on August 3rd 读作什么
on August 3rd 8月3日读音：昂 奥格斯特 死而的August英[ˈɔ:gəst]美['ɔɡəst]adj.尊严的，威严的，令人敬畏的; 威风凛凛的; 堂堂的，雄赳赳的;n.八月; （简写为Aug） 奥古斯特;[网络]燃烬八月; 八月公司; 八;[例句]Meantime the August heat was almost unbearable.这会儿，八月的暑热几乎使人受不了。
[其他]复数：Augusts
我们成人怎么学习Phonics
有教材吗
刊乔诗十二首·欧康奈尔诗十二首（总第26期刊翻译专栏）© 史春波 译父亲的皮夹那是八月，一个漫长垂死的夏季的尽头。
我们告别了枫树荫蔽的灵台上一个杨木盒子里他的骨灰，回到家中，开始拣选：这个带走，这个留下。
抽屉里三个黑色的皮夹扁扁的压在白衬衫之下，皮子旧得几乎牛皮纸那么薄，边缘磨成了蕾丝。
我打开的第一个释放出一簇线头，它盘旋着落下像一张精致的翅膀来自某个曾经的生命。
其他什么也没留下除了一叠模糊的名字和面孔，而我们曾是票根。
多少次，灼人的阳光从城西一路射入车窗，艰难挪动的堵车路上，煎熬在那辆陈旧的里，兜里的这个肿块是否使他烦恼
一切终将溃散，这无休止的收入与支出，这日复一日的摩擦使生命耗尽。
有时你身边最后携带的东西最难割舍，那一刻在拉开的抽屉前握着掏空的皮夹，往事忽然全部回到了你的手中，只是更轻了，它飘浮着如同一个愿望，世界最终履行的承诺中饥饿的承诺。
鹪鹩致芭蕾舞女演员L.N.有一次，一只鹪鹩被困在车库里从一扇玻璃窗撞向另一扇最后，它蹲伏在窗台上，精疲力竭，我缓慢的话语抚慰着。
谁知道这甜美的歌者听到了什么
它深色的眼睛圆瞪，绝望，我竟被允许握住如此的颤抖，这庞大且微小的心脏这无法丈量的脆弱强烈地敲打着我的手指。
来到外面，我释放双手，决心来自所有监禁者共享的渴望：天空足够人或鸟，灵魂细小的脊骨舞开各自的门闩。
瞄准当然你要把子弹放在你眼睛的方向。
可心脏是个喧闹的器官：正当你的瞄准器游移到靶心，它稍微一跳你措手不及。
你学习屏住呼吸足够远地扣压扳机才不会伤到自己。
我是说，如此缓慢，如此轻声细语你的脉搏得到暗示闭上了嘴。
相信我，当枪管末端黑色的准星开始固定，光停止思考是不够的。
你的血液需要无比安静。
你必须像死了一样。
日出那时我一定二十出头无知得绝望。
我彻夜不眠地驱赶冒烟的文字，单独或者结合它们总不合适。
夜晚如此寒冷的四月，我窗下的屋顶在破晓之时正变得苍白。
我跨出窗台，等待万物渐显的轮廓分离，完美的独立而后光线柔和的黄金触碰树枝，脸颊和手指，还有屋顶上每粒鹅卵石的一边。
光的献礼，无需语言，这世界的每个瞬间已起身与它会面。
信号今晚的那些飞蛾，你说是倚窗的旗语，什么也没传递。
它们看见自己银色的肩角平衡着真实的月亮，而实际的路线只是在盘旋。
有时候我们共享的光似乎很遥远，我们把自己更紧地拧进相互的瞪视直到我们盖着阴影的脸穿梭于灯前，灯是让我看清你的唯一。
于是我们中一人摸到开关把光熄灭。
此刻，翅翼张开无声地从窗上剥离像思想，或者最后的羽毛，枕头上抖落的。
书法长长的装满黑夜这些橡木劈开了仿佛只被光它们沿着斧子跃起闪亮如纸面。
木纹的走向似河流迂回穿越艰难的国土，或者烟依仗冰封的天空神秘地卷曲。
我几乎想象于天将亮时在多石岸边的一座木屋里破译一个故事。
一个女人醒来，拨了拨余火，然后站在窗边梳理头发。
她歪着脑袋像个孩子在苦思一个问题。
夜色渐薄，她的一只手撩起睡意缠结的波浪，另一只梳开它们的火焰。
麦子的六种黄“没有黄则不成蓝”——梵高，给Emile Bernard的信，一八八八年六月于阿尔一种用阳光给风涂黄油，一种锈得像散落的骨头，还有一种再次暗示抹了蜜的绿，忆起来了。
一排排负重的丰饶仍旧练习弯腰，它们的嗓音纤细干燥如滴答的耳语。
几片云彩默默擦青田野的一角，翻转的泥土映照深深的紫罗兰。
一些被雨水漂白的胡须怀着种子欠身闪烁亚麻的光芒，昏暗跳耀的青铜，这些茎秆交错的线条在心中如此摇荡于是你会看见一切只不过一个般简单的愿望头顶上六个伪装的乌鸦的影子掠过。
后来镰刀扫出一条路阳光将麦秆削成黑眼睛的小树林，黄金的茬，天空在此落下了它蓝色的膝盖。
复制品我曾在日落时骑着一头驴告别咕咕叫的牲棚一个共和国的鸽子从那里旋转升起，如一的翅膀，沿着布满碎石的路，去年的玉米残株插在两手边，来到山谷之上的小丘等待傍晚已迈着小偷的步伐从溪边的白杨林走来。
驴儿抖了两下毛糙的耳朵忽然神色安详，当头顶消失的凝固的行道在东西之间粉刷出新的阵矩，它们发动机的声音一颗硕大的铁球滚入远处的走廊。
高高的公路背后一千枚枫树的种子竖立在沙砾中燃烧着橘红色的光像众人举起的手。
地图父亲不是绘图师，可我十岁就学会了如何用蜡笔和软布把一张葱皮纸涂抹成一块大陆，或蓝色渐浅的海洋伸向绿色隐现的海岸。
半透明的纸上他曾指引我的手，很快，我不再临摹，任钢笔自由地跑成条条大河，国界漆黑不可逾越，虚构的海岸线颤抖着，热气升腾。
比例尺是关键，他常说。
我剥落手指上的干墨并不懂他的意思。
如今我读的地图都是地方的。
小方格标志着房屋道路在此转向南方。
红色的虚线揭示地产的边界。
看得见的水域依旧是蓝色，而比例尺取自生活：一万步为一英寸。
积云致•霍尔透过浴室的窗口夏日的气温不断攀登，落日被西边半英里处卫理工会老人院的楼顶刺破，十根天线从那里钉入天际，第二十五层直接导入天堂。
这些天，我常起夜，呼应我的身体，瞥见对面玻璃窗狭窄的缎带，黑黑的除了一个，右边下数第三排一个白色的连字符仍在燃烧。
它旁边的那个时而一阵光忽现好像手电筒横扫了整个房间搜寻一张脸，一个名字，或被单下伸出的一只手腕。
那一刻我感到我的气息在胸膛内潮湿起来，暴风雨的细胞渐次向东漂移，它们的顶部在夜幕中神秘地攀爬，之后是雨，一滴，又一滴迷失在倾泻之中，朝着城市的灯光跌落，闪耀着，数不清的，闪耀着。
储蓄白日又一次，我穿梭于各个房间拎起这个钟，还有那个，拧动它们精致的转轮，一半思考着日光在一端被挽救，在另一端丢失。
我可以继续轻松地谈论缓刑与不公正，得到的与退却的，可那又将把我们带往何处
我宁可去想母亲家里的壁钟，它悬挂的年头，在她父母脊背湾的门厅里已经陈旧，它那木头般的发条走动的滴答模糊地沾染着大衣和雪茄的味道。
昨夜，独自一人在床前，她把黑色的指针拨过十二，听见棘轮轻快地谈吐，没收的时辰当当地敲响。
在它的脸上我第一次看到数字，看到罗马和有力的击打。
很久以后我想象古罗马军团强行穿越一个干燥的省份，刺眼的阳光，全世界的灰尘在他们的凉鞋上。
在阁楼上当时的夏天炎热，我们洁白的单层小楼立在新鲜的地面上，没有树，那些熊熊的日子里我常顺着楼梯攀向阁楼的热，椽上的松液烤焙成芬芳的珠子。
两个鼓形纸板桶内父亲战时的卡其布军装，扁平的羔羊毛里的飞行靴，我们的羊毛帽子和围巾，迷失在雪和蒸汽的下午。
我愿用它们钢制的顶盖当锣，叩响我五音调的挽歌，朝向神圣胡言乱语，然后痴迷、眩晕地下楼，汗淋淋地走进忽然奇迹般凉爽的房间，我们每天趟过的热只是用来呼吸的空气。
不管在那燃烧的屋顶之下我唱了些什么，伪造的颂歌或者盲目的祈祷，幽暗的飞蛾在那些夜里哼唱着开在我窗下的八月的花朵和那撕开纱窗的月亮。
● 英文原诗MY FATHER’S WALLETSIt was August, and the endof a long-dying summer.We left his ashes in a poplar boxon a catafalque shaded by maples,and back at the house turned to sorting:this to take with us,this to leave behind.In a drawer three black walletsflat beneath white shirts,the leather worn to little morethan membrane,the edges frayed to lace.The first I opened freed a tuft of lintthat spiralled downlike a tiny wingfrom something once living.Nothing else leftof the smudged deck of names,faces, the stubs of what we were.How many times, the sun squinting in the glassthe whole way west from the city,bumper to bumper, sweating it outin the old Volks, was this lump in the pocketa pain in the ass? Anythingwould fall to pieces, these endless takings inand payings out, this daily rubthat wears away a life.Sometimes the last of what you’ve carried closecan be hard to part with, that momentbefore the open drawerholding a gutted wallet,when suddenly it’s all back in your hand,but lighter, floating like a wish,the famished promise of a promisethe world has come to keep.WRENfor L. N., ballerinaIn the garage once, a trapped wrenflung itself from glass to glassbefore crouching on a sill, exhausted,my slow words soothing. Who knowswhat it heard, sweet singer, its dark eyewide and desperate,but it suffered meto hold such trembling,this huge yet tiny heart,this frail immensityknocking hard against my fingers.Outside, my hand flew open,willed only by that wishanything imprisoned shares:sky enoughfor man or bird,for soul's small boneto dance its own unlatching.GETTING THE RANGESure you want to put your bulletwhere you look.But the heart is a noisy organ:just when you’ve got the sight hoveringon target, one little beatwill shout you off.You learn not to breathe,to start the trigger squeezefar enough out it can’t hurt you.I mean, so slow, so whisperyyour pulse takes the hintand shuts up. Believe me,when that black beadat the end of the barrelstarts to settle,it’s not enough to quit thinking.Your blood needs to goreal quiet.You've got to be good as dead.SUNRISEI must have been twentyand desperate with ignorance.I'd kept myself upthrough a long night of wranglingsmoky words that neither fitnor fit together.Cold as the nights wereit was April, the roofbeneath my windowjust gone pale with dawn.I slipped over the sill and waitedas forms emergedseparate, perfectly aloneand then the rays'soft gold touched branches,face and fingers, one sideof every granule on the shingled roof.An offering of light, wordless,each moment in the worldalready turning to meet it.SIGNALSThose moths tonight, you saidsemaphores against the window,are sending nothing. They seetheir silver shoulders balancinga real moon, and turntrue course to spiral.Sometimes the light we shareseems distant, and we twistever tighter into glareuntil the lamp our shadowed faces crossis all I have to see you.Then one of us feels for the switchand puts the light out.Now the unfolding wingssoundlessly detaching from the glassresemble thought, or last feathers,lies shaken white from a pillow.CALLIGRAPHYSo long so full of nightthese oak logs splitas if by light aloneand spring like shining pagesfrom the axe.Grain reads like a rivertwists through hard country,or curls inscrutably as smokeagainst a frozen sky.I almost imagineuncoding a storybeginning near dawnin a cabin on a stony shore.A woman wakes, stirs embers,then stands by a windowbrushing out her hair.She tilts her head like a childpuzzling out a question.In thinning dark, her one handlifts sleep-tangled waves,and the other brushes loose their fire.THE SIX YELLOWS OF WHEATThere's no blue without yellow.Van Gogh, letter to Emile Bernard, Arles, June '88One butters wind with sunlight,one rusts like fallen bone,another hints again at honeyed green,remembering. A plenitudeof burdened rows still learninghow to bend, their voice the finedry tick of susurration.Those clouds that bruisea corner of the fieldsay nothing, though turned earthreturns deep violet.Some rainbleached beardsbowed down with seedglint blonde, some duskyfireshot bronze, these stalksmixed lineationsso swaying in the heartone might see all of itonly the azure of an easy wishand overheadsix shadows in the guise of crows.But then the scythe sweeps passageand sunlight blades the rowsto dark eyed groves, stubbled goldwhere even the skyfalls to its blue knees.REPLICAI have ridden a donkey at sunsetfrom the cooing barnwhere a commonwealth of pigeonswhirls up as one bright wing,down the road of broken stones,last year’s corn stubbed outon either hand, to the knoll above the valleyand waited there for eveningalready stepping like a thieffrom the little grove of poplars by the creek.The donkey flicks his rough ears twiceand is serene, as overheadthe frozen paths of unseen jetstrack east and west,chalking new lattice,the sound of their enginesan immense iron ballset loose in a distant corridor.A thousand maple seedserect in gravelon the high road backflame with orange lightlike the upraised hands of a multitude.MAPSMy father was no cartographer,but I learned at tenhow crayon and soft clothcould blush a sheet of onionskininto a whole continent, or shoal blue oceanstoward the green quiver of a shore.Over the membranehe’d guide my hand,but soon I no longer traced,the pen freely coursinggreat rivers, bordersblack and impenetrable,the trembled fiction of a steaming coast.It’s all about scale, he’d say,as I flaked India from my fingers,not really knowing what he meant.The maps I read these daysare local. Here the road turnssouth near the small squarewhich marks a house.This dotted line in redreveals the confinesof the property.Whatever water could be shownmight still be blue,but the scale is drawn from life:ten thousand steps to every inch.CUMULUSfor Thomas HallThrough the bath windowsummer weather climbs, sunsetimpaling itself half a mile weston the Methodist Home,where ten antennas spike the skylineand the twenty-fifth floor conductsstraight to heaven. I rise latethese nights, answeringthe body, and glimpse the narrow bandsof windowglass all black,save one, three down on the right,a white hyphen still burning.Sometimes from the nexta brightness flaresas if a flashlight swept the room,searching out a face, a name,a wrist extended from a sheet.It's then I feel the breathgo humid in my chest, the driftof storm cells ever eastward, their topsin the night towering invisibly,and then the drops, one and anotherlost in the downpour,falling toward the city lights,shining, uncountable, shining.DAYLIGHT SAVINGSOnce more I wander through the roomslifting this clock and that,twisting their tiny wheels,half-mindful of lightsaved at one end,lost at the other.I could easily go onabout reprieve and injustice,what’s gained and what falls back,but where would that get us?I’d rather consider the wall clockat my mother’s, the years it hung,old even then, in her parents’ Bay Ridge hall,its wooden, wind-up tockvaguely scented with overcoats and cigars.Last night, alone before bed,she’d have turned the black handthrough twelve,heard the brisk tattle of the ratchet,the gong of the forfeit hour.Its face was my first lookat the numbers, Romanand hard struck. Much laterI imagined the legions,a forced march through a dry province,the glare of the sun,the dust of the world on their sandals.IN THE ATTICHot summers then, our white one-storytreeless on new ground,those blazing days I’d climb the stairsto attic heat, the rafters’ pinesapbaked to fragrant beads.Inside two cardboard drumsmy father’s wartime khakis,his flattened, fleece-lined flying boots,our woolen hats and scarves, lostafternoons of snows and steam.On their steel lids I’d tap and gongmy five note dirge, babbling to the sacred,then come down rapt and woozed, adripto the miracle of rooms gone cool,heat we waded every daymerely air to breathe.Whatever I might have sungbeneath that burning roof,false chant or blind invocation,dark moths those nightshummed the August bloomsopening beneath my windowand the moon tore back the screen.
急求一段可以读一分钟左右优美的文章。
I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King’s speech of August 28, 1963 is widely regarded as one of the most powerful ever delivered in the United States. Although this address was delivered orally, it was read from a written text composed with great care. It is an example of formal English with a convincing style. Here are some of the stylistic devices (which maybe considered traditionally as rhetorical devices) used by Dr King to inspire and persuade.3.1 Repetition:Throughout the speech, Dr. King repeats words and sentence. This is a very outstanding feature in this speech called repetition. It belongs to the stylistic device of syntactic over-regularity. The term repetition is restricted to mean the case of exactcopying of a certain previous unit in a text such as a word, phrase or even a sentence (Leech, 1969), because all the over-regular features in literature are in some sense repetitious. Used in speech, repetition not only makes it easy for the audience to follow what the speaker is saying, but also gives a strong rhythmic quality to the speech and makes it more memorable. In paragraphs 8 through 16, for example, King uses the words “I have a dream” nine times. This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherencein discourseand the function of reinforcement in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker’s strong emotion of longing for freedom, justice, righteousness and a much more united nation of all of God’s children.If we study the whole speech more carefully, it is easy for us to find many other examples of repetition used.① But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro.② is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exilein his own land.Here the phrase “one hundred years later” has been repeated three times, seemingly indicating that it is really a long time for the Negro to wait for the coming of the time of justice and righteousness.The words “Let Freedom ring…” has been repeated as many as nine times to indicate that it is the whole of the United States rather than any part of it that should be bathed in the sunshine of freedom.3.2 Use of ParallelismParallelism is another syntactic over-regularity. It means exactrepetition in equivalent positions. It differs from simple repetition in that the identity does not extend to absolute duplication, it “requires some variable feature of the pattern-some contrasting elements which are ‘parallel’ with respect to their position in the pattern”(Leech, 1969:66). To put it simply, parallelismmeans the balancing of sentence elements that are grammatically equal. To take them parallel, balance nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, clauses with clauses, and so forth.In his speech, Martin Luther King uses parallelismto create a strong rhythm to help the audience line uphis ideas. Here are few examples:⑤…by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination…(Par.2, two parallel noun phrases)⑥“This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.” (Par.4, two parallel infinitive phrases: “to engage…to take…”)⑦“There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America…”(Par. 5, two parallel nouns joined with “neither…nor”)⑧“We shall never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity…”(Par. 7, two parallel verb phrases)It is traditionally believed that parallelismis used for the purpose of emphasizing and enhancing, esp. in speech, the ideas expressed by the speaker (or author in written versions), thus always encouraging and inspiring the audience. We need not to be very carefully to find out many more examples of parallelism used in King’s speech and classified as is followed:3.2.1 parallel nouns:⑨This not was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. (Par. 3, three parallel nouns as attributive)⑩1963 is not an end, but a beginning (Par. 5, two parallel nouns joined with “not…but…”)⑾Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. (Par. 6)⑿…have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedomis inextricably bound to our freedom. (Par. 6, two pairs of parallel nouns).⒀I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment…(Par. 8)⒁…a desert state sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasisof freedom and justice. (Par. 11, two pairs of parallel nouns).3.2.2 Parallel noun phrases:⒂So we have to came to cash this check-a check that will give as upon demand the riches of freedom and The security of justice. (Par. 4)⒃I have a dream that one dayon the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brother hood (Par. 10)3.2.3 Parallel infinitive phrases:⒄It would be fetal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro. (Par.5, two parallel infinitive phrases)⒅With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to straggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowingthat we will be free one day. (Par. 7, five parallel infinitive phrases).3.2.4 Parallel prepositional phrases⒆I have a dream that my four little children will one daylive in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. (Par. 12)⒇…, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, … (Par. 25)E. Parallel clauses:(21) …, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and (that) their freedom is inextricably bound t our freedom. (Par. 6, two parallel objective clause)(22) I have a dreamthat one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough place will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. (Par. 6, six parallel clauses used as appositions of the noun “dream”).3.3 Use of Similes and MetaphorsAs two very important types of meaning transference in literature, similes and metaphors are comparisons that show similarities in things that are basically different, which can be used to add vividness and vitality to writing. As Leech points out, metaphor is associated with a particular rule of transference which may be called the “metaphoric rule” (1969: 151). That is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning.Throughout the speech, King makes extensive use of similes and metaphors. In paragraph 1, for example, King compares The Emancipation Proclamation to two forms of brilliant light cutting through darkness. The first-“a joyous daybreak”-compares it to the sunrise, which (in this case) ends “the long night of captivity”. In paragraph 2, he speaks of “the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination,” comparing segregation and discrimination under which the Negro people live to the manacles and chains once used on slaves. Therefore, it is very clear that the using of similes and metaphors can definitely add vividness and vitality to writing and make it easy for the readers or audience to understand.Now let’s cite some of the similes and metaphors used in King’s speech.(23) One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. (Par. 2, metaphors)(24) But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity for this nation (Par.4, metaphors)(25)This is no time … to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism. (Par. 4, metaphor)(26) This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. (Par. 5, Metaphors)(27) …we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. (Par. 7, Similes)(28) …a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers. (Par. 14, Similes)3.4 Use of ContrastAlthough maybe a rhetorical device instead of a stylistic one, contrast has also been used effectively, like repetition, in this speech, achieving the function of making clear the ideas of the speaker. In paragraph l, for example, “great beacon light of hope” is contrasted with “flames of withering injustice,” and “joyous daybreak” with long night of captivity.”As it is defined, contrast is used to show the difference between two things. Therefore, it is not very difficult for us to understand why the speaker king uses so many contrasts in his speech.
高分悬赏简历翻译
1. A solid grasp of the basic theory of metallic materials, has a basic knowledge of welding metal; 2. Proficiency in English, has strong listening, speaking, reading and writing ability in English proficiency in reading data; 3. Familiar with the computer, including Windows, C + + language proficiency to use Word, Excel, and other Office software. Majors: On the basis of materials science, metallurgy and heat treatment, welding inspection, electrical engineering, analog circuits and digital circuits, physics and arc welding methods, materials processing measurement and control engineering, computer and application of the principle, power inverter, the mechanical engineering, material forming Principles of measurement and control of materials processing, mechanical engineering, mechanical design basis, machinery manufacturing base, such as metal welding technology. Internship experience: 1.2006-year in August in the city of Chifeng in Inner Mongolia Balinzuoqi large class lead-zinc internship 2. While studying at the school in the Jinling Petrochemical Corporation Jian, MG cars, on behalf of itself electronics, Nanjing Iveco, the Jinling shipyard enterprises, such as internships. 3. Served as Materials Science and Engineering 2005 Student Union minister of propaganda, the work efforts. 4. To participate in the University during the student attendance, serious and responsible. 5. To participate in school organizations, the Federation of the Nanjing Military Region condolences to the activities of retired cadres. Awards \\\/ certificates: 1.2006 year of Materials Science and Engineering outstanding student title; 2.2007 in Materials Science and Engineering Department received excellent students. 3. College English Certificate IV, the results at 471. Self-evaluation: 1. Highly innovative, pioneering consciousness; confident, competent, responsible; 2.'s A good organization, communication and coordination capacity; a strong team spirit. 3. I believe there will be efforts to return Buchixiawen courage, to express their own actions. 4. Strong sense of professionalism and sense of responsibility and dedication, the correct moral and good health.
瓦特英文简介
不好意你看第一段吧。
James Watt - Inventor of the Modern Steam EngineJames Watt was of humble lineage, born in Greenock, Scotland on January 19, 1736. Greenock was then a little Scotch fishing village that became a busy town with a fleet of steamships during Watt's lifetime. His grandfather, Thomas Watt, was a well known mathematician and local schoolmaster. His father was a prominent citizen of Greenock, and was at various times chief magistrate and treasurer of the town.Mechanical MindJames Watt was intelligent, however, because of poor health he was unable to attend school regularly. His early education was given by his parents. Tools from his father's carpenter bench provided Watt's with manual dexterity and familiarity with their use gave the boy an early education in the basics of engineering and tooling.Arago, the eminent French philosopher, who wrote one of the earliest and most interesting biographies of James Watt, relates anecdotes about the mechanical bent of the boy's mind. Sponsored LinksModel Steam EngineAll Kinds Of Model Steam Engine Here In One Spot.Modellings.CluedUpSearch.netEnergy InnovationsSteam and Stirling Engines, Fuel Cells, Solar Models and ToysJames Watt BiographyA Detailed Life History 31 Pages of Biographical ContentBookRags.comAt the age of six years, James Watt occupied himself during by solving geometrical problems, and by experimenting with his mother's tea kettle, his earliest investigation into the nature of steam.When James Watt was finally sent to the village school, his ill health prevented his making rapid progress; and it was only when thirteen or fourteen years of age that he began to show that he was capable of taking the lead in his class, and to exhibit his abilities, particularly in mathematics. His spare time was spent sketching with his pencil, carving, and working at the tool bench with wood and metal. He made many ingenious pieces of mechanism, and some beautiful models. He liked to repair nautical instruments. Among other pieces of apparatus made by the boy was a very fine barrel organ. In boyhood, James Watt was an avid reader, and found something to interest him in every book that came into his hands.ApprenticeshipsAt the age of eighteen, James Watt was sent to Glasgow to reside with his mother's relatives, and learn the trade of a mathematical instrument maker. James Watt soon outgrow the knowledge of the mechanic he was apprenticed to. A friend and professor at the University of Glasgow, Doctor Dick advised him to move to London. James Watt moved in June of 1755, and found work with John Morgan, in Cornhill, for twenty guineas a week. After a year he was compelled, by serious ill health, to return home.After regaining his health, James Watt returned to Glasgow in 1756. However, because he had not finished his apprenticeship, he was forbidden by the guilds, or trades unions, to open a shop in Glasgow. Doctor Dick came to his aid, and employed him to repair apparatus at the University. He remained there until 1760, when he was allowed to open a mechanic shop in the city. He briefly worked as a civil engineer, however, he preferred mechanics. James Watt spent much of his leisure time making musical instruments, inventing improvements in the construction of organs.Newcomen Steam EngineHe kept his connections with the University of Glasgow and that led to his introduction to the Newcomen steam engine in 1763. A model was owned by the University and given to James Watt for repairs.Doctor Robison, a student at the University, was friends with James Watt and hung around his shop. It was Robison who first intoduced James Watt to the concept of steam engines in 1759, and suggested that they could be used for the propulsion of carriages. James Watt built minature models using tin steam cylinders and pistons attached to driving wheels by a system of gears. However, he abandoned his early research on steam engines. After he examined the Newcomen steam engine twenty-five years later, Watts renewed his interest and began studing the history of the steam engine, and conducting experimental research into the properties of steam.In his own experiments he used, at first, apothecaries' trials and hollow canes for steam reservoirs and pipes, and later a Papin's digester and a common syringe. The latter combination made a non condensing engine, in which he used steam at a pressure of 15 pounds per square inch. The valve was worked by hand, and James Watt saw that an automatic valve gear was needed to make a working machine. This experiment, however, led to no practical result. Watt finally got hold of the Newcomen model, after putting it in good working order, commenced experiments with that.James Watt and the Newcomen Steam Engine The Newcomen steam engine model had a boiler which was made to scale and was incapable of furnishing enough steam to power an engine. It was about nine inches in diameter; the steam cylinder was two inches in diameter, and had a six inch piston stroke.IJames Watt - mproving the BroilerJames Watt made a new boiler for the experimental investigation on which he was about to enter that could measure the quantity of water evaporated and the steam condensed at every stroke of the engine.James Watt Rediscovers Latent HeatHe soon discovered that it required a very small quantity of steam to heat a very large quantity of water, and immediately started to determine with precision the relative weights of steam and water in the steam cylinder when condensation took place at the down stroke of the engine. James Watt independently proved the existence of latent heat, the discovery of another scientist, Doctor Black. Watt went to Black with his research, who shared his knowledge with Watt. Watt found that, at the boiling point, his condensing steam was capable of heating six times its weight of water used for producing condensation.James Watt's Separate CondenserRealizing that steam, weight for weight was a vastly greater absorbent and reservoir of heat than water, Watt saw the importance of taking greater care to economize it than had previously been attempted. At first, he economized in the boiler, and made boilers with wooden shells in order to prevent losses by conduction and radiation, and used a larger number of flues to secure more complete absorption of the heat from the furnace gases. He also covered his steam pipes with nonconducting materials, and took every precaution to secure the complete utilization of the heat of combustion. He soon discovered that the great source of loss was to be found in defects which he noted in the action of the steam in the cylinder. He soon concluded that the sources of loss of heat in the Newcomen engine which would be greatly exaggerated in a small model were:First, the dissipation of heat by the cylinder itself, which was of brass, and was both a good conductor and a good radiator. Secondly, the loss of heat consequent upon the necessity of cooling down the cylinder at every stroke, in producing the vacuum.Thirdly, the loss of power due to the pressure of vapor beneath the piston, which was a consequence of the imperfect method of condensation.James Watt first made a cylinder of nonconducting material wood soaked in oil and then baked and increased the economy of steam. He then conducted a series of very accurate experiments upon the temperature and pressure of steam at such points on the scale as he could readily reach, and, constructing a curve with his results, the abscesses representing temperatures and the pressures being represented by the ordinates, he ran the curve backward until he had obtained closely approximate measures of temperatures less than 212, and pressures less than atmospheric. Watt thus found that, with the amount of injection water used in the Newcomen engine, bringing the temperature of the interior, as he found, down to from 140° to 175° Fahrenheit, a very considerable back pressure would be met with.Continuing his research, he measured the amount of steam used at each stroke, comparing it with the quantity that would just fill the cylinder, he found that at least three fourths was required. The quantity of cold water necessary to produce the condensation of a given weight of steam was determined next; and he found that one pound of steam contained enough heat to raise about six pounds of cold water, as used for condensation, from the temperature of 62° to the boiling point. James Watt was compelled to use, at each stroke of the Newcomen engine, four times as much injection water as the amount used to condense a cylinder full of steam. This confirmed his previous conclusion that three-fourths of the heat supplied to the engine was wasted.James Watt's Perfected Separate CondenserJames Watt's research determined the following facts: The capacities for heat of iron, copper, and of some sorts of wood, as compared with water. The bulk of steam compared with that of water. The quantity of water evaporated in a certain boiler by a pound of coal. The elasticity of steam at various temperatures greater than that of boiling water, and an approximation to the law which it follows at other temperatures. How much water in the form of steam was required every stroke by a small Newcomen engine, with a wooden cylinder 6 inches in diameter and 12 inches stroke. The quantity of cold water required in every stroke to condense the steam in that cylinder, so as to give it a working power of about 7 pounds on the square inch.After his scientific investigations, James Watt worked on improving the steam engine with an intelligent understanding of its existing defects, and with a knowledge of their cause. Sponsored LinksSteam EnginesFind Out More About Steam Engines Here.Engine.CluedUpSearch.netMarine Engine Water TestMonitor oiler water and cooling water - test kits from KittiwakeResistors.025 - 2000 Watts & Replacements For Ohmite Resistors.Watt soon saw that in order to reduce the losses in the working of the steam in the steam cylinder, it would be necessary to find a way to keep the cylinder always as hot as the steam that entered it.James Watt WritesAccording to James Watt: I had gone to take a walk on a fine Sabbath afternoon. I had entered the Green by the gate at the foot of Charlotte street, and had passed the old washing house. I was thinking upon the engine at the time, and had gone as far as the herd's house, when the idea came into my mind that, as steam was an elastic body, it would rush into a vacuum, and, if a communication were made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel, it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder. I then saw that I must get rid of the condensed steam and injection water if I used a jet, as in Newcomen's engine. Two ways of doing this occurred to me: First, the water might be run off by a descending pipe, if an off jet could be got at the depth of 35 or 36 feet, and any air might be extracted by a small pump. The second was, to make the pump large enough to extract both water and air. I had not walked farther than the Golf house, when the whole thing was arranged in my mind.Referring to this invention, James Watt said: When analyzed, the invention would not appear so great as it seemed to be. In the state in which I found the steam engine, it was no great effort of mind to observe that the quantity of fuel necessary to make it work would forever prevent its extensive utility. The next step in my progress was equally easy to inquire what was the cause of the great consumption of fuel. This, too, was readily suggested, viz., the waste of fuel which was necessary to bring the whole cylinder, piston, and adjacent parts from the coldness of water to the heat of steam, no fewer than from 15 to 20 times in a minute.James Watt had invented his all-important separate condenser. He proceeded to make an experimental test of his new invention, using for his steam cylinder and piston a large brass surgeon's syringe, 14 inch diameter and 10 inches long. At each end was a pipe leading steam from the boiler, and fitted with a cock to act as a steam valve. A pipe led also from the top of the cylinder to the condenser, the syringe being inverted and the piston rod hanging downward for convenience. The condenser was made of two pipes of thin tin plate, 10 or 12 inches long, and about one sixth of an inch in diameter, standing vertically, and having a connection at the top with a horizontal pipe of larger size, and fitted with a snifting valve. Another vertical pipe, about an inch in diameter, was connected to the condenser, and Watt fitted with a piston, with a view to using it as an air pump.The whole thing was set in a cistern of cold water. The piston rod of the little steam cylinder was drilled from end to end to permit the water to be removed from the cylinder. This little model worked very satisfactorily, and the perfection of the vacuum was such that the machine lifted a weight of 18 pounds hung upon the piston rod, as in the sketch. A larger model was immediately afterward constructed, and the result of its test confirmed fully the anticipations which had been awakened by the first experiment.Having taken this first step and making such a radical improvement, the success of this invention was followed by more. All the result of improving the old Newcomen engine.James Watt Builds his Own Steam Engine In the working out of the forms and proportions of the details of the new steam engine, even James Watt's powerful mind, stored as it was with happily combined scientific and practical information, was occupied for years.In attaching the separate condenser, he first attempted surface condensation; but this not succeeding well, he substituted the jet. Watt had to find a way to prevent the filling of the condenser with water.James Watt at first lead a pipe from the condenser to a depth greater than the height of a column of water which could be counterbalanced by the pressure of the atmosphere; subsequently he employed an air pump, which relieved the condenser of the water and air which collected in the condenser, and lessened the vacuum. He next substituted oil and tallow for the water used to lubricate the piston, keeping the steam tight and preventing the cooling of the cylinder. Sponsored LinksEnergy InnovationsSteam and Stirling Engines, Fuel Cells, Solar Models and ToysModel Steam EngineFind The Top Sites For Model Steam Engine Here.Modellings.CluedUpSearch.netFine Art Transport PrintsLimited Editions by David Weston. Steam Trains, Tractors and Cars.Another cause of refrigeration of the cylinder, and consequent waste of power in its operation, was the entrance of air, which followed the piston down the cylinder at each stroke, cooling its interior by its contact. The inventor prevented this from happening by covering the top of the cylinder.He not only covered the top, but surrounded the whole cylinder with an external casing, or steam jacket that allowed the steam from the boiler to pass around the steam cylinder and press on the upper surface of the piston.After James Watt built his larger experimental engine, he hired a room in an old deserted pottery. There he worked with mechanic Folm Gardiner. Watt had just met Doctor Roebuck, a wealthy physician, who had, with other Scotch capitalists, just founded the celebrated Carron Iron Works. James Watt frequently wrote to Roebuck describng his progress.In August, 1765, he tried the small engine, and wrote Roebuck that he had good success although the machine was very imperfect. He then tells his correspondent that he was about to make the larger model. In October, 1765, he finished the large steam engine. The engine, when ready for trial, was still very imperfect. It nevertheless did good work for so crude a machine.James Watt was now reduced to poverty, after borrowing considerable sums from friends, he finally had to seek employment in order to provide for his family. During an interval of about two years he supported himself by surveying, exploring coal fields in the neighborhood of Glasgow for the magistrates of the city. He did not, however, entirely give up his invention.In 1767, Roebuck assumed Watt's liabilities to the amount of £1,000, and agreed to provide more capital in exchange for two thirds of Watt's patent. Another engine was built with a steam cylinder seven or eight inches in diameter, which was finished in 1768. This worked sufficiently well to induce the partners to ask for a patent, and the specifications and drawings were completed and presented in 1769.James Watt also built and set up several Newcomen engines, partly, perhaps, to make himself thus thoroughly familiar with the practical details of engine building. Meantime, also, he prepared the plans for, and finally had built, a moderately large engine of his own new type. Its steam cylinder was 18 inches in diameter, and the stroke of piston was 5 feet. This engine was built at Kinneil, and was finished in September, 1769. It was not all satisfactory in either its construction or its operation. The condenser was a surface condenser composed of pipes somewhat like that used in his first little model, and did not prove to be satisfactorily tight. The steam piston leaked seriously, and repeated trials only served to make more evident its imperfections. He was assisted in this time of need by both Dr. Black and Dr. Roebuck; but he felt strongly the risks which he ran of involving his friends in serious losses, and became very despondent.Writing to Dr. Black, he says: Of all things in life, there is nothing more foolish than inventing; and probably the majority of inventors have been led to the same opinion by their own experiences.Misfortunes never come singly; and Watt was borne down by the greatest of all misfortunes the loss of a faithful and affectionate wife while still unable to see a successful issue of his schemes. Only less disheartening than this was the loss of fortune of his steadfast friend, Dr. Roebuck, and the consequential loss of his aid. It was at about this time, in the year 1769, that negotiations were commenced which resulted in the transfer of the capitalized interest in Watt's engine to the wealthy manufacturer whose name, coupled with that of Watt, afterward became known throughout the civilized world, as the steam engine in its new form was pushed into use by his energy and business tact.James Watt Partners with Matthew Boulton In 1768, James Watt met Matthew Boulton, his business partner, during his journey to London to get his patent. Matthew Boulton wanted to buy an interest in the patent. With Roebuck's consent, Watt offered Matthew Boulton a one third interest. Subsequently, Roebuck proposed to transfer to Matthew Boulton, one half of his proprietorship in Watt's inventions, for a sum of one thousand pounds. This proposal was accepted in November, 1769.Matthew Boulton was the son of a Birmingham silver stamper and piecer, and succeeded to his father's business, building up a great establishment, which, as well as its proprietor, was well known in Watt's time.Watt's estimate of the value of Boulton's ingenuity and talent was well founded. Boulton had shown himself a good scholar, and had acquired considerable knowledge of the languages and of the sciences, particularly of mathematics, after leaving the school from which he graduated into the shop when still a boy.
