求一篇 of studies 读后感
w 自己找到了~..【文趣欣赏】 Of Studies，是培根400年前撰写的一篇探讨读书问题的散文杂记，亦是英语文学中妇孺皆知的劝学名篇。
该文笔力遒劲苍幽，思想精深悠远，行文简洁明快，论述深入浅出，分析桴鼓相应，读来时若春雨润物，时若激流漂石，时若清风拂面，时若万籁俱号，令人似置身庄子《齐物论》所谓之“野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也”之境界中。
Of Studies从读书之功用立论，分析了读书学习对人生不同凡响的意义。
同时人们对读书学习态度之取向、方法之别异，也直接影响到了学习效果的泾渭两色。
培根以为读书的功用有三，即Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability。
其在人生中的具体体现亦有三，即 Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 在作者看来，人们的经验与学识，亦直接影响其读书之取向与效用。
具体说来，就是expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. 由于方法之不同，学习之效果也将各异。
所以培根说，To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. 这个说法颇似孟子“仅信书则不如无书”之教诲。
读书不能全凭经验判理，而学识亦不可脱离实际独存。
经验与学识，当是相辅相成的、彼此互补的。
在培根看来，这两方面的积累是人生所不可或缺的知识积淀。
所以，They perfect nature and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. 而对读书态度之不同，亦决定读书者获益之众寡。
常见的现象是，Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. 读书不求学问长进，而是存心吹毛求疵诘难作者，以显其能。
这是另外一种庸人读书心态。
怀着此种心态读书，焉能从中获益
所以培根告诫学人，Read not to contradict and confuse; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. 在前苏联电影《列宁在1918》中，有这样一个情节：列宁为了躲避密探的追捕，隐蔽朋友瓦西里家里。
晚上，列宁将瓦西里给他搬来的书分作两类，并告诉瓦西里哪些书可以枕头，哪些书应当垫脚。
所谓枕头的书，就是需要认真拜读、仔细品味、努力思考的佳作。
所谓垫脚的书，就是那些文风浮浅、思想轻浅、论述表浅的平庸之作。
培根对书的认识与列宁的看法，可谓所见不差。
所以他说，Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attention. 读书的方法，自然涵盖对所读之书的选择和所读内容的鉴赏这两个方面。
然而，在一定意义上，读书的方法还包括所谓之“不读之读”。
“不读之读”，即由于种种原因，读者不直接阅读有关书本的内容，而是通过阅读有关评介文章或他人的读书笔记来了解有关著作的基本思想和内容。
这种读书方式，其实就是现代人士所惯常凭借之学习方法。
人们采用这种学习方法，出于种种原因。
一则原著阙如，无法直接欣赏，于是便通过阅读他人的笔记或评介以足心愿。
二则时间有限，无法一一拜读，只好寻求便捷途径了解其大致内容要旨。
自然，采用这种读书方法的，恐怕也有投机之嫌。
然而，对于孜孜以求于学问的莘莘学子而言，此法之运用，必得统筹兼顾，否则必然陷入人云亦云的泥沼之中。
对此，培根的忠告是：Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. 高尔基说，书籍是人类进步的阶梯。
对人类来说，书籍是进步的阶梯。
对于个人来说，书籍，自然，也是进步的阶梯。
书籍可以提高个人的文化素养、扩展个人的思想境界和发展个人的智慧潜能。
所以，培根说Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书者要达到这样一个收获颇丰的境界，其前提要律至关重要，那就是所读之书须是好书佳作。
universe of discourse是什么意思
感谢您关注智课网(SmartStudy)：同学您好：Dismissal of Previous Discourseanyway = anyhow = at any rate = in any caseAnyway, I eventually got there and nobodynoticed that I was late! (After telling a story about being late.)at leastAt least I got there before the main partof the ceremony. (After telling a story about being late.)详情可咨询智课网官方网站备考咨询
It is an essential element of persuasive discourse, but only one such element. 后半句怎么理解
但是这样的关键性因素只有这一个
discourse competence是什么意思
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