初中定语从句 宾语与从句如何掌握
1.从句在下面几种情况下必须用代that引导定语从句: (1) 先行词是不定代词all ,few,little,everthing ,nothing anyting,none等。
如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里么东西要买吗
(2) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。
如：This is the best movie I’ve ever seen.这是我看到过的最好的一部电影。
(3) 先行词被all, any ,every ,each, few,little, no ,some等修饰时。
如：I have read all the books(that )you gave me.我读了你给我的所有的书。
(4) 先行词被the only , the every ,the same, the last 修饰时。
如：He is the only person that I want to talk to .他就是我要谈话的那个人。
(5) 当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。
如：They are talking about thins and persons that they remembered. 他们在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人和事。
(6) 为避免重复，在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中。
如：Who is the girl that is crying ?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁
Which of the books that borrowed from the library is yours从图书馆借的哪一本书是你的
(7) 用作关系代词，修饰表示时间的名词如day, time , moment 代替when 。
如：It happened on the day that\\\/when he was born这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。
(8) 如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用which则另一个用that 。
如：The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before.这个国家建立了一个工厂，生产以前未曾见到过的东西。
(9) 主句以there be开头。
如：This is a seat in the corner that is still free.那个角落还有个座位空着。
2. 限制性定语从句(1) who引导的限制性定语从句关系代词who用于指人，通常在句中作主语。
在非正式文体中，who可以代替whom在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，而且常常省略。
在作介词宾语时，不能位于介词之后。
如：A doctor is a person who looks after people?蒺s health. 医生是关照人们健康的人。
Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing.懂这一行的人是不会说这样的话的。
The man who I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。
There’s no one works harder than you. 没有比你更用功的人了。
(no one后省去了用作 主语的who)(2) whom引导的限制性定语从句The gentleman whom she encountered addressed her with courtesy.她相遇的那位先生很有礼貌地和她讲话。
I have just met a lady (whom) I saw last week.我刚遇到一位我上个星期见过的贵妇人。
关系代词whom用于指人，是who的宾格形式，在从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语，常常省略。
whom作介词宾语时，介词可位于whom之前或句末，在非正式文体中常位于句末；紧接介词的whom不能省略。
He wanted to find someone with whom he could discuss books and music.他想找个能共同研讨书和音乐的人。
This is the teacher (whom) we have talked about. 这就是我们谈论过的那个老师。
(3) whose引导的限制性定语从句whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。
whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物：An electromagnet is a device whose magnetism is produced by an electric magnet.电磁铁是一种由充电的磁铁产生磁力的装置。
You're the only one whose advice he might listen to. 只有你的话他可能会听。
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。
(4) which引导的限制性定语从句She was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。
关系代词which在从句中作主语或介词宾语，作宾语时常常省略。
which作介词宾语时，介词可位于是which之前或句末，在非正式文体中常位于句末；紧接介词的which不能省略。
which主要用于指无生命的事物，除此之外，还可指婴儿、动物、以及某些表示单数意义的集体名词。
(5) 关系代词that引导的限制性定语从句关系代词that既可指人，又可指物。
它在从句中可以作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语和表语。
that作动词宾语或介词宾语时常常省略。
在作介词宾语时，介词须位于句末，而不能位于that之前。
Water that is impure often causes serious illness. 水不洁常会引起重病。
Fanny，bring the water and put it down in the middle of the room，lazy creature that you are. 范妮，拿水来，放在屋子当中，你这懒鬼。
(6) when等引导的限制性定语从句关系副词when指代和修饰主句中表示时间的先行词，在从句中作时间状语，可以省略。
在语义上，when相当于“介词+which”。
如：July and August are the months when the weather is hot.七八月是天气很热的月份。
Every hour since I came has been most enjoyable.我来之后的每一个小时都是非常好玩的。
On the day before we left home there came a snow storm.在我们离家的前一天，下了一场暴风雪。
(7) where引导的限制性定语从句关系副词where指代和修饰主句中表示地点的先行词，在从句中作地点状语，当先行词为place时，where可以省略。
在语义上，where相当于“介词+which”：The knee is the joint where(=at which)the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.膝盖是大腿骨和小腿大骨相连处的关节。
She’s going home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。
A stone marks the spot where the treaty was signed.有一块石头标着那个签订条约的地方。
(8) why引导的限制性定语从句关系副词why的先行词只有reason， 在从句中作原因状语，可以省略：The reason why he left is not convincing. 他离开的理由无法令人信服。
There was no definite reason why she should do so.她这样做并没有什么一定的理由。
(9) 关系代词as引导的限制性定语从句关系代词as既可指人，又可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语、状语或表语。
其具体用法如下：① as与the same连用：This is the same computer as I have bought.这台计算机和我买的那台一样。
（as作宾语）I’ll do the experiment the same way as he does.我将采用和他同样的方法做这个实验。
(as作方式状语) he studies in the same college as I do.他和我在同一所大学学习。
(as作地点状语)② as与such连用：They returned with coffee，wine，and such provisions as were needed.他们带着咖啡、葡萄酒以及所需的给养回来了。
（主语）here are such questions as are of ten asked by the college students. 这是些大学生们常常问的那类问题。
（as作主语）I have never seen such kind of girl as she is.我从未见过像她这样的女孩。
（as作表语）he didn’t believe such reason as she did so.他不相信她那样做的理由。
（as作原因状语）③ as与as连用：There is as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.海里有的是鱼（天涯何处无芳草）。
（主语）She tried to make as few mistakes as she could avoid.她尽可能地避免犯错误。
（动词宾语）④ as与so连用：He can tell so interesting a story as moves us to tears.他能讲把我们感动得流泪的故事。
（主语）Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.这是一块没人能搬得动的大石头。
（动词宾语）(10) “介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句在介词后引导限制性定语从句的关系代词为whom， whose和which，介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配：The family at whose house we stayed were friends of my father?s. 我们曾住过的那家的主人是我父亲的朋友。
This is the book for which you asked. 这是你所要的书。
The official to whom we applied for a permit was most obliging.我们向他申请许可证的那位官员非常热情。
2. 宾语从句(1) that引导的宾语从句I know that he is friendly and hospitable.我知道他很友好而且好客。
(由连接代词引导）Almost all economists agree that nations gain by trading with one another .几乎所有的经济学家都承认，各国在相互的贸易中受益。
注：① they told us once again that the situation was serious .他告诉我们说形势是严重的。
(亦可以说They told us that once again that the situation was serious).(他们告诉我们说形势又严重了)但是两句中的that皆不可以省去，否则会产生歧义。
② He said he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understand.他说他不能马上告诉你，你是不会理解的。
(said 之后可以省去that，但第二个that 不可省去。
)③ That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
(that 从句置于句首是，that 不可省去)④ We decided ,in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period.鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定给他一段试用期(2) 连接代词、连接副词以及连接词whether\\\/if引导的宾语从句History innguists stdudy how languages evolve over time历史语言学家研究语言是如何随着时间的推移而发展的。
(由连接副词引导)Do you know when we shall have a meeting?你知道我们什么时候开会吗
(由连接副词引导)I asked him if he sure what he is doing. 我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么
(连接词if以及连接代词引导)The teacher asked me whether or not I finished my work?老师问我是否完成了作业。
(连接词wheter引导)(3) 名词性关系代词what，whatever，whichever，whoever引导的宾语从句He gave whoever asked for it a copy of his latest paper.不论谁要他都将他最近写的论文给他一份。
The President is determined to resist what he regards as blackmail by the terrorists. 总统决心抵制他所认为的恐怖分子的敲诈。
You can call me whatever you like. 你叫我什么都行。
You may choose which appeals to you. 你对哪个感兴趣就可以选哪个。
Use which method you prefer. 你喜欢哪个方法就用哪个方法。
Arthur Hailey 的代表作Hotel的主要内容（英文版）
Hotel (vel)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchHotelHotel is a 1965 vel by Hailey. It is the story of an independent New Orleans hotel, the St. Gregory, and its management's struggle to regain proability and avoid being assimilated into the O'Keefe chain of hotels. The St. Gregory is supposedly based on the Roosevelt Hotel.The vel was adapted into a movie in 1967, and in 1983 Aaron Spelling turned into a television series, airing for five years on . However, in the TV series, the St. Gregory Hotel was moved from New Orleans to San co.[edit] CharactersPeter McDermott, manager Warren Trent, proprietor Christine , secretary to Warren Trent Aloysius , administrative assistant to Warren Trent O'Keefe, owner of the O'Keefe chain Dorothy Lash, O'Keefe's companion Albert Wells, aging hotel guest The Duke and Duchess of Croydon, guests in the Presidential Suite Ogilvie, house detective Julius case Milne, hotel thief Herbie Chandler, villainous Bell Captain Marsha Prescott, one night guest in the hotel [edit] StoryPeter McDermott: The main character is Peter McDermott; the general manager with a past. He is a graduate from Cornell University in Hotel Management and then got a job in a hotel. However then he had been involved with a lady at time when he was supposed to be on duty. This gave Peter’s wife and the lady’s husband a reason to ask for a divorce. Getting involved was not a big thing for hotel to avoid but it had marked the headlines of newspaper so much, that he was dismissed from the job and was blacklisted. But Warren Trent, the head of St. Gregory Hotel, ignoring the past and considering the skill, hired him. The novel captures McDermott attempts to deal with several crises in the hotel which involve a range of other characters.The Hotel Finance Problem: The Hotel's unpayable and unrenewable mortgage is due on Friday, necessitating its sale. Curtis O'Keefe, the one who owns a large hotel chains plans to buy St. Gregory hotel in New Orleans as the O'Keefe chain did not have a hotel here. They had offered to pay the two million mortgages due and one million dollar and living accommodation to Warren Trent as well. However Warren did not want to lose the hotel which he had nurtured for so long. They decided upon Friday afternoon timeline to make a decision on the deal. Warren Trent meanwhile decided to mark a deal with Journey man Union who wanted to enter the hotel Industry for long but were not successful. This way Warren Trent could maintain an independence of the hotel and still have a say in the affairs of it. Journey man had decided to send two of his executives on Thursday to study the books of hotel and then decide before the Friday afternoon deadline decided between Warren Trent and Curtis O'Keefe.Royall Edwards of St.Gregory had been appointed by Warren Trent to work with the two officers, if required all night, so that they complete the whole of study. However upset with the denial of entry to Negro man in Hotel, which became the headline of newspapers, Journeyman Union broke the deal. Warren Trent had no option but to give in to Curtis O'Keefe. To his utmost surprise, a few minutes before Friday noon, the bank manager who had turned down refinancing of the hotel, came with an offer, that an Individual, whose name could not be disclosed then, would be paying the mortgage and buying the major shares of the Hotel. Warren Trent would be the chairman, though Warren knew that he would be just a figurehead but as it was a better offer, so he accepted.Christine and Albert Wells: Christine is the secretary to Warren Trent. Peter and Christine has a liking for each other. They share many things in common and feel they could be happy together. In hotel one of the guests Mr. Albert Wells had medical problems in his room. The hotel staff was quite alert and fast enough to move him in another room. He was quite elderly. Christine took care of Albert Wells personally as he was the hotel guest. Marsha Prescott: In another incident a group of teen-aged boys create a major incident that is aggravated by the fact that they are the sons of the local banker, car dealer, and other town notables. They try to attempt a rape on Marsha Prescott, the daughter of Mr. Prescott who is currently in Rome. However on listening her screams, Aloysis Royce, (a Negro and main help to Warren Trent who treats him like a son.) steps in and Marsha is able to escape then. Peter handles the situation and asks for a written apology from each of the boys involved in it. In said letters, villainous Bell Captain, Herbie Chandler is named as the one who made the incident possible. Marsha on the other hand falls in ‘love’ with Peter McDermott and proposes him for marriage. Peter finds it difficult to say no to her considering her affluence and beauty but finally says no as he knew that he liked Christine. However he overcomes his sense of guilt when he gets to know from Anna (Head maid servant of Marsha) that she is always the same and will be ok in some time and that Anna was not married. However Marsha in framing a good background to convince peter had said that Anna had a very good life with her husband whom she had met only once before marriage and it was not necessary to know a person for too long before to decide on marriage.The Dentist Convention: Hotel business gains a minimum from room rent but a bulk of its profit comes from the food, conventions held at its place. As a sequel to it, a major convention of dentists was supposed to be held in St. Gregory. Dr Ingram, President of convention had arrived and settled in his room. Then Mr. Nicholas, a Negro, arrived at the counter, showing a confirmed reservation. However the hotel policy did not allow negros. Dr Ingram was quite disappointed at this and threatened the hotel authority that he would take the convention out of hotel, causing a major loss to hotel. When Peter discussed it with Warren he said, that after a few discussions this would be forgotten and the convention would be held and there was no need to worry. And after a few meetings the convention finally decided to stay though Mr. Ingram resigned from his post.Curtis-o-Keefe and Dodo: Curtis O'Keefe, the one who owns a large hotel chains plans to buy St. Gregory hotel in New Orleans. He was there with Dodo, his girl friend. But it was time for Curtis to move on. He got movie role for Dodo and thought to go to New York to meet his new girlfriend. When Warren told Curtis that he was not accepting Curtis offer to sell the hotel, Curtis was very disappointed and in a fit of anger he told Dodo that he doesn’t want her any more. Dodo was upset, though somewhere she knew the truth already. She had to board her flight to Los Angeles and took elevator no 4, as she was about to move out of the hotel.Duke and Duchess of Croydon: In another Instance the Duke and Duchess of Croydon are hiding out in the hotel from their responsibility for a gruesome hit-and-run accident which had been the highlight of the newspaper as the famous hit-and-run case. The duke had gone to a night club and the duchess reaches the club to find her husband. On their way back the duchess hits a woman and her daughter and both the woman and her daughter died on the spot. However in the accident the headlight and the trim ring of the car had damaged. Anyhow the duke and duchess reached back the hotel and try to find way out, so that there is left a slightest print of them being involved in an accident. When the waiter arrived in the presidential suite with dinner, the duchess intentionally hit the waiter so that her dress gets spoiled. The duchess created a big issue over this, just to make her presence felt in hotel so that it can be interpreted that she was in the hotel. But the chief house officer Ogilvie gets hint of it and tries to blackmail the duke and duchess. They finally reach an agreement that Ogilvie would drive their jaguar to Chicago and a total of twenty five thousand dollars would be paid to him. Further by the time the police identifies that the broken headlight and trim pieces would be identified as pieces of which car, Ogilvie would be out of New Orleans. The travel was supposedly on Thursday night at 1 am.Oglivie gets a written note from duchess asking for permission to drive the car out of garage in case the garage officer asks for. The moment he was driving the car out of hotel Peter was entering the hotel and they had eye contact, though peter did not think much of it. However recollecting all the events….a jaguar being driven by Ogilvie which belonged to duke and duchess….the broken headlight of the jaguar.… the fuss created by duchess on waiter all established a link towards the involvement of the duke and duchess.Peter enquired from garage officer and he informed that Ogilvie had a written note from the duchess and so was allowed to drive the car away, but somehow the note got misplaced.Peter informed the police, captain Yolles of the incident but they could not prove it without any evidence. After working hard, the incinerator officer, responsible for garbage recycling managed to find the note. When the note was produced before duchess she frowned. The Duke then decided to admit his crime and decided to leave and stepped into elevator no 4 of the Hotel.Key case Milne: A hotel thief operating in the St.Gregory. He managed to get keys of several rooms in hotel by using tricks, asking for other room No keys from reception, using girls to obtain key for him and many other ways. When he saw the duke and duchess in hotel, he thought, if he could get the key of their room, it would be an excellent breakthrough. He managed to get the key from reception playing trickery, got a duplicate prepared and stole from duchess room her fifteen thousand dollars and jewellery. After obtaining so much of amount he decided to leave the hotel and boarded the elevator no 4.Climax: The meeting to take over the hotel scheduled at 11.30 am Friday was in place. Mr Dempster from New York had arrived to tell who the boss was and it was Albert Wells, the hotel guest, whom Christine had taken care and thought of as not a rich man, had bought the hotel. To the utmost surprise of peter, Peter was appointed the Executive vice-President of St. Gregory and would be running the hotel with Dempster being the officiating president, the position Dempster had in all other hotels owned by Albert Wells. It was within the meeting itself that Christine came running and told that elevator no 4 met an accident and had a free fall.Dodo suffered a lot of injuries and was rushed to hospital. It was then; Curtis realized how much he loved Dodo and got the best neuron surgeons for her. She was soon out of danger. Duke was dead on the spot in the elevator. The duchess still cold on hearing that ,had no expression. The policeman, Captain Yolles, thought now the blame of hit-n-run could be easily moved on duke as he was already dead and duchess could save herself. Key case managed to be safe and ran away from the country with all that money. Warren Trent was happy that he could retain his hotel being its chairman. Herbie Chandler, the evil bell captain would be permanently paralyzed and would never work again. Aloysius Royce left the hotel to study his law.[edit] Structure of novelThe novel features multiple unfolding plot lines which take place over a period of five weekdays, Monday through Friday. Some days feature self-contained episodes exploring particular elements of the routine of a large hotel in detail. Meg Yetmein, the cleaning lady, gets hers back by smuggling out steaks under her clothing toward the end of her shift; Tom Earlshore, the fired bartender, does much the same by skimming liquor. Other brief episodes explain techniques used by prostitutes in entering and exiting the hotel undetected, and the various methods used by the hotel thief.
