
求这篇英文新闻报道的读后感
《贝奥武甫》英文读后感【一】Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature.The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes.Beowulf is the nephew of king of the Geats who lives in Denmark. He defeated the monster, which raided the hall built by the king of the Danes. Later on, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats. He at last dies a heroic death.It is a pagan poem, which presents us an all-round picture of the tribal society.《美国之梦》英语读后感【二】Novel describe and buy to sell through perfect art form wine upstart American dream that Gatsby pursue unreal the twenties Kill , has announced the tragedy of the American society. Gatsby falls in love with Daisy and departure is actually a very ordinary love story. But the author makes skilful opening moves, regard girl whom Gatsby loved the symbols of the youth, money and status deeply as, Regard U.S.A. as by means to pursue rich material life Dream of. For pursue Gatsby Daisy exhaust own emotion and ability and intelligence, ruin one's own life. He thought innocently : Can revive an old dream after having money, redeem the lost love. It's a pity , he is wrong. He has misunderstood this one of Daisy Vulgar and shallow woman . He has misunderstood the boring society on the surface dissipated and luxurious and hollowly on spirit. Whether it live he the dreamlike China, is abandoned by Daisy, treats for the society coldly, Cast the tragedy that can't retrieve at last.Gatsby is the typical American youth in the twenties. Experience of him whether joyous song smile at portrayal in knight's times of dance. Sweetheart Daisy of one's early years such as Gatsby marry rich and life dissolute Tom. For win Daisy, by buy to sell he wine accumulate first a large sum of wealth again He thought innocently : Can revive an old dream after having money, redeem the lost love .But he fails to gain Daisy's heart finally, has exhausted one's own emotion and ability and intelligence in order to pursue Daisy, Ruin one's own life finally. The illusion that Gatsby revived an old dream has gone for ever. The author composes a chilly and disappointed sad melody with the multicoloured note, leave somebody limitless thinking.
征求3篇英文动画片或电影的观后感.
《功夫熊猫》(《Kung Fu Panda》)的: <1> Funny
I see t movie lastweek, So terrfic,t film make me loving Kung Fu! My liitle sister love the panda very much ,She ask me which kind annimal of Panda
I told her its one of the cutiest animal in the world ,it only lives in China. In t movie, Panda learns how to improve his level of Kung fu,many scence show that this cartoon is so funny, You can see how things goes on with laugh, I recommend this film to you.! <2>Tonight I watched the movie for the third time. I really enjoy this film so much. So what's your choice between being a common person or a hero with people's respects? Most people will choose the latter. But what will be your choice if the cost is laying your lover among the risks? What will it be if the cost is you can never tell the girl, who you love so much, that you love her? The spider man had this contradiction. But finally he still chose the latter, not in order to be a hero, but to make this word peaceful. I was so moved by the words the Aunt Mary said: You will never guess what he wants to be, the spider man. He knows the hero when he sees one, too a few characters out there, flying all around out there, saving old girls like me. Lord knows kids like need hero courageo, sacrificing for people, setting examples for all of . Everybody loves a hero. People enthrone them, cheer them, scream their names and years later they will tell how they stood in the rain for hours jt to get a glimpse the one who taught them to hold on to stand longer. I believe there is a hero in all of us. They keep us be honest, give us strength, make us noble, and finally allow us to die with proud. Ever though sometimes we have to initiatively give up the thing we want most, even our dreams. Spider man did that for , so he wants to know where he is gone. He needs . The spider man got much from these words, so did I. And what about you? what's the hero lying in you? <3> Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature.The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes.Beowulf is the nephew of king of the Geats who lives in Denmark. He defeated the monster, which raided the hall built by the king of the Danes. Later on, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats. He at last dies a heroic death.It is a pagan poem, which presents us an all-round picture of the tribal society.
我需要关于英国文学的英语论文1500词
1Remove a star from the rating if you take this Journey without wearing 3-D glasses. That's where the real fun comes in. Otherwise you have a family-friendly retelling of Jules Verne's 1864 novel (best remembered is the 1959 movie with an overqualified James Mason, a shirtless Pat Boone and a gorgeous Arlene Dahl) in a romp that is lazily content to connect the dots instead of breaking new ground. Brendan Fraser is Indiana Jones stalwart and goofily charming as Trevor Anderson, a science prof who retraces the steps of his brother, who died searching for the center of the earth. With his 13-year-old nephew (Josh Hutcherson) in tow, along with a Icelandic babe (Anita Briem) in the role of guide, Trevor finds his way by carrying a copy of the book Verne wrote 144 years ago (score one for literary merit). In 2-D, it's all achingly familiar. In 3-D, the story comes alive, despite the tacky sets and gimmicks. Put on those glasses and you get toothpaste spat in your face, a T-Rex breathing up your nostrils, and what may be the longest fall in movie history. I don't know if 3-D could improve all movies (nothing could make The Love Guru funny) but it sure works here.2What makes for a successful family film? Is it memorable characters, a wealth of emotion and a unique premise? Or is it simply putting enough action on screen to make sure the adults don't get bored and the kiddies don't fall asleep? Journey to the Center of the Earth, which opens today in theaters everywhere, banks on the latter. The 92-minute film moves at a brisk pace, barely stopping for exposition as the characters hustle through a variety of different adventures thousands of miles beneath the Earth's surface. The 3-D element and B-list cast only add to the theme park feel of the entire enterprise, but that's not necessarily a bad thing. Journey to the Center of the Earth may not be concerned with a deep story and intriguing character development, but it's quite the ride nonetheless.Instead of taking its story from the novel by Jules Verne, this latest film adaptation weaves the book into the plot in a more interesting way. Trevor (Brendan Fraser) is a geeky scientist whose brother disappeared years ago while trying to find a route to the center of the Earth. When he finds a copy of Verne's novel that also contains his brother's notes, he realizes that the famed author may have been writing fact instead of fiction. Determined to find a volcanic tube that leads to the planet's core, Trevor takes his nephew Sean (Josh Hutcherson) to Iceland, where they team up with a gorgeous guide named Hannah (Anita Briem). After a long fall sends them plummeting below the Earth's surface, the trio find a land that contains a beautiful ocean, magnetic rocks, man-eating plants, an angry Tyrannosaurus Rex, and other strange wonders.Much like last year's Beowulf, the best reason to see Journey to the Center of the Earth is to experience the 3-D. The film is being released in the format on about 1,500 screens, and it's definitely worth seeking out a theater that's equipped with the technology. After the brief setup the film is jam-packed with CGI, and the experience is much more effective when birds, yo-yos, flashlights and monsters are flying out of the screen. The format works perfectly for this type of film, which is more concerned with providing a thrill ride anything of substance.With visual effects whiz Eric Brevig making his feature directorial debut, it's no surprise that the CGI is impressive. Where the movie falters is with its story and characters, which are about two dimensions short of being in 3-D. The script devolves into a series of action set-pieces after the first twenty minutes, only stopping for brief moments thereafter to develop an afterthought of a romance and to deal with the mystery of Trevor's missing brother. Brevig keeps things moving a bit too quickly, and the result is a movie that has all the weight of cotton candy.While the film offers little to chew on, there's no denying that some of the adventurous antics on screen are tons of fun. A dangerous mine car ride straight out of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom provides some excitement, as does a scene where Trevor and Sean try to out run a T-Rex. However, the best sequence in the movie involves Sean jumping across a series of floating magnetic rocks that are suspended in mid-air. Though similar to moments in hundreds of video games, the director manages to elicit giddy thrills with the high-flying stunts. With each of these set-pieces coming one after the other and numerous things jumping at you from the screen, it's impossible to get bored during the film's short running time.The performances are perfectly serviceable considering that the characters have no depth. Fraser has made a career out of mugging while fleeing CGI monstrosities, and he acquits himself well here. Hutcherson is a stand out as the slightly troubled, awestruck teen, and he makes sure his character never falls into the trap of being shrill and annoying. They make a believable team, though Anita Briem barely registers as the supposedly feisty Hannah. She's the one actor in the film who can't breathe additional life into her cardboard character.If you see Journey to the Center of the Earth in 3-D, it makes for an entertaining romp that will enthrall kids and won't leave adults feeling insulted. It may be a piece of completely forgettable fluff, but at least it provides some fleeting thrills before the end credits roll.3Characters wave tape measures at the screen for no reason other than to make an audience bob and weave. Goofy Brendan Fraser spits toothpaste in our general direction. Fanged fish leap into our virtual laps. When a yo-yo springs from Josh Hutcherson's hands, we jump in our seats.It's recommended you journey to a theater with 3-D capabilities if you're taking the family to see Journey. Though available everywhere in the standard, everyday, two-dimensional presentation (read: flat as a board and about as interesting), Journey makes excellent use of modern 3-D technology and actually harkens back to campy science-fiction of the 1950s.Geologist Trevor Anderson (Fraser) and his nephew Sean (Hutcherson) follow clues left in a tattered copy of Jules Verne's novel Journey to the Center of the Earth that they hope will lead them to Sean's missing father, Max (Jean Michael Pare). Their mission transports them to Iceland, where adorable mountain climber Hannah (Anita Briem) pilots them to a volcanic tube that carries them... well, you've read the title, so you get the idea.Journey makes about as much sense as a National Treasure film and moves as rapidly. For a film that gleefully apes Steven Spielberg -- with rampaging dinosaurs, hurtling mine cars, and a distracting father-son complex -- Journey actually equals this summer's Indiana Jones sequel on the assembly line of escalating dangers.The rattling calamity is obvious, sure, but surprisingly effective. On normal screens, though, Journey will lose its added visual dimension (pun intended), and subtract most of its fun.4Like any conscientious movie critic, I do what I can to avoid clichés, and since I am only human I don’t always succeed. But I have long vowed never to stoop to what I regard as the lowest kind of hackery, which is to describe a motion picture as a thrill ride, a heckofa ride or any other kind of ride. So what am I supposed to do about “Journey to the Center of the Earth,” a new movie that shares its name with a beloved Jules Verne novel, copies of which occasionally appear on screen? On their way to the titular destination, the three main characters — a geologist (Brendan Fraser), his young nephew (Josh Hutcherson) and an Icelandic mountain guide (Anita Briem) — speed down steeply inclined tracks in wheeled cars, rather like a roller coaster. A bit later, as they fly through the subterranean air, one of them predicts that they will descend into something “just like a water slide.” Near the end, after they have parasailed, fled from beasts and surfed on magnetic rocks, they whiz down a green hillside on a sled improvised from the jawbone of a dinosaur. If this movie is not a ride, then what is it?One thing it may not be, quite, is a movie. The 3-D technology, which you experience (in the theaters where it’s available) through spiffy gray-tinted glasses, does provide a few “Wow!,” “Eww!” and “Yikes!” moments, though the most impressive of them are also the least spectacular, as when Mr. Hutcherson swings a yo-yo or Mr. Fraser, after brushing his teeth, spits into the sink. Otherwise the effect messes with your ability to see clearly what is in the frame, so that the actors look like cutouts arranged in a snow globe. Not that they have much dimension to work with, since the script, by Michael Weiss, Jennifer Flackett and Mark Levin, is as functional as the direction, by Eric Brevig, is fussy. The geologist, whose brother vanished trying to prove his Vernean hypothesis, takes the brother’s adolescent son to Iceland, where they meet the mountain guide, whose father also vanished into the center of the Earth. A lot of scientifically preposterous, mildly diverting stuff happens down there, and then, just like that, the ride is over. 5For decades theme parks have made attractions out of 3D movies-- Universal's Terminator 3D, or MGM's Muppets 3D-- so it makes sense that the first big live-action 3D movie of the current 3D craze feels like a theme park attraction. The journey of Journey to the Center of the Earth 3D feels like a visit to Frontierland, with boat rides, mine carts, and one heck of a log flume. Experiencing it all in glorious 3D ups the ante-- it'll be a brave 8-year-old who never finds his palms sweating.Journey 3D is predictable, cheesy and not even a little edgy, but it's also as much fun as you're likely to have in a PG movie this summer. A retelling of Jules Verne's original story that takes the 19th-century novel as fact, the movie is a dream come true for anyone who's every imagined stepping through the wardrobe or riding the Hogwarts Express. If the lead characters are a little bland and unoriginal, it's all the better for us to put ourselves in their spelunking shoes.Brendan Fraser stars, however improbably, as geology professor Trevor. His brother Max disappeared years earlier while researching volcanic tubes, essentially express lanes to the center of the earth. Trevor has continued Max's research and is in danger of losing his department as a result, but during one fateful weekend visit from Max's son Sean (Josh Hutcherson), the numbers of his research align and inspire Trevor to embark again on Max's old expedition. Along the way Trevor and Sean meet up with an old scientist's daughter in Iceland (Anita Briem), and the three trek up a mountain to find one of Trevor's geologic sensors. But, of course, it's only a few wrong steps before the journey heads way, way down below.Over the course of the intra-terrestrial adventure, there's some uncle-nephew bonding and a rote romance. But it's all reasonably interspersed among thrilling scenes of action, the better ones including jumping, flesh-eating shark that attack a raft, a rickety mine cart\\\/roller coaster, and a T-Rex that, for whatever reason, lives happily in the earth's molten core. Each of the scenes make copious use of CGI, but with the 3D glasses and the highly unrealistic setting, it's not as egregious as it was in, say, the newest Indiana Jones.And the 3D is used for all kinds of fun gags, like a yo-yo flying at the audience's face, or fish snapping their teeth seemingly inches away. But it also effectively draws the audience into the story in a way a normal movie this predictable couldn't manage. Moments that might otherwise be groan-inducing become much-needed comfort or comic relief for an audience that's as close to part of the action as they can get.The chef flaw of Journey 3D is in how long it takes to get going, and how much time is dedicated to nonsense science explanations of phenomena the audience is perfectly willing to accept as is. But luckily the science talk is abandoned as soon as the trio begins its journey, and the characters spend most of their time shouting things like Watch out! and Find the geyser! You could accuse Journey of being crudely commercial, hitting all the audience-pleasing beats without too much creativity in the mix. But that would be denying the sheer pleasure of going through an experience with a predetermined ending-- like any given romantic comedy, or, say, a roller coaster. Strap on your 3D glasses, keep your hands and arms inside the seats, and enjoy the ride. 6Families looking for something to while away summer could do a lot worse than make this particular trip to the earth's core. It's the latest of many versions of Jules Verne's evergreen action yarn. Everyone from Pat Boone in 1959 to odd comic Emo Philips thirty years later have made the trip… but this one is the first live-action, narrative motion picture to be shot in digital 3D.What that basically means is that you get everything from a cockroach's feelers waving over an audience of squealing ankle biters to a foul-fanged piranha leaping over their ducking heads. It's great.Brendan Fraser - an actor seldom out of khaki - is the amiable college geophysicist who follows in the footsteps of his missing explorer brother…and finds himself tumbling down a volcanic tube in Iceland.Joining him hurtling towards the earth’s core are his cocky nephew Sean (Bridge To Terabithia’s Hutcherson) and nubile mountain guide Hannah (Briem).Miraculously landing safely with a big splash in a prehistoric pond, they find themselves in a surreal universe where mushrooms grow twenty feet tall, subterranean seas lap on sandy shores and dinosaurs are on the prowl despite having no apparent sources of food.But let’s not get too pedantic. Just enjoy it for what it is – a Saturday morning pictures yarn with a bigger budget and a fancy 3D camera borrowed from James “Titanic” Cameron.OK it’s a commercial template for a theme park ride…but it's also a thrillingly enjoyable action caper that makes joyous use of the clever-dick technology available to it.First-time director Eric Brevig, who cut his teeth as a special effects supremo on Total Recall and Pearl Harbor, knows his craft and keeps the action simple and effective.Highpoints include Sean gingerly hopping across a chasm on shifting stepping stones held in place by a magnetic force, a drooling T-Rex and the salty crossing of a ocean containing writhing serpents.What helps is the likeable cast. Fraser is an affable old hand at this sort of thing, Hutcherson is one of the few American teens you don’t want to slap and Briern acquits herself well in her first major role.It’s great, family fun. Go the journey.7A film that shares the same name with science fiction writer Jules Verne's book tries to share the same theme of his writing style. Verne wrote with inspiration as you actually thought what he wrote was real and NOT science fiction. And that's what great movies are about. We enter a world and we believe everything that is happening. So Journey to the Center of the Earth takes the name of the novel but doesn't take the books inspiration. For 90 minutes, I felt like I was on a amusement park ride that I wanted to get off 15 minutes in. I like riding roller coasters with the best of them, but I get sick of them after the fourth time around. Sometimes lineups are good and blessings in disguise. It gives you time to talk about the last ride and prepare for the new one. Journey doesn't offer that, which is too bad. I was given my 3D glasses and prepared myself for an interesting time. I know that this is really the future in film, especially in action films like these. But they are at their elementary steps in the process as they really don't seem to know yet what to do with 3D. Either it gets too busy or it's not busy enough. They haven't found that balance yet. Perhaps James Cameron's 3D Avator, coming out next summer will be the real start to movies to come. Journey to the Center of the Earth in 3D definitely isn't worth the extra price in admission. So please don't bother. This is a film filled with cliche after cliche. It's actually offensive in a way as you can only take so much. There isn't much for special effects wizard turned director Eric Brevig to work with, but even his direction is as basic as you can get. So it makes me wonder if they were paying too much attention on the 3D stuff than the actual direction and story. After all, Cameron has spent almost 3 years and going on Avator. The creative team of Journey of the Center of the Earth spent a faction of that time. It's a new way to make a film, which I'm all for as we need some flare to the film watch experience. But the bottom line always is an entertaining story where they take you into their world and you're glad to follow them. Having a good story is the key before anything else and it seemed that they forgot that. And I don't think we need to see anymore dinosaurs in movies anymore. 都是老美写的
简述英雄史诗《裴欧沃夫》
* 裴欧沃夫与喷火龙 在古代英国民族史诗《裴欧沃夫》中,耶阿特人的伟大国王裴欧沃夫是个了不起的英雄,他先后打败了巨人和海怪,守护着国家的安宁,他的最后一个对手,就是一条喷火的巨龙。
让我们来看看他们的故事吧: 裴欧沃夫(Beowulf)国王统治了耶阿特长达五十年,英雄无敌的国王如今已垂垂老矣,但就在这时领土上发生了一场灾难。
有一个犯了过失的奴隶从主人家逃跑,慌不择路逃到了一个巨大洞穴中,没想到这是一个古墓,其中埋藏着无数的财宝,而且有一头巨龙在那里沉睡。
巨龙很满意自己找到的这个巢穴,为了占有这些财宝它哪里也不去,在财宝堆上反复地睡了又醒,醒了又睡,每次醒来都会仔细点数财宝,像个守财奴一样贪心地哼着,不久又心满意足地睡去。
奴隶看到这么多财宝感到非常吃惊,看到巨龙则感到万分恐惧,但是想到自己逃不过主人的追捕,对主人的恐惧压过了对巨龙的恐惧,他拿走了龙身边的一件金酒杯,幸运的是巨龙并未被吵醒。
奴隶回到主人家中,被珍贵的金酒杯打动的主人自然原谅了他的过失,但是很快不幸就降临到他们身上。
喷火龙醒来后习惯性地开始数自己那数之不尽的财宝,却突然发现少了一只金酒杯,并嗅出人类留下的气味。
龙十分暴怒,飞出了巢穴,循着气味开始追踪。
不久,龙就开始得意于进行报复的快感,它找到金酒杯和盗贼所在的村落,夜晚的黑幕被熊熊火光撕破,巨龙飞在空中对地上的建筑喷出火焰,很快整个村落都被毁灭了。
意犹未尽的巨龙开始肆虐整个国家,所有的人类与村庄都是它报复的目标。
听到这个消息,老国王裴欧沃夫可坐不住了,他不顾年老体衰,仅仅带了11位战士,前往龙的巢穴。
裴欧沃夫左手是最好的铁匠打造的光亮铁盾,右手是用他自己的血炼出的宝剑“南格里”,可是这样的装备也许还不够。
双方的交战令国王和龙都处在了生死关头,裴欧沃夫拥有高超的战技和勇气,但是龙的火焰威力无穷,铁盾变得炙热开始熔化,老国王只能抛掉它,举起宝剑用力地击向巨龙,剑插入了龙的身体,龙的骨头太坚硬了,裴欧沃夫已无力劈开它,宝剑“南格里”变钝了,老国王感到强烈的挫败感。
未受到致命伤的火龙发出怒吼,跟随国王的战士们由于恐惧而纷纷逃走,只有国王的侄子维格拉夫充满了勇气、爱与忠诚,他毅然冲上来加入战斗。
裴欧沃夫受到激励,再次举剑砍向火龙,没想到这次“南格里”竟然一下折断了,龙趁机扑上来,尖利的牙齿深深插入了裴欧沃夫的身体,鲜血从老国王摇摇欲坠的身体中喷涌而出。
一旁的维格拉夫愤怒地向龙攻击,剑深深刺入了龙的胸膛,非常幸运,这次对龙造成了致命的伤害,龙和老国王一同跌倒在地。
战斗结束了,英勇的国王和他最后也最强的敌人都离开了这个世界,但勇士和巨龙的传说却代代相传,今天的人们从史诗中可以读到他们的故事。
我想问一个外国电影
是《贝奥武夫》,又叫《战狼》。
给你影片详细资料。
贝奥武夫 原片名: Beowulf 导演: 罗伯特·泽米吉斯 Robert Zemeckis 编剧: 尼尔·盖曼 Neil Gaiman .....(screenplay) & 罗杰·阿夫瑞 Roger Avary .....(screenplay) Anonymous .....(epic poem Beowulf) 演员: 布莱丹·格里森 Brendan Gleeson .....Wiglaf 克利斯丁·格拉夫 Crispin Glover .....Grendel 安东尼·霍普金斯 Anthony Hopkins .....King Hrothgar Sharisse Baker-Bernard .....Hild Jacquie Barnbrook .....Altheaborg Richard Burns .....Sentry Guard\\\/Unferth Guard 克里斯·科波拉 Chris Coppola .....Olaf Shay Duffin Greg Ellis .....Garmund Leslie Harter Zemeckis .....Yrsa Nick Jameson .....Drehgbearn Emily Johnson .....Maiden #12 安吉丽娜·朱莉 Angelina Jolie .....Grendel's Mother (voice) Dominic Keating .....Old Cain John Littlefield .....Thane #23 艾莉森·洛曼 Alison Lohman .....Ursula Chris Mala .....Thane #5 约翰·马尔科维奇 John Malkovich .....Unferth Alan Ritchson .....Animated Image\\\/Beowulf Sebastian Roché .....Wulfgar Charlotte Salt .....Estrith Woody Schultz .....Hengest Randy Shelly .....Boy Tyler Steelman .....Young Cain Nadine Stenovitch .....Ensemble Aaron Stephens .....Beowulf physique Tim Trobec .....Thane #1 Jared Weber .....Thane #3 Tom West .....Thane #44 雷·温斯顿 Ray Winstone .....Beowulf 罗宾·莱特·潘 Robin Wright Penn .....Queen Wealhtheow Rik Young .....Eofor Kevin Dorman .....Unferth Guard 剧情介绍 在那首用古英语组成的叙事长诗中,贝奥武夫将会经历三场影响重大且深远的战役:一是与恶魔格伦德尔;二是面对凶残的报复,贝奥武夫最终杀死了格伦德尔的母亲;三是50年后,贝奥武夫的终极对手是一条巨龙……至于这部由好莱坞重新诠释的同名传奇史诗影片,则主要对焦在了贝奥武夫战胜格伦德尔之后所发生的一系列故事。
只有属于英雄的时代,才有可能塑造一个如此强大的武士--贝奥武夫,虽然他最终消灭了拥有压倒性力量的恶魔格伦德尔,拯救了国王和他的国家,却也招致了这个野兽的母亲永恒的愤怒和报复,她要使用任何能够想象得到的方式,为自己的儿子实施复仇计划,而随即发生的大规模战役,将会贯穿几个世纪的时间,却最终也让贝奥武夫的名字变成了不朽的传奇。
影片改编自英国撒克逊人长篇史诗《贝奥武夫》。
主人公贝奥武夫是一个拥有强健体魄和惊人战力的武士。
赋予此类大块头的任务当然只有战斗,而对手当然也不是平庸的泛泛之辈。
强大危险的巨人格兰戴尔便是贝奥武夫所要面临的强敌。
为了拯救一个被格兰戴尔掠劫的村庄,贝奥武夫带领一群武士渡过海洋,向格兰戴尔发起正面的挑战。
一场轰轰烈烈的浴血奋战之后,格兰戴尔终于被勇士们击败。
而战斗并没有就此结束,终极Boss——格兰戴尔的母亲带着一腔复仇的怒火横空出阵。
勇士们这次必将付出更为惨痛的代价,但在无所畏惧的战狼贝奥武夫面前,任何敌人的结局都只有毁灭…… 相关评论 一定要看巨幕版本的,你将会有一个非常让人惊喜的视听享受。
——《纽约邮报》 影片既想得到《300死士》中的史诗感,又想沾染点《魔戒》的奇幻色彩,结果当然是竹篮打水。
——《神性与实践》 刨去其他不说,影片称得上是一部非常有影响力的残忍故事,里面满是剑斗、巫术、魔鬼和英雄,当然,也少不了若隐若现的恋母情结。
——《电影之眼》 幕后制作 【有史以来最勇敢的史诗故事】 影片将故事背景设在了一个不可思议的时代,那里充满了英勇奋战的骑士和邪恶的怪兽,到处是奇幻的历险和勇猛的故事,当然这其中也少不了财富和荣耀的诱惑……这里似乎只有一个人显得与整个时代都格格不放,那就是贝奥武夫,因为歼灭了一个恐怖的生物,继而拯救了一个古老的丹麦王国,使得他速度成为了万人敬仰的英雄人物,作为回报,这个身高接近两米、一生都充满了传奇色彩的维京人,满怀着大胆的自信和雄心,成功地继承了王位。
对于被拯救的王国来说,贝奥武夫已经成了赞美与勇敢的代名词,在他拯救了正在遭受格伦德尔致命摧残的王国以及统治者胡鲁斯加王之后,那里的臣民不断用赞歌美化他那不同寻常的功绩与威力--由于长期受到格伦德尔这个残忍无情的怪物的折磨与吞食,整个王国中的居民一直处在惊慌和恐怖之中。
不但让一个国家彻底摆脱了凶猛野兽的蹂躏,贝奥武夫自己也获得了声誉和财富,巨大的金钱魅力以及无边的诱惑都从四面八方向他扑来,可是精明的他似乎对于如何处理他新得到的权力更加感兴趣。
贝奥武夫最终将自己的命运永远定格在了一个武士、胜者、领袖和丈夫上……最最重要的是,他还是一个男人。
在英语的语言发展史中,有关贝奥武夫的叙事诗应该是残留下来的最古老的一个记载了,这部由罗伯特·泽米吉斯执导的改编电影中,包含了原著中的许多角色与主题--有伟大的魔鬼、永恒的英雄,当然也有发生在善与恶之间没完没了的争执,都在逐层地探索有关勇气和荣耀的一切。
不过这里有一点是非常明确的,影片中的那个贝奥武夫,绝不是你上中学时历史老师口中的样子,泽米吉斯承认道:“坦白地说,原著诗歌不具备任何吸引我的元素,我还记得那是上初中的时候,诗歌版的《贝奥武夫》是老师布置给我的阅读任务,但我根本一点都没看明白,因为里面全部是古英语……对于我来说,那是一次可怕的阅读经历,甚至有点不愿意去回忆,更想象不到今天自己会将那个有如噩梦的诗歌拍成了这么一个有趣的影片。
说实话,当我读到这个由尼尔·盖曼和罗杰·阿夫瑞共同创造的剧本时,立刻就被迷住了,于是我问他们,‘为什么你们的剧本竟然让我原来以为极其无聊且可怕的故事,变得如此有魅力呢
’他们的回答是,‘好吧,那我们就为你做一下简单的猜测,因为诗歌的创作时间在7世纪和12世纪之间,但贝奥武夫的故事在此之前,已经通过口头流传了几百年了。
而那个时候,惟一会写诗歌的,就只有修道士而已,所以我们有理由认为,故事中很多有趣的部分,已经被人为地剪辑掉了。
’确实,盖曼和阿夫瑞的剧本对整体内容进行了更加深层次的挖掘,将原著诗歌中不完善且存有疑虑的部分,都进行了重新修补和剪辑。
他们通过分析修道士的习性,猜测出了有可能被隐藏起来的部分故事,在保持住了诗歌的基本精华的基础上,让它以一种全新的面貌出现,这样才能迎合现代观众的喜好。
我相信,影片中做出了如此多有革命意义的改变与延伸,甚至有可能会引起学术界的争论也说不定。
” 【捕捉伟大的历史瞬间】 当罗伯特·泽米吉斯与两位编剧一起,继续钻研这个有关贝奥武夫的故事时,他几乎变成了一个勤奋好学的乖学生,求知的欲望足以让他初中时的老师感到无比的自豪,泽米吉斯说:“当我身陷剧本无法自拔时,就回头重新看了一遍那个流传甚久的古诗歌,还与专门对此进行研究的学者们进行了谈话,完全将自己的身心沉浸在这个有如传奇的故事当中,原来,诗歌中的许多主题其实都是由《圣经》演变过来的,比如说,一个勇敢男人的传奇经历,善与恶之间的战斗,获得荣耀需要付出的代价……当然,你完全可以把贝奥武夫看做是现代英雄最基本的参照物,从柯南到‘超人’再到‘绿巨人’。
” 制片人杰克·瑞普克(Jack Rapke)补充道:“有关贝奥武夫的传奇故事,之所以可以产生如此大的吸引力,是因为它被包藏在了一个永不褪色、伟大的历险神话史诗的世界当中,里面都是怪兽、女巫和某些只存在于人类的意识与想象当中的奇怪生物。
” 回顾往事,尼尔·盖曼和罗杰·阿夫瑞对这样的一个故事题材似乎天生就有着完美的直觉,就像盖曼在他的自传中介绍的那样:作为现代仍然在世的作家的top 10而被列在了《文学传记字典》中,同时还是一个多产的文学大师,包括散文、诗歌、剧本、杂志专栏、喜剧、歌剧和戏剧。
与此同时,盖曼还特别地受到了漫画书迷们的喜爱,因为他是DC漫画《睡魔》(Sandman)的创造人之一,这套漫画系列赢得了9项维尔·埃斯纳漫画奖和3项美国哈维奖,其中的第19集故事还得到了1991年世界奇幻奖的最佳短篇故事,它是第一个赢得此文学奖项的漫画作品。
至于罗杰·阿夫瑞,则因为他那黑暗、边缘、极具创新意义的戏剧和电影闻名遐迩,包括那部获得奥斯卡最佳原创剧本奖的《低俗小说》--与昆汀·塔伦蒂诺共享。
另外,他还执导了几部非常有影响力的邪典电影,即戛纳电影节上名声大噪的《亡命之徒》和改编自布雷特·伊斯顿·埃利斯(Bret Easton Ellis)创作的同名小说的《爱情磁场》。
最初的时候,尼尔·盖曼和罗杰·阿夫瑞之所以会走到一起,是因为他们决定共同为《睡魔》创作电影剧本,合作关系就此开始。
可惜的是,这个计划没有实现,但并没有影响志趣相投的两个人成为好友。
然而,不论是对于盖曼还是阿夫瑞来说,将《贝奥武夫》从诗歌改编成剧本,都算是一个漫长、古怪、最终却变得异常有意义的经历。
盖曼说:“在《睡魔》时期,我和阿夫瑞就很合得来,我非常喜欢他以及他构思作品的那种方式。
我忘记是什么时候了,阿夫瑞曾经向我提及过,他一直想把《贝奥武夫》带上大银幕,但是却苦于找不到合适的方式将所有的线索都连接起来,因为一切都开始于贝奥武夫的战斗,先是与格伦德尔,然后是格伦德尔的妈妈,还有50年后和龙的那场战斗。
要知道,对于一个剧本来说,这可不是普通的‘三段式’,我对他提出了许多建议,阿夫瑞稍稍犹豫了一下,突然问我,‘你什么时候有时间
’” 罗杰·阿夫瑞则回忆道:“基本上而言,尼尔·盖曼提出了能够统一《贝奥武夫》所有理论的关键操作方法,而我苦苦思索了10年却不得要领。
对于我来说,诗歌这种文体形式永远都是杂乱脱节的,尤其是《贝奥武夫》,其叙述者的可信程度受到了高度怀疑。
例如:格伦德尔为什么不攻击胡鲁斯加王,只是折磨他
随后我问出了一个简单的问题,因为某种原因,以前从没有人对此表现出过质疑--格伦德尔的父亲是谁
它一直困扰着我,而格伦德尔的所有行为在经过了学术上的反复验证之后,终于开始变得有意义。
后来,贝奥武夫击溃了格伦德尔的军队,格伦德尔逃回他的洞穴然后死去……在经历了格伦德尔的母亲疯狂地报复之后,贝奥武夫冒险来到那个洞穴,杀死了格伦德尔的母亲。
然而当贝奥武夫从洞穴中出来的时候,手里却拿着格伦德尔的首级,而不是他母亲的。
当我读到这个部分的时候,就真正感到困惑起来,虽然贝奥武夫坚称自己杀死了那个女人,可是证据呢
在我看来,贝奥武夫显然受到了与胡鲁斯加王曾经历过的一样的诱惑,来自于同一个女巫,贝奥武夫与这个女巫定下了魔鬼的契约。
然后,诗歌进入后半段,贝奥武夫成为国王之后,一条龙袭击了他和他的王国。
我实在没办法理解这一切是怎么发生的,我把我的想法告诉了盖曼,结果他给了我一个非常惊人的假设:那条龙是贝奥武夫的儿子--他的罪孽又重新回来了,折磨着他。
突然,《贝奥武夫》的上下两个半段,以前看着总是让人感到混乱无序,现在却拥有了最为完美的故事感。
在经历了几百年之后,这些故事结构的关键元素很可能在口头传述的过程中丢失了,然后基督教的修道士又通过一些宗教方面的元素对它进行了人为的添补。
” 尼尔·盖曼和罗杰·阿夫瑞并不是第一个注意到原著诗歌在结构上的不严谨的人,大卫·赖特(David Wright)已经指出了“企鹅经典系列”版本的《贝奥武夫》中的问题:“早期的评论家和讲解员,当然也包括一些后期的,无不在对《贝奥武夫》情节的不连贯报以冷嘲热讽。
” 精彩花絮 两位编剧尼尔·盖曼和罗杰·阿夫瑞在1997年5月就开始写剧本了。
派拉蒙影业雇佣了加州橘子郡的纳氏草莓乐园,根据这部新版的《贝奥武夫》排练了一组节目,专门为第35届万圣节的庆祝活动所准备的,这个活动每一年10月都会在主题公园举行。
安吉丽娜·朱莉在一次访问中承认,当她第一次看到她的角色的样子时,真的吓了一跳,因为竟然与她本人一模一样,而且还是全裸。
同时,朱莉也表示,她不会让布拉德·皮特和自己的小孩看这部影片的。
导演罗伯特·泽米吉斯在94年以《阿甘正传》(Forrest Gump)一举拿下了6项奥斯卡大奖而名垂电影史册,而在此巅峰之后泽米吉斯却愈发有功成身退的倾向,94年至今总共也就导了5部影片。
《阿甘正传》也就成了泽米吉斯事业上一个难以超越的高峰。
其实,泽米吉斯也并未从一开始就如此认输服老,在2000年他也曾以与影帝汤姆·汉克斯(Tom Hanks)共同打造的《荒岛余生》(Cast Away)再度向奥斯卡发起冲击,影片在评论界口碑极佳,票房成绩也颇为不俗,无奈比起自己的传世之作却始终还是差那么一点,影片最终也只在奥斯卡上空得两项提名败兴而归。
从那之后泽米吉斯一改往日的深刻与内敛,在银幕上开始大胆尝试各种新鲜技术,从另一个方面实现着自我的突破。
在4年蛰伏之后,在2004年泽米吉斯的技术探索力作《极地快递》(The pole express)终于问世,影片运用了动作捕捉技术(Motion Capture)和眼动电图描迹(EOG)等一系列高科技含量的新型影像技术,打造出的CG画面逼真而效果细腻。
但各方对于影片的批评也恰恰都集中在了技术的过多不当使用上,其中EOG的运用让人物眼神失去灵魂的光泽是招致诟病的主要瑕点。
不过,总得来说泽米吉斯的那次转型还算得上是成功的。
在本片中,泽米吉斯继续了他在技术上的探索,动作捕捉和EOG照旧启用。
另外,他还找来了索尼电影图像工作室来为影片全程打造视觉特效,相信本片在技术水平上依旧能如前作般作到无可挑剔。
除传奇的导演和娴熟的技术外,影片的璀璨星光也着实是一大看点。
首先吸引影迷眼球的自然是近来越发闪耀的安吉丽娜·茱莉。
在今年60届金棕榈上,茱莉虽无竞赛角逐戏份,却也凭借新片《坚强的心》(A mighty heart)在戛纳的首映赚足了风头。
那如同女皇架到的场面实在是让风头被抢的众参赛影人眼红不已。
在《坚强的心》中茱莉一改往日蛊惑迷人的装扮,而摇身演起了一个身怀六甲、面容憔悴又遭受丧夫打击的主妇形象。
如此高难的角色挑战茱莉也驾驭的十分得心应手,在大众一致好评茱莉演技的同时也有人疑惑《坚强的心》是否是标志着茱莉改走文艺伦理路线的转型。
而本片给出了对于这个问题答案,那就是茱莉不会放弃商业娱乐片的接拍。
本来也是,如果茱莉如此天生丽质却从此都以那种苦相婆的面目示人岂不要招的人神共愤
当然,在本片中茱莉所饰演的格兰戴尔之母也并不是大家喜闻乐见的美女形象。
不过,无论如何,只要那是茱莉,观众们都会心甘情愿的买账。
另外一个重量级人物就是以《沉默的羔羊》(The silence of the lambs)夺得奥斯卡影帝的老戏骨安东尼·霍普金斯。
在本片中他将出演国王的角色。
他那凌厉的眼神和威严的面孔都与角色配合的天衣无缝,精湛的演技也势必会为影片增色不少。
片中主角Beowulf是由去年在《无间行者》中有着精彩出镜的雷·温斯顿扮演。
温斯顿在做演员之前曾以运动员的身份代表英国出战拳击赛场,所以在身材和动作上,他都拥有扮演片中勇士形象所需要的得天独厚的优势。
而在1999年,雷·温斯顿以蒂姆·罗斯执导的《家园禁地》(The War Zone)中的角色获得欧洲电影节最佳男演员奖提名也让人们对他的演技没有了任何的怀疑。
除此以外布莱丹·格里森(Brendan Gleeson),艾莉森·洛曼(Alison Lohman), 约翰·马尔科维奇(John Malkovich),罗宾·莱特·潘(Robin Wright Penn.)等大腕都在片中有着戏份,其庞大的星阵也是影片的一大看点。
英国崛起到二战的发展历程
英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。
在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响,文学内部遵循自身规律,历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。
下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。
一、中世纪文学(约5世纪-1485) 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶,盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf),它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩。
这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此,《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
公元1066年,居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡,征服英格兰。
诺曼底人占领英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400)以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材,歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德,是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。
传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。
14世纪以后,英国资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。
杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400)的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。
《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索,通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事,勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。
乔叟首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体,对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献,被誉为英国诗歌之父.乔叟的文笔精练优美,流畅自然,他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平,推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。
二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期-17世纪初) 相对于欧洲其他国家来说,英国的文艺复兴起始较晚,通常认为是在15世纪末。
文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义,它主张以人为本,反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观,提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。
托马斯·莫尔(Thomas More, 1478-1535)是英国最主要的早期人文主义者,他的《乌托邦》(Utopia)批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会,设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。
Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词,但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。
《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河,这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》(The New Atlantis)、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》(Erewhon)一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。
文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣,埃德蒙·斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser, 1552-1599)的长诗《仙后》(The Faerie Queene)歌颂女王,宣扬人文主义思想。
他创造的斯宾塞诗体每节诗有九行,韵律复杂,具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。
弗兰西斯·培根(Francis Bacon, 1561-1626)是这一时期最重要的散文家,他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》(Essays),共58篇。
这些文章题材广泛,内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等,文笔典雅,略带古风而又明白畅达。
英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式,取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位,随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧。
到了16世纪末,戏剧进入全盛时期。
克里斯托弗·马洛(Christopher Marlowe, 1564-1593)冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚,创作了一种新戏剧。
《帖木儿大帝》(Tamburlaine)、《浮士德博士的悲剧》(The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus)、《马耳他岛的犹太人》(The Jew of Malta)等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。
马洛将戏剧情节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白,对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。
英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare, 1564-1616),他的全部作品包括两首长诗,154首十四行诗和38部(一说39部)戏剧。
莎士比亚的主要剧作有喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night's Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice),悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet)、《哈姆莱特》(Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《李尔王》(King Lear)、《麦克白》(Macbeth),历史剧《亨利四世》(Henry IV),传奇剧《暴风雨》(The Tempest)等。
莎士比亚塑造了性格鲜明的人物形象,展现了封建制度和资本主义制度交替时期波澜壮阔的历史画面,宣扬了人文主义和个性解放。
他的剧作思想内容深刻,艺术表现手法精湛,历经几个世纪,长演不衰。
莎士比亚是语言大师,他娴熟地运用英语,将英语的丰富表现力推向极致。
与莎士比亚同时或稍后还有一批剧作家在进行创作,本·琼森(Ben Johnson, 1572-1637)是其中最主要的作家,莎士比亚曾在他的喜剧《人人高兴》(Every Man in His Humor)中扮演角色。
琼森的讽刺喜剧《狐狸》(Volpone)、《练金术士》(The Alchemist)揭露了当时社会人们追逐金钱的风气,喜剧性很强。
三、17世纪文学 1603年伊丽莎白女王去世后,英国国王与议会矛盾日趋激烈,政局动荡。
1649年1月国王查理一世被送上断头台,同年5月,英国宣布为共和国。
约翰·弥尔顿(John Milton, 1608-1674)积极投入资产阶级革命,曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书,写了不少文章捍卫共和国。
1660年,查理二世回国复辟,弥尔顿一度被捕入狱,在朋友帮助下才得免一死,获释回家。
在双目失明的状态下,他完成了长诗《失乐园》(Paradise Lost)和《复乐园》(Paradise Regained)、诗剧《力士参孙》(Samson Agonistes)。
这些作品反映了王政复辟后弥尔顿内心的痛苦以及对资产阶级革命始终不渝的态度,文体雄伟庄严。
17世纪英国诗歌另外的一支是玄学派诗歌,代表诗人有约翰·邓恩(John Donne, 1572-1631)和安德鲁·马韦尔(Andrew Marvell, 1621-1678)。
玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻,揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体。
玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视,直到20世纪初,才从历史的尘封中重见天日,对现代主义诗风产生很大影响。
王政复辟时期最受人欢迎的作家是约翰·班扬(John Bunyan, 1628-1688),他的《天路历程》(The Pilgrim's Progress)采用梦幻的形式讲述宗教寓言,但揭开梦幻的面纱,展现在读者面前的是17世纪英国社会的一幅现实主义图景。
查理二世复辟后,被清教徒关闭的剧院重新开放,英国戏剧获得新生。
这一时期出现的风俗喜剧是当时戏剧的最高成就,威廉·康格里夫(William Congreve, 1670-1729)的《以爱还爱》(Love for Love)、《如此世道》(The Way of the World)等剧作是风俗喜剧的代表作品。
17世纪下半叶,约翰·德莱顿(John Dryden, 1631-1700)驰骋文坛,集桂冠诗人、散文家、剧作家于一身。
德莱顿关于戏剧创作和舞台艺术的论述构成英国戏剧史上第一组有分量的戏剧评论,他那简洁明朗的散文文体影响了18世纪许多作家的文风。
四、启蒙时期文学(17世纪后期-18世纪中期) 1688年的光荣革命推翻复辟王朝,确定了君主立宪制,建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权,英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
18世纪初,新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性,强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅,追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
亚历山大·蒲柏(Alexander Pope, 1688-1744)是新古典主义诗歌的代表,他模仿罗马诗人,诗风精巧隽俏,内容以说教与讽刺为主,形式多用英雄双韵体,但缺乏深厚感情。
18世纪英国散文出现繁荣,散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。
理查德·斯梯尔(Richard Steele, 1672-1729)与约瑟夫·艾迪生(Joseph Addison, 1672-1719)创办《闲谈者》(Tatler)与《观察者》(Spectator)刊物,发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章,他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。
乔纳森·斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745)是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家,他的文风纯朴平易而有力。
斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)是一部极具魅力的儿童故事,同时包含着深刻的思想内容。
作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写,以理性为尺度,极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。
塞缪尔·约翰逊(Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784)是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘,《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》(The Preface to Shakespeare)和《诗人传》(Lives of the Poets)是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献。
他从常识出发,在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框,不乏真知灼见。
约翰逊的散文风格自成一家,集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体。
约翰逊在英语词典编纂史上占有独特地位,他克服重重困难,一人独自编纂《英语词典》(A Dictionary of the English Language),历时七年得以完成,这是英语史上第一部也是随后一百年间英国唯一的标准辞书。
约翰逊青史留名,也得益于詹姆斯·鲍斯韦尔(James Boswell, 1740-1795)为他写的传记《约翰逊传》(The Life of Samuel Johson),该书逼真地再现了约翰逊的神态容貌及人格力量,标志着现代传记的开端。
18世纪被称为散文世纪的另一个原因是小说的兴起。
丹尼尔·笛福(DanielDefoe, 1660-1731)的《鲁滨逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)采用写实的手法,描写主人公在孤岛上的生活,塑造了一个资产阶级开拓者和殖民主义者形象,具有时代精神。
这部小说被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作,为笛福赢得英国小说之父的称号。
笛福的另一部长篇小说《摩尔·弗兰德斯》(Moll Flanders)叙述女主人公摩尔在英国因生活所迫沦为娼妓和小偷的经历。
现实主义小说在亨利·菲尔丁(Henry Fielding, 1707-1754)的笔下得到进一步发展。
他的《汤姆·琼斯》(Tom Jones)故事在乡村、路途及伦敦三个不同背景下展开,向读者展现了当时英国社会风貌的全景图。
小说以代表自然本性的汤姆与代表理智、智慧的索菲娅终成眷属结尾,表达了感情要受理性节制的思想。
全书共十八卷,每卷都以作者对小说艺术的讨论开始,表现出菲尔丁对小说创作的一种理论上的自觉意识。
与菲尔丁同时代的塞缪尔 ·理查逊(Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761)采用书信体创作了《帕米拉》(Pamela)、《克拉丽莎》(Clarissa Harlowe)。
他将视角投入年轻女主人公的内心深处,心理刻画淋漓尽致,令读者潸然泪下。
托比亚斯·斯摩莱特(Tobias Smollett, 1721-1771)是18世纪中叶颇具特色的小说家。
他的《蓝登传》(The Adventures of Roderick Random)继承欧洲流浪汉小说传统,布局松散,是一连串发展迅速、好恶交替、变化急剧的冒险经历的组合。
劳伦斯·斯特恩(Lawrence Sterne, 1713-1768)的《项狄传》(The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy)打破传统小说叙述模式,写法奇特。
小说各章长短不一,有的甚至是空白。
书中充满长篇议论和插话,并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。
斯特恩对小说形式的实验引起20世纪俄国形式主义批评家的注意,《项狄传》被认为是世界文学中最典型的小说.评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。
18世纪中叶,英国发生了工业革命。
许多作家对资本主义工业化发展给大自然和农村传统生活方式带来的破坏发出悲哀的感叹,以大自然和情感为主题的感伤主义作品一度流行。
奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯(Oliver Goldsmith, 1730-1774)的长诗《荒村》(The Deserted Village)是感伤主义诗歌的杰作。
他的《世界公民》(The Citizen of the World)原名为《中国人信札》(Chinese Letters),虚构了一个在伦敦游历的中国河南人李安济(Lien Chi Altangi),把他在伦敦的所见所闻写成书信寄回北京礼部官员,以中国人的眼光对英国的政治、司法、宗教、道德、社会风尚进行批评。
詹姆斯·汤姆逊(James Thomson, 1700-1748)的《四季歌》(The Seasons)、威廉·柯林斯(William Collins, 1721-1759)的《黄昏颂》(Ode to Evening)、托马斯·格雷(Thomas Gray, 1716-1771)的《墓园哀歌》(Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard)表达诗人对时代纷乱状态的厌恶和对自然简朴安排的向往,吐露了他们的内心感受。
英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱新古典主义的束缚,理性的优势地位为感情或感受所代替。
五、浪漫主义时期文学(1798-1832) 18世纪末、19世纪初,英国诗风大变。
苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特·彭斯(Robert Burns, 1759-1796)给英国诗坛带来一股新鲜的气息。
他的抒情诗自然生动、感情真挚,讽刺诗尖锐锋利、妙趣横生。
威廉·布莱克(William Blake, 1757-1827)是版画家兼诗人,想象奇特,极富个性。
他的短诗意象鲜明,语言清新,后期的长诗内容比较晦涩。
他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系,具有神秘主义色彩。
布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。
1798年,威廉·华兹华斯(William Wordsworth, 1770-1850)与塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834)合作出版了一本小诗集《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads),其中大部分诗歌出自华兹华斯之手,用简朴的语言描写简朴的生活。
《抒情歌谣集》的问世标志着英国浪漫主义文学的真正崛起。
华兹华斯在1802年诗集再版时写的序中对诗歌作出了著名定义:好诗是强烈感情的自然流溢.浪漫主义是对新古典主义的反拨:诗歌内容不再是对现实的反映或道德说教,而是诗人内心涌出的真实感情;诗歌语言不是模仿经典作家去追求高雅精致,而是要贴近普通人的日常用语。
浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然,主张返朴归真。
浪漫主义是一个比较笼统的概念,每个诗人各有其特征。
同样是湖畔派诗人,华兹华斯将大自然视为灵感的源泉,自然美景能给人力量和愉悦,具有疗效作用,使人的心灵净化和升华,柯勒律治则赋予自然神奇色彩,擅长描绘瑰丽的超自然幻景。
乔治·戈登·拜伦(George Gordon Byron, 1788-1824)和波西·比希·雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822)属于革命诗人,但拜伦自我表现意识强烈,而雪莱深受柏拉图哲学影响,憧憬美丽的理想和理念。
约翰·济慈(John Keats, 1795-1821)一生追求美,是创造艺术美的天才诗人。
19世纪20年代初,济慈、雪莱和拜伦相继英年早逝,英国浪漫主义诗歌由强转弱,风势渐衰。
六、现实主义时期文学(19世纪30年代-1918) 1837年维多利亚女王(Queen Victoria, 1819-1901)登基。
在她统治时期,英国一度取得世界贸易和工业的垄断地位,科学、文化、艺术出现繁荣的局面。
维多利亚时代英国诗歌表现出 20世纪20年代是英国文学史上又一个辉煌的黄金时代,文坛群星璀璨,佳作迭出。
在诗歌领域,T. S. 艾略特(T. S. Eliot, 1888-1965)1922年发表《荒原》(The Waste Land),运用大量的神话描绘战后西方世界精神失落的景象,表达人的再生的希望。
他的诗作代表了现代主义诗歌创作的突出成就。
爱尔兰诗人威廉·勃特勒·叶芝(William Butler Yeats, 1865-1939)努力建立自己的神秘主义象征体系,深入探讨人生哲学问题。
叶芝的创作道路由传统走向现代,折射出英语诗坛的过渡与变迁,代表了现代诗人摆脱旧时代的影响,创立现代诗风的历程。
英国现代主义文学在思想内容和艺术形式上都力图摆脱传统的束缚,具有前卫色彩。
从本质上讲,现代主义文学是精英文学,《尤利西斯》出版后,一般市井百姓很少有人问津。
在以危机和战争为时代特征的三四十年代,严峻的社会现实,尖锐的社会矛盾,紧迫的社会问题,为现实主义文学传统的回归创造了条件,采用写实手法的小说再度受到人们的欢迎。
30年代的英国小说在主题上从内倾变为外向,表现社会对个人命运的主导影响,在形式上则从前卫转向保守,采用传统叙述手法。
这一时期英国文坛出现了几种走向:一是关注当代政治和社会问题,创作具有左翼倾向的文学。
二是抨击资产阶级中上层社会的腐败堕落,创作社会讽刺小说。
伊夫林·沃(Evelyn Waugh, 1903-1966)在《罪恶的躯体》(Vile Bodies)、《一捧尘土》(A Handful of Dust)等作品中描绘英国社会婚姻、家庭、学校、宗教、政治生活中的荒唐、邪恶与堕落。
三是消遣性文学的流行。
J. B. 普里斯特利(J. B. Priestley, 1894-1984)以具有喜剧意味的形式讲述社会各阶层的人生故事,展现英国广大地区的生活百态。
侦探小说女皇阿加莎·克里斯蒂(Agatha Christie, 1891-1976)在《东方快车上的谋杀案》(Murder on the Orient Express)、《尼罗河上的惨案》(Death on the Nile)等侦探小说里精心编织跌宕起伏、扑朔迷离的故事情节,为读者逃避严峻的社会现实提供一个想象世界。
30年代还涌现出两位风格独特的作家:格雷厄姆·格林(Graham Greene, 1904-1991)和罗伯特·格雷夫斯(Robert Graves, 1895-1985)。
格林作为一名信仰天主教的作家,致力于探究现代社会中人类的精神危机,记录个人灵魂在善恶之间的煎熬,并将探索人的内心世界与反映当代政治和社会问题结合起来。
30年代末问世的《布赖顿硬糖》(Brighton Rock)与《权力与光荣》(The Power and the Glory)奠定了他作为20世纪英国重要小说家的地位。
格雷夫斯是诗人兼小说家,他的古罗马帝国三部曲《我,克劳迪斯》(I, Claudius)、《克劳迪斯神和他的妻子梅萨利纳》(Claudius the God and His Wife Messalina)、《贝利萨里乌斯伯爵》(Count Belisarius)是现代历史小说经典之作,现实主义的表现手法使生活在古代的人物具有亲近感,同时又保持了历史性。
八、当代文学(1945- ) 1945年第二次世界大战结束,英国从多年的战时状态转入和平时期,但国力已严重削弱,对现实的忧虑和不满浮现在战后初期的英国小说中。
乔治·奥威尔(George Orwell, 1903-1950)的政治寓言小说《动物农场》(Animal Farm)和《一九八四年》(Nineteen Eighty Four)表现出强烈的社会责任心和对极权主义威胁的忧虑,独树一帜。
戈尔丁(William Golding, 1911-1993)于1954年发表《蝇王》(Lord of the Flies),深入探讨人性的善恶,使他一举成名。
在历经两次世界大战之后,戈尔丁对人性恶的描写无疑具有强烈的时代感和深刻性。
50年代还涌现出一批具有现实主义倾向的新作家。
金斯利·艾米斯(Kingsley Amis, 1922- )和约翰·韦恩(John Wain, 1925-1994)等人被称为愤怒的青年,因为 第二次世界大战期间和战后初期,英国戏剧创作除了艾略特的诗剧以外,总体来说,呈现一种不景气状态。
50年代中叶,出现了一批颇具特色的新戏,给英国戏剧发展带来活力。
1955年8月3日,塞缪尔·贝克特(Samuel Beckett, 1906- )的《等待戈多》(Waiting for Gogot)首次用英语在伦敦公演。
1956年5月8日约翰·奥斯本(John Osborne, 1929- )的《愤怒的回顾》(Look Back in Anger)在皇家宫廷剧院首场演出。
贝克特和奥斯本两位剧作家的创作分别代表五六十年代英国戏剧发展的两个主要方向,



