge that he had taken brides. 她指控他受贿，却没能提供确凿的证据。
这里所列举的几个例子都是英美国家的人在日常交流中广泛使用的，但对于英语中数以千计的《圣经》习语来说只是沧海一粟。
学习英语的人多了解一些英语国家的文化背景，多明白一些习语的出处典故，可以更好地帮助记忆，也可以更好地理解英语中所蕴含的文化内涵，发现其中的迷人之处。
