史记楚世家读后感
读《史记 楚世家》的一点感想若水 2009-04-13 09:34 发觉读书有催眠的效果，晚上睡觉之前，喜欢看看史记。
近日读到楚世家关于画蛇添足之处，不免有点感想。
史记原文为： “六年，楚使柱国昭阳将兵而攻魏，破之於襄陵，得八邑。
又移兵而攻齐，齐王患之。
陈轸适为秦使齐，齐王曰：“为之柰何
”陈轸曰：“王勿忧，请令罢之。
”即往见昭阳军中，曰：“原闻楚国之法，破军杀将者何以贵之
”昭阳曰：“其官为上柱国，封上爵执珪。
”陈轸曰：“其有贵於此者乎
”昭阳曰：“令尹。
”陈轸曰：“今君已为令尹矣，此国冠之上。
臣请得譬之。
人有遗其舍人一卮酒者，舍人相谓曰：‘数人饮此，不足以遍，请遂画地为蛇，蛇先成者独饮之。
’ 一人曰：‘吾蛇先成。
’ 举酒而起，曰：‘吾能为之足。
’ 及其为之足，而後成人夺之酒而饮之，曰：‘蛇固无足，今为之足，是非蛇也。
’ 今君相楚而攻魏，破军杀将，功莫大焉，冠之上不可以加矣。
今又移兵而攻齐，攻齐胜之，官爵不加於此；攻之不胜，身死爵夺，有毁於楚：此为蛇为足之说也。
不若引兵而去以德齐，此持满之术也。
”昭阳曰：“善。
”引兵而去。
” 楚威王时，已接近战国末期，天下骚动，各诸侯均欲称霸，相互攻伐。
楚国派大将攻打魏国，结果大获全胜，柱国昭阳欲锦上添花，便移师齐国。
齐国为避免战祸，请求秦使出谋划策，结果秦使以“画蛇添足”这个寓言劝退楚将。
楚将若胜齐国功劳不加多，因为其官爵至多只能加到楚国第二（其父管职为楚国第一），完胜魏国足矣，而一旦失败，则罪将及身。
小学时就学过“画蛇添足”这一寓言故事，以为只是一些生活小事，不曾想竟然可以发挥如此大的功效。
暂且不论楚国大将明哲保身的做法是否合理，但是不得不钦佩春秋战国时期的说客谋士
孔子世家 读后感 500字左右
读《史记之孔子世家》有感——流水人生孔子说：“仁者爱山，智者乐水。
”仁者何以乐山，智者何以乐水
山水是天地自然的象征，是一切生命的源泉和万物栖息之所；是仁者对生命的寄托，是智者对自然的依恋。
这是孔子对天人相结合境界的最高体验。
孔子的一生追求仁，被大多数人认为是仁者，但是他更是智者。
因为他更钟情于水。
孔子观赏东流的水，子贡问道：“君子只要看见大水都要观赏，原因是什么
”孔子答道：“因为大水流动永不停息，而且滋润世间万物却不自认为有功，就像人的德行一样。
水有时在低处流动，有时在高处流动，这都有其遵循的规律，就像人的仁义一样。
大水浩浩荡荡，永不枯竭，这就像人的道德一样。
水流向百仞高的大山中而不惧怕，这就像人的勇敢一样。
装满了却用不着用盖子削平，这就像人的正直一样。
水的柔弱无所不至，就像人的明察一样。
水从源头必定流向东方，就像人的志向一样，所以君子看见了必定要观赏它。
”孔子用滔滔江水比做人的德行，勉励我们进德修业应像奔流不止的河水昼夜不舍，永不停息。
这不仅体现孔子的智慧，而且不也暗示了孔子的一生如流水一般吗
孔子一生仕途不顺畅，如流水般曲曲折折。
孔子35岁去齐国，见到齐景公。
由于受大臣晏婴的阻止，没有得到齐景公的重用，37岁返鲁。
孔子从51岁起，先是做了鲁国得县官，后来官至鲁国的最高法官，并代理丞相。
可是只有三个月的功夫，由于鲁王不听他的意见，孔子只好辞职，离开鲁国。
在55岁到68岁这14年间，奔走列国：在齐国受到排斥，在宋国、卫国遭到驱逐，在陈国、蔡国之间遭受厄困。
于是又返回鲁国。
社会现实却是让人痛心。
周王室统治微弱，“礼崩乐坏”，诸侯纷纷崛起，伦理秩序失控，社会纲常紊乱。
孔子想到自己的先祖弗父何禅让君位，正考父曾接连辅佐宋国三公，父亲叔梁纥勇猛震三鲁，母亲颜徵含辛茹苦地教育培养自己。
孔子叩心自问：自己为什么不能像传说中的盘古一斧劈开混沌的世界，令天地分开、泾渭分流
为什不能像文武周公那样文治武功，把天下治理得井井有条、太太平平
自己虽没有君王之位来施展政治抱负，也没有威武之师可以征伐世上邪恶，但是自己有知识、有智慧，可以用教育开启人的心智，用“六艺”来培养“上事君以忠，下使民以惠”的贤臣，改造这种“礼崩乐坏”的社会现实，实现“大道之行，天下为公”的太平盛世。
于是孔子不怕困难，如流水般，坚持自己的信仰，朝着自己的目标前进。
他下定决心，走上杏坛，传先王之道、授六艺之技、育天下之才。
哀公三年，孔子当时60岁。
孔子周游列国到宋，和弟子们在大树下“习礼”。
桓魋扬言要杀孔子时，砍倒大树。
弟子们让孔子快跑。
孔子却安慰弟子们，曰：“天生德于予，桓魋其如予何
”之后，孔子以及他的弟子们秘密地离开宋国。
等到桓魋得知孔子师徒出行的消息，派兵追赶时，孔子一行早已消失在茫茫的夜幕中。
孔子师徒先后来到新郑。
当时孔子风尘仆仆、疲惫不堪，非常狼狈。
子贡等人四处寻找孔子。
有一位老人对子贡说：“东门有个老头，长相不凡。
脑门子像尧帝，脖颈似尧时的名法官皋陶，双肩类似郑国大夫子产，腰以下不及禹三寸，脊背微曲，又瘦又乏，累若丧家之犬。
”子贡见到孔子后，便把老人的话学给孔子听。
孔子听后，见大家失魂落魄的模样，不禁大笑，说：“说我形状像贤相，那可不敢当。
说我像一只丧家之犬，倒是很像，很像
”像这种坦坦荡荡、从容不迫地对待挫折、坚持自己的信仰，孔子是有过之而无不及的。
最后，假如将孔子和庄子相互比较的话，在主观上，我更向往庄子那样逍遥自在的精神境界；但是在客观上，我更提倡孔子的处世智慧。
尽管孔子曾提出“刑不上大夫”这一不平等的法律。
但人生孰能无过
孔子还是有值得我们学习的地方。
孔子的思想包含着中华民族千百年来为人处世的智慧，给人们修身、齐家、治国、平天下提供了宝贵的经验。
更重要的是，他的精神如流水不绝，激励着万代子孙。
史记吴太伯世家读后感
为五体之一。
司马迁从维护国家统一的立场出发，把各诸侯国看做辅佐中央政权的地方政治力量，希望他们能“忠信行道”，来维护中央集权的统一。
他在中说明了他创立体例的目的：“二十八宿环北辰，三十幅共一毂，运行无穷，辅拂股肱之臣配焉，忠信行道，以奉主上，作三十世家。
”中共有三十篇，其内容记载了自西周至西汉初各主要诸侯国的兴衰历史。
《世家》之取名就是因为“王侯开国，子孙世袭”，也就是诸侯爵位封邑世代相传，故名《世家》。
后人总结为“公侯传国则为世家”（），“世家以纪侯国”（赵翼）。
但司马迁并不局限于仅用《世家》记载开国传家的诸侯，例如陈涉身死国除而且无后，但因“秦失其政、而陈涉发迹，诸侯作难，风起云蒸，卒亡秦族。
天下之端，自涉发难”，也确曾号为陈王，起了巨大的历史作用，所以司马迁为他写了。
表明了司马迁为了真实反映历史现实，而灵活运用《世家》这一体例的现实主义精神。
《世家》的叙事方法，大体与相同，即以编年之体记载列国诸侯之事。
因此刘知几说：“司马迁之记诸国也，其编次之体与不殊。
盖欲抑彼诸侯，异乎天子，故假以他称，名为《世家》。
”关于《世家》一体是否为司马迁所创，以前学者有截然相反的看法。
一种以为司马迁是“因袭前人”，如清代秦嘉谟说：“按宗，其创立篇目，如，如《世家》，如，皆因”（《世本辑补·诸书论述》）。
另一种认为司马迁是“凿空独创”，如宋代晁公武说：“《史记》一百三十篇，汉太史公续其父谈书，创为义例，起黄帝迄汉武获麟之岁，撰成十二《本纪》以叙帝王，十《表》以贯岁月，八《书》以纪政事，三二《世家》以叙公侯。
”我们认为，司马迁所立《世家》一体，既非纯然“仿袭前人”，也不可能“凿空独创”，而是在前人史书体例的基础上，加以融汇贯通因革损益，创立了《世家》之体。
正如梁启超所说：“其《世家》、《列传》，既综雅记，亦采琐语，则《左传》、《国语》之遗规也”，但“太史公首创纪传体，为史界不祧之祖”（《中国历史研究法》）。
《世家》一体，由于符合我国古代社会裂土封侯世袭不替的现实，所以有其不可替代的意义。
《汉书》以下曾有些纪传体史着取消《世家》改为《列传》，遭到了一些学者的批评：“《传》者，传一人之生平也；王侯开国，子孙世袭，故称《世家》。
今改作《传》，而其子孙嗣爵者，又不能不附其后，究非体矣。
”（赵翼《廿二史札记》）所以《世家》一体，后代史书也屡屡采用，欧阳修的《新五代史》，就撰有《世家》十卷，而《宋史》亦有《世家》六卷。
有的虽改名目，其体例依然，如《晋书》之《载记》、《辽史》之《外记》。
正如清代王鸣盛所言：“考《世家》之名，《晋书》改称《载记》，要皆不过小小立异，大指总在司马氏牢笼中”（《十七史商榷》）。
可见《世家》一体的重要影响。
本篇名为《吴太伯世家》，记载了吴国从开国祖先吴太伯远避荆蛮（约公元前十二世纪中叶）至吴王夫差亡国（前473），长达一千二百年的一部兴亡史。
通过本篇，我们清晰地了解到吴国由弱而强、又由盛而衰的完整历程。
篇中再现了吴楚、吴越以及吴与中原诸侯之间错综复杂的矛盾关系，也反映了吴国内部统治阶级之间的王室斗争和君臣龃龉。
在本篇中，司马迁用“皮里阳秋”的史笔，寓论断于叙事之中，歌颂了吴太伯、季札二人不慕权力避位让国的高风亮节，无疑是对统治集团内部争权夺势喋血残杀的一种嘲讽和反拨。
同时，通过描绘公子光弑王僚的历史场面，正面揭露和鞭挞了吴国王族成员之间同室操戈以谋王位的残忍行径。
并且，通过对伍子胥尽忠报国反遭赐死的具体史实的生动描述，愤慨地批判了吴王夫差的昏暗不明，抒发了对专制社会中正直贤能之士“忠而被谤、信而见疑”的人生悲剧无限的同情和不平。
本篇艺术上的第一个特点，就是太史公从历史现实的真实出发，塑造了几个栩栩如生性格丰富的人物形象。
这些形象不是平面的概念演绎，而是有血有肉瑕瑜互见的多重性格立体组合。
例如公子光这个形象，一方面司马迁写出了他的深沉有大志及精明干练：他善于择人，擢用了孙武、子胥这样的贤臣良将；他用人不疑，信任尊重敌国的亡臣如子胥、伯嚭等人。
一方面又写出了他的阴鸷残忍，为了夺取王位不惜牺牲专诸去杀死自己的骨肉弟兄。
又如夫差的形象，一方面写出他誓报国仇家恨的执着精神和西破强楚、南降于越、北威齐晋、称霸中原的巨大业绩，一方面又写出他好大喜功、拒谏饰非、暴戾寡恩的怪僻个性。
二者都是很成功的艺术形象。
本篇艺术上的第二个特点是史笔的成功运用。
中国史传叙事以简洁为上。
本来有关吴国的史实，在《左传》及《国语·吴语·越语》中记载很多，有些言论连篇累牍。
作为断代史这样写或还可以，但《史记》作为通史必然不能容纳这么庞杂的内容。
因此，司马迁以“博采”为基础，而以“善择”为主导，选取那些最生动最能反映吴国基本历史面貌的言论和事实，经过去粗取精的理解消化和艺术再创造，变为言约意赅的简洁叙述和传神对话，使全篇叙述不蔓不枝线索清晰，人物语言如从口出无不毕肖。
譬如黄池之会晋吴争长一节，司马迁不但删去《国语》中吴王以甲兵三万围困晋军之事，而且高度压缩了吴王、晋公的对话。
《国语》中吴王原话为：“天子有命，周室卑约，贡献莫入，上帝鬼神而不可以告。
无姬姓之振也，徒遽来告。
孤日夜相继，匍匐就君。
君今非王室不平安是忧，亿负晋众庶，不式诸戎、狄、秦、楚；将不长弟，以力征一二兄弟之国。
孤欲守吾先君之班爵，进则不敢，退则不可。
今会日薄矣，恐事之不及，以为诸侯笑。
孤之事君在今日，不得事君亦在今日。
为使者之无远也，孤用亲听命于藩篱之外。
”而司马迁却抓住要害，一言以蔽之，改为“于周室我为长
”言既简练而又得其神髓，可见出太史公运用语言的高度能力。
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读完《孔子世家》后的感受(700字)
“本纪”除《秦本纪》外，叙述历代最高统治者帝王的政迹；“表”是各个历史时期的简单大事记，是全书叙事的联络和补充；“书”是个别事件的始末文献，它们分别叙述天文、历法、水利、经济、文化、艺术等方面的发展和现状，与后世的专门科学史相近；“世家”主要叙述贵族侯王的历史；“列传”主要是各种不同类型、不同阶层人物的传记，少数列传则是叙述国外和国内少数民族君长统治的历史。
三十世家 越王勾践世家观后感100字
Text:Also, ChenShengZhe activation, word wade. WuGuangZhe YangXia people also, word, uncle. Chen, taste and people wade when the plow, maid on the ridge, no-till dropping out ChangHen time, yue: GouFuGui, no in my mind. The maid smile should yue: if HeFuGui also no helper? Chen wade TaiXi yue: jie the! A sparrow cannot understand zai! Ii LvZuo July, hair first called for car word (the end, fallen for this word) defensibly yu Yang, nine hundred people tuen daze township. ChenSheng, WuGuangJie times when lines, for tuen long. Will days heavy rain, tao impassability, degrees has lost period. Lost period, method are cut. ChenSheng, WuAn but seeks the yue: today wu also died, for policy also died; die, die? can be the kingdom ChenSheng yue: world, bitter QinJiu yi. We ShaoZi also smell ii, who made, when made inappropriate. FuSu FuSu is to count prince doing so, made the will soldier. Today or smell innocent, ii kill of the hen. People with its its unknown dead, a yan for chu. Magnanimity, love will, number of residents, Truman frets. Or thought dead, or thought dead. Today in our sincerity FuSu, claiming the cheat a yan, prince sing for the world, appropriate response. more than WuAn think much of that. But do groundwater. The doppler know their wills it, yue: one step things. However, active pass into the first step prevert the ghost! Read ChenSheng, WuAnXi, demons, yue: this taught me all ears. Wisconsin first But Dan book, ChenShengWang term silks for people Zeng Davy Jones's locker. He cooked food, have to buy fish in Davy Jones's locker by strange book, solid of yi. What makes WuGuangZhi times between again beside the shrine, bonfire night plexus, fox called yue big bell ChuXing, ChenShengWang. All night he in terror. Denier, stroke, often language, is refers to ChenSheng orders. More WuAnSu lover, residents for user. Will commandant drunk, wide so few words to wu, my Hui commandant, make the cat to irritate its many. WeiGuo reach widely. WeiJianTing, wide on, kill commandant took. ChenShengZuo, and kill two commandant. Call to ACTS of yue: male, etc, all have lost in the rain, allowing period when cut period. The first make not cut cadastral, while defensibly dead men. And solid most immortality already, death is lifted name ears, princes have offered the temple! ACTS of all yue: respect is mandated. But cheat says FuSu, item yan, prince to also from his people. Exposed right, respond chu. For the altar and alliance, offering to commandant first. ChenSheng self-reliance for general, WuGuang for DouWei. Tapping daze township, accept and tapping found. Next, it is found GeYing will soldier Xun operators writes Zhi, edom, tapping found Cuo, bitter, under zhe, qiao are. Do ShouBing. Than to Chen, car 669 ride, ride over 1000, jailer tens of thousands of people. ChenShouLing are not attack Chen, with war, alone keep lol door in qiao. Eph wins, keep lol, but into the death, according to Chen. For days, dictated all fronts, hero and called to accounting. Fronts, hero all yue: the general and his body was no word conveys sildenafil sharpness, after the qin dynasty, like the country, made chu reactive appropriate is king. Chen is set for a king, and in order to zhang chu3's. When this time, the counties, all the bitter qin collectors tortured, killed the long collectors to wade should be Chen.Translation:ChenSheng is in, word activation. WuAn is YangXia people, word uncle. Chen wade was young, once hired together with others cultivated land. (one day) ChenSheng stopped farming go to tian bank highlands (rest), disappointed and sigh for a long time, hate, said: if (one day we who) riches and honour, won't (with each other) forget. Employees are smiling replied: you are a hired man of arable land, which come of wealth? ChenSheng sighed said: alas, discovery HongGu ambition how know! Qin ii, (court) first then in July of poor people to stationed yu Yang, nine hundred people to stop daze township. WuGuang were enrolled ChenSheng, you know, worked as a small team leader. Happened to meet the heavy rain, road impassability, estimates have missed the deadline. Miss the deadline, according to the qin dynasty law is to be beheaded. ChenSheng, WuAn will discuss said: now fled (caught) is dead, back an uprising (failure) is dead, is also dead, die for the country? ChenSheng said: the national people suffer from qin (rule) for a long time. I heard that qin ii is (qinshihuang's youngest son, should not ascended) shall, when the emperor was when the emperor is FuSu for repeatedly. FuSu prince (qinshihuang) sake exhortatory schemes, the emperor sent (he) outside FuSu soldiers. Now someone heard not guilty, qin ii but kill him. The people most heard he wise, but didn't know he was dead. The generals is a swallow, repeatedly made state exploits, care for the soldiers, a person very chu. It is thought he liked him dead, some think he escaped. Now if our people pretend to be FuSu, item yan's son, to the world's team against qin), advocated (who should have a lot of response. WuAn think he's right. So the two of them go divination. Who know their divinations intention, and said: your things can be successful, can build things. Then you take it to the ghost? oracle ask ChenSheng, WuGuang very happy, consider the doppler ghost, said: it is to teach us to serve it. all Wisconsin Then he put DanSha written in silk ChenShengWang (meaning for ChenSheng will reigns), on other people use nets caught fish belly inside. Soldiers buy the fish back cooked, found that belly inside silk, nature is the words on this matter. The last blame ChenSheng again secretly instigated WuGuang to military headquarters jungle beside the temple, evening with bamboo enveloped fire pretend like fox as howl, devil-fire shouted: big chu will restore, ChenSheng will reigns. The soldiers night all panic. The next day, soldiers in talking about it everywhere, pointing fingers, ChenSheng beckoned to each other with their orders. WuGuang peacetime is concerned about around them, the soldiers mostly for him to output. (day) (two) officer was drunk and WuGuang deliberately repeatedly offered to escape, make DouWei angry, let DouWei insulting him, take responsibility to provoke soldiers. The officer with heavy bamboo slats and beat WuGuang. (all the soldiers gravamen,) officer drew his sword intimidate (soldiers), WuGuang feet and took his sword and killed him. ChenSheng assist WuAn together, to kill the two officers. ChenSheng delivered the shuzu called up, say: you meet heavy rain, exceeded a regulation yu Yang deadline. Arrive gnats. If only to expired, and avoids the frontier cut punishment of six or seven tenths watch people also die. And then just, the dead man undead to something of great business! Princes have innate expensive phase is? His people say: willing to obey orders! It is FuSu and false says the prince, a team to obey yan people's desire. Everybody show right arm (as uprising marks), hit big chu banner. Taiwan, built with the ceremony, held pledging two officers head sacrifice days. ChenSheng self-reliance for general, WuAnRen DouWei. Insurgents (first) attack daze township, occupation after the nanjing.according to attack found county. Conquer, sent after found county soldiers captured GeYing operators writes a place of edom found county. Against Zhi, Cuo, bitter, zhe, qiao, against down. Along the way, now hit Chen horses, chariots county of 669 vehicles, has more than 1,000 residents warhorse horse, tens of thousands of people. When attacking Chen county magistrate, supervised and was not the city, only keep lol door in battle in bashing our soldiers. Insurgents (temporary) couldn't beat, (soon) keep lol army slain, did not enter the Chen county. A few days later, ChenSheng called the local township officer and a respectable man talk about great things. These people chorused: general you personally hand battle, wore nothing against brutal weapon, qin, restore the justice of the state of chu, theory. shall be lorded reactive For the king, ChenSheng just self-reliance set into zhang chu3's. At this time, all counties of oppression by the qin dynasty officers who would have risen and it punishes local executive, kill them, in response to ChenSheng respectively.(a thousand words should have!)
